Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203023k
Biljana Karovska-Andonovska
As a complex concept, transitional justice includes processes and mechanisms related to the efforts of post-conflict societies to face inter alia the consequences of mass abuses and violations of basic human rights. National and international non-judicial and judicial mechanisms are included in these processes. The international courts, the aim of which is to prosecute genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, could also be included. The international intervention through investigations could be an important contribution in achieving the goals of transitional justice. Reasonably, these processes are expected to lead to reconciliation and sustainable peace. Unfortunately, in practice, sometimes these expectations turn into disappointments. The paper aims at providing an overview of some of the actual and potential questions of the contribution of The Court in transitional justice in post-conflict societas. The intention is to answer two key questions: 1. Whether and how the International Criminal Court can contribute in achieving the goals of transitional justice? 2. Has the Court since it was established until today made a significant contribution in achieving the goals of transitional justice in post-conflict societies? In this order, we will review the key instruments that are available to the International Criminal Court from a formal point of view, and will consider the Court’s possibilities for processing specific cases from a practical point of view. The factual challenges and criticisms that the International Criminal Court has faced since its inception, will also be discussed.
{"title":"THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE OF THE POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES","authors":"Biljana Karovska-Andonovska","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203023k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203023k","url":null,"abstract":"As a complex concept, transitional justice includes processes and mechanisms related to the efforts of post-conflict societies to face inter alia the consequences of mass abuses and violations of basic human rights. National and international non-judicial and judicial mechanisms are included in these processes. The international courts, the aim of which is to prosecute genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, could also be included. The international intervention through investigations could be an important contribution in achieving the goals of transitional justice. Reasonably, these processes are expected to lead to reconciliation and sustainable peace. Unfortunately, in practice, sometimes these expectations turn into disappointments. The paper aims at providing an overview of some of the actual and potential questions of the contribution of The Court in transitional justice in post-conflict societas. The intention is to answer two key questions: 1. Whether and how the International Criminal Court can contribute in achieving the goals of transitional justice? 2. Has the Court since it was established until today made a significant contribution in achieving the goals of transitional justice in post-conflict societies? In this order, we will review the key instruments that are available to the International Criminal Court from a formal point of view, and will consider the Court’s possibilities for processing specific cases from a practical point of view. The factual challenges and criticisms that the International Criminal Court has faced since its inception, will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203055v
Yoanna Vasileva Tzvetanova
The main objective of the empirical study is to establish the effect of the application of occupational therapy on residents living in an institutional environment, who often experience anxiety, distress, social isolation, sadness, which are processes that often lead to a decline in physical and psychological functioning. The high prevalence of these stress-related disorders has impeded the ability of a high number of individuals individuals to participate in regular life activities (Fox et al., 2019). The experimental base of the present research is the Home for Adults with Physical Disabilities “Ilho Voivoda”, Kyustendil, and the research contingent is 44 adults housed in the Home. The recipients of the social service have a wide range of diseases: multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, limb malformations, cerebral palsy, paraplegia, heart attack, stroke, etc. All of them have preserved mental faculties. A test study was conducted with a personality-based questionnaire, created on the basis of the PAI - Personality Assessment Inventory, intended for the study of adults in order to provide information relevant to clinical diagnoses and screening for psychopathology. For the purpose of the present study, items from the PAI were used, which aim to detect the symptoms and phenomenology of anxiety. The Anxiety scale measures traits commonly associated with the experience of anxiety. Item content includes various characteristics of anxiety, including worry, subjective apprehension, and fear of humiliation, as well as the physical signs of tension and stress. The scale is composed of three subscales corresponding to three main modalities of anxiety: Cognitive, Affective and Physiological. The occupational therapy process was designed to move through multiple cycles of problem identification, followed by solution generation, while the main focus remained on occupation and the human factor in the occupational context (Crouch & Alers, 2014). The results after the occupational therapy are indicative of its significant effectiveness. The improved indicators include: the number of residents with anxiety from 41 (93.2%) before occupational therapy was carried out decreased to 21 (47.7%), i.e. by almost 50%. In conclusion, according to the results of the present study, it can be assumed that occupational therapy occupies a leading position in rehabilitation therapies in social institutions. It provides an opportunity to get rid of negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, dissatisfaction, disappointment, insult, hostility.
{"title":"EFFECTIVENESS OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY FOR PEOPLE WITH SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY","authors":"Yoanna Vasileva Tzvetanova","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203055v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203055v","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the empirical study is to establish the effect of the application of occupational therapy on residents living in an institutional environment, who often experience anxiety, distress, social isolation, sadness, which are processes that often lead to a decline in physical and psychological functioning. The high prevalence of these stress-related disorders has impeded the ability of a high number of individuals individuals to participate in regular life activities (Fox et al., 2019). The experimental base of the present research is the Home for Adults with Physical Disabilities “Ilho Voivoda”, Kyustendil, and the research contingent is 44 adults housed in the Home. The recipients of the social service have a wide range of diseases: multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, limb malformations, cerebral palsy, paraplegia, heart attack, stroke, etc. All of them have preserved mental faculties. A test study was conducted with a personality-based questionnaire, created on the basis of the PAI - Personality Assessment Inventory, intended for the study of adults in order to provide information relevant to clinical diagnoses and screening for psychopathology. For the purpose of the present study, items from the PAI were used, which aim to detect the symptoms and phenomenology of anxiety. The Anxiety scale measures traits commonly associated with the experience of anxiety. Item content includes various characteristics of anxiety, including worry, subjective apprehension, and fear of humiliation, as well as the physical signs of tension and stress. The scale is composed of three subscales corresponding to three main modalities of anxiety: Cognitive, Affective and Physiological. The occupational therapy process was designed to move through multiple cycles of problem identification, followed by solution generation, while the main focus remained on occupation and the human factor in the occupational context (Crouch & Alers, 2014). The results after the occupational therapy are indicative of its significant effectiveness. The improved indicators include: the number of residents with anxiety from 41 (93.2%) before occupational therapy was carried out decreased to 21 (47.7%), i.e. by almost 50%. In conclusion, according to the results of the present study, it can be assumed that occupational therapy occupies a leading position in rehabilitation therapies in social institutions. It provides an opportunity to get rid of negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, dissatisfaction, disappointment, insult, hostility.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203043m
Danka Milojković, Katarina Milojković, Hristina Milojković
Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.
徒步旅游是观赏目的地和满足游客日益增长的户外活动需求的最具吸引力的方式之一，它使游客能够与当地的自然、人民、传统、文化和遗产密切互动。徒步旅游投资少，可以在任何地方开发。绿色空间对人们身心健康的影响促进了这种旅游形式的加速发展。通过更好地了解用户，它更有可能开发出适合他们的产品或服务。尽管城市地区努力变得更加绿色和更具吸引力(Callaghan et al.， 2021)，但农村地区拥有独特而原始的自然资源，无法人为创造。此外，村里的生活仍然是传统的、和平的、轻松的，习俗受到尊重，文化遗产受到现代、高科技时代和全球市场趋势的影响(Štetić &Šimič增强型植被指数ć,2017)。在开发自然旅游产品时，重点问题是与实际用户需求有关。例如，缺乏用户需求的信息占初创企业失败的总原因的35% (CBInsights, 2021)，这一逻辑也很容易适用于旅游目的地。要了解用户需求，首先要研究用户及其使用产品或服务的动机、触发因素和环境。考虑到绿地对人们身心健康的影响，乡村徒步旅游是一种发展迅速的乡村旅游形式，以村庄为旅游活动的支点。如果开发和管理得当，徒步旅游给目的地带来社会经济效益，在区域可持续发展中占有重要地位(milojkoviki et al.， 2023a)。CWT是一种发展迅速的乡村旅游形式，以村庄为旅游活动的支点(milojkoviki et al.， 2023b)。了解用户及其基于需求的CWT管理可以降低昂贵的故障风险，确保及时交付，建立和管理团队来设计、构建和维护产品或服务，并为创新开辟空间。研究的目的是了解乡村徒步旅游的使用者及其在旅游过程中的需求。在一般的科学方法中，使用了统计方法和假设演绎法。研究数据采用问卷调查法收集，SPSS软件处理。总体结果表明，CWT的管理应以满足用户在当地导游的带领下参观隐蔽和原始的地方、消费和购买正宗的食物和饮料、提高当地人口的意识和建立沟通能力为目标。研究的贡献在于通过对乡村徒步旅游用户及其需求的了解，改善乡村旅游目的地的管理。
{"title":"MANAGEMENT OF COUNTRYSIDE WALKING TOURISM THROUGH UNDERSTANDING USERS AND THEIR NEEDS","authors":"Danka Milojković, Katarina Milojković, Hristina Milojković","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203043m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203043m","url":null,"abstract":"Walking tourism, among the most attractive manners to observe a destination and satisfy the growing demand of visitors for outdoor activities, allows tourists to interact closely with local nature, people, tradition, culture, and heritage. Walking tourism needs low investments and can be developed anywhere. The impacts of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health contribute to the accelerated development of this form of tourism. By better understanding users, it is more likely to develop a product or service that works for them. Despite the efforts of urban areas to become greener and more attractive (Callaghan et al., 2021), rural areas have unique and pristine natural resources that cannot be created artificially. In addition, life in the village is still traditional, peaceful, and easy, customs are respected, and the cultural heritage has been preserved from the influence of the modern, high-tech age and global market trends (Štetić & Šimičević, 2017). When developing a nature tourism product, the focal question is related to real user needs. Such as the lack of information about user needs accounts for 35% of total reasons for start-ups’ failures (CBInsights, 2021), this logic can also easily apply to tourism destinations. To learn about user needs, the starting point is to research users and their motivations, triggers, and context for using the product or service. Considering the impact of greenspace on people’s physical and mental health, countryside walking tourism (CWT), with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism. Properly developed and managed, walking tourism brings social-economic benefits to destinations and gains a significant place in regional sustainable development (Milojković et al., 2023a). CWT, with the village as the pivot of tourist activities, is a rapidly developing form of rural tourism (Milojković et al., 2023b). Understanding users and their needs-based CWT management reduces the risk of expensive failures, ensures timely delivery, sets up and manages a team to design, build, and maintain a product or service, and opens space for innovations. The research purpose is to perceive users of the countryside walking tours and their needs during those tours. Among the general scientific methods, the statistical method and the hypothetico-deductive method were used. The research data were collected using the questionnaire-based survey technique and processed by SPSS. The general results indicated that the management of CWT should target meeting user needs for visiting hidden and original places with a local guide, consuming and buying authentic food and drinks, and raising awareness and building communicative capacities of the local population. The research contribution is to improve the management of rural tourism destinations based on understanding users and their needs for countryside walking tours.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203123g
Irena Golubović-Ilić, Bojana Mikarić
The idea of learning outside the classroom, i.e. learning outdoors, is not at all new and recent. The beginnings of outdoor learning can be found in the works of pedagogical classics (Russo, Froebel, Pestalozzi, Montessori) at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, but also by Serbian pedagogues, primarily Sreten Adžić, the first headmaster of the Serbian Royal Men’s Teacher’s School in Jagodina (1897), although they teach intuitively different skills, children’s play and stay outdoor is as old as human civilization. It wasn’t until the late eighteenth century that children began to be seen as individuals in their own right; previously they were regarded by society as miniature adults .. In the paper, we analyze the advantages and importance of outdoor learning for children at an early age and present the results of the students survey - future preschool teachers of the Faculty of Education of the University of Kragujevac, who, for the first time within their formal education, had the opportunity to, both theoretically and practically, become familiar with the basic principles of forest pedagogy and outdoor learning. 43 students of the final year of academic studies in the department for teacher in preschool institutions filled out the survey anonymously on a five-point Likert-type scale. The results show that students’ prior knowledge - future preschool teachers about forest pedagogy and outdoor learning is rather modest, that most respondents have positive opinion about working with children in nature and considers such work interesting, useful, but difficult and demanding. Future preschool teachers believe that the benefits of working with children in nature are great, starting with motor development, through physical and mental health, to the development of ecological awareness and a positive attitude towards nature as a whole. Significant number of respondents are of the opinion that by attending the proffesional meeting and workshop “Šumagogija (šuma meaning forest + pedagogy ) - forest pedagogy from idea to realization” significantly increased their professional competence by visiting the forest playground in the Botanical Garden in Kragujevac and openly expresses the view that, if given the opportunity, they would accept a job in the forest kindergartens. For these reasons it is necessary that forest pedagogy and methodological specifics of outdoor learning become an integral part of compulsory subjects at the basic studies of future preschool teachers, to systematically carry out professional development of people who work with children of early ages and to enable teachers who are already employed in preschool institutions to attended seminars, round tables, gatherings and teacher trainings that have as their theme work with children in nature, in the forest, and outdoors.
{"title":"THE IMPORTANCE OF OUTDOOR LEARNING AT EARLY AGES","authors":"Irena Golubović-Ilić, Bojana Mikarić","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203123g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203123g","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of learning outside the classroom, i.e. learning outdoors, is not at all new and recent. The beginnings of outdoor learning can be found in the works of pedagogical classics (Russo, Froebel, Pestalozzi, Montessori) at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, but also by Serbian pedagogues, primarily Sreten Adžić, the first headmaster of the Serbian Royal Men’s Teacher’s School in Jagodina (1897), although they teach intuitively different skills, children’s play and stay outdoor is as old as human civilization. It wasn’t until the late eighteenth century that children began to be seen as individuals in their own right; previously they were regarded by society as miniature adults .. In the paper, we analyze the advantages and importance of outdoor learning for children at an early age and present the results of the students survey - future preschool teachers of the Faculty of Education of the University of Kragujevac, who, for the first time within their formal education, had the opportunity to, both theoretically and practically, become familiar with the basic principles of forest pedagogy and outdoor learning. 43 students of the final year of academic studies in the department for teacher in preschool institutions filled out the survey anonymously on a five-point Likert-type scale. The results show that students’ prior knowledge - future preschool teachers about forest pedagogy and outdoor learning is rather modest, that most respondents have positive opinion about working with children in nature and considers such work interesting, useful, but difficult and demanding. Future preschool teachers believe that the benefits of working with children in nature are great, starting with motor development, through physical and mental health, to the development of ecological awareness and a positive attitude towards nature as a whole. Significant number of respondents are of the opinion that by attending the proffesional meeting and workshop “Šumagogija (šuma meaning forest + pedagogy ) - forest pedagogy from idea to realization” significantly increased their professional competence by visiting the forest playground in the Botanical Garden in Kragujevac and openly expresses the view that, if given the opportunity, they would accept a job in the forest kindergartens. For these reasons it is necessary that forest pedagogy and methodological specifics of outdoor learning become an integral part of compulsory subjects at the basic studies of future preschool teachers, to systematically carry out professional development of people who work with children of early ages and to enable teachers who are already employed in preschool institutions to attended seminars, round tables, gatherings and teacher trainings that have as their theme work with children in nature, in the forest, and outdoors.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203119m
Ilinka B. Mušikić Popović, Ilma Plojović
The current development of science has influenced technology to reach all segments of life. Namely, the media plays a big role in human development. At the very mention of mass media, we mean a whole treasury of technologies that transmit information and send certain messages. Classical mass media include: print (books, newspapers, posters, leaflets, comics), film, television and media of new information and communication technologies. Multimedia content animates children so much that they spend most of their time with the Internet and television, which confirms their enormous influence on shaping their lives.Although it covers all age groups, scientists are most interested in the impact of mass communication tools on children. Most of them believe that the means of mass communication are dangerous for children, that they leave a deep mark, because children are more prone to be blinded by negative influences. The expansion in the development of the media triggers new dilemmas, which are related to the impact on young people, which depends above all on the content which is plasira, and then and types of media, can be positive, and also negative. However, knowing that films, television, the Internet or the press are the fastest means of influencing children and even the elderly, we cannot view the mass media only as a possibility of negative action, but how to achieve positive, cultural and educational influences on the media with the same intensity. children’s attitudes and behavior. The modern way of teaching is most effective by using a wide range of teaching tools that motivate students to learn the teaching material. From the point of view of Gogo, the competence of teachers is also necessary for their implementation in teaching with the aim of meeting educational needs. The intention of the work is to train students for the rational application and adoption of appropriate educational content through means of mass communication.
{"title":"BASIC PARADIGMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MASS MEDIA IN EDUCATION","authors":"Ilinka B. Mušikić Popović, Ilma Plojović","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203119m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203119m","url":null,"abstract":"The current development of science has influenced technology to reach all segments of life. Namely, the media plays a big role in human development. At the very mention of mass media, we mean a whole treasury of technologies that transmit information and send certain messages. Classical mass media include: print (books, newspapers, posters, leaflets, comics), film, television and media of new information and communication technologies. Multimedia content animates children so much that they spend most of their time with the Internet and television, which confirms their enormous influence on shaping their lives.Although it covers all age groups, scientists are most interested in the impact of mass communication tools on children. Most of them believe that the means of mass communication are dangerous for children, that they leave a deep mark, because children are more prone to be blinded by negative influences. The expansion in the development of the media triggers new dilemmas, which are related to the impact on young people, which depends above all on the content which is plasira, and then and types of media, can be positive, and also negative. However, knowing that films, television, the Internet or the press are the fastest means of influencing children and even the elderly, we cannot view the mass media only as a possibility of negative action, but how to achieve positive, cultural and educational influences on the media with the same intensity. children’s attitudes and behavior. The modern way of teaching is most effective by using a wide range of teaching tools that motivate students to learn the teaching material. From the point of view of Gogo, the competence of teachers is also necessary for their implementation in teaching with the aim of meeting educational needs. The intention of the work is to train students for the rational application and adoption of appropriate educational content through means of mass communication.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135722683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203081d
Milica Denkovska
“Literature is the teacher of ethics” (Temkov). If one assumes that literature reflects life, then it only serves to pedagogically illustrate classic questions: how one should behave towards one’s fellow human beings, what virtue and vice are, how conflicts arise and how they are to be solved and which are the highest goods are in life. However, literature itself teaches us much more: it touches delicate issues that no other medium would dare to do. Only literary works can delicately, profoundly and provocative handle questions like love, war, guilt, (un)justice. The modern moral standards would not allow Lolita, Tadzio, or Törleß. New theories of literature and ethics focus on the reading process because ‘literary fiction debates norms and values’. In this paper, the attempt has been made to acknowledge the value of theme diversity in literature in order to broaden the limits of moral dilemmas, but also to discuss the cultural influence, as well as the role of the narrative, author and reader in the comprehension of ethical questions. Bernhard Schlink’s “The Reader” and Peter Handke`s “Winter Journey” are only the tip of the iceberg concerning a much broader topic realm.
{"title":"LITERATURE AND ETHICS","authors":"Milica Denkovska","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203081d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203081d","url":null,"abstract":"“Literature is the teacher of ethics” (Temkov). If one assumes that literature reflects life, then it only serves to pedagogically illustrate classic questions: how one should behave towards one’s fellow human beings, what virtue and vice are, how conflicts arise and how they are to be solved and which are the highest goods are in life. However, literature itself teaches us much more: it touches delicate issues that no other medium would dare to do. Only literary works can delicately, profoundly and provocative handle questions like love, war, guilt, (un)justice. The modern moral standards would not allow Lolita, Tadzio, or Törleß. New theories of literature and ethics focus on the reading process because ‘literary fiction debates norms and values’. In this paper, the attempt has been made to acknowledge the value of theme diversity in literature in order to broaden the limits of moral dilemmas, but also to discuss the cultural influence, as well as the role of the narrative, author and reader in the comprehension of ethical questions. Bernhard Schlink’s “The Reader” and Peter Handke`s “Winter Journey” are only the tip of the iceberg concerning a much broader topic realm.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203151m
Branko Mladenovski
This critical review concentrates on Chapter II of The Trade and Development Report (TDR), which is prepared annually by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and presented to the General Assembly via the Secretary-General of the United Nations. TDR 2022 provides analysis of global trade trends and policy issues that affect trade and financial flows, and offers recommendations how to make the world economy fairer for all nations. Published in April 2023, the Report relays a warning of economic stagnation which will especially adversely affect developing nations. It cites supply-side disruptions and the war in Ukraine as major factors behind inflation, food and energy price increases and cost-of-living crises. It singles out monetary tightening in advanced economies and appreciating US dollar as main contributing factors in capital retreat from developing nations and increases in cost of their dollar denominated debt. TDR 2022 estimates that after having spent $379 billion of national reserves for the purpose of currency protection in 2022 alone, many developing nations are now left with dwindling central bank reserves. This begs the question, does the supremacy of some economies in relation to the global economy and their outsized influence on the global economy, warrant an attempt at new and improved central bank mission statements that should be looked at by various governments? Perhaps that effort could concentrate at articulating statements that take into account central bank actions that are intended to stabilize, protect, and expand the global economy as a whole, thus evolve today’s selfish approach by competing central banks that are single-mindedly focused on domestic circumstances. By concentrating locally, their actions are often seen as simply displacing economic pains rather than attempting to fix them. Therefore, the Report offers some recommendations how to avert negative spillovers from monetary tightening policies in advanced economies and austerity measures that accompany them. Other recommendations pertain to leveling the global economic playing field and include reforming the international legal framework governing debt, windfall taxes on excessive profits, and reigning in speculative activities in commodity markets.
{"title":"CRITICAL REVIEW OF CHAPTER II - TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS: TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2022, (P41-67)","authors":"Branko Mladenovski","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203151m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203151m","url":null,"abstract":"This critical review concentrates on Chapter II of The Trade and Development Report (TDR), which is prepared annually by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and presented to the General Assembly via the Secretary-General of the United Nations. TDR 2022 provides analysis of global trade trends and policy issues that affect trade and financial flows, and offers recommendations how to make the world economy fairer for all nations. Published in April 2023, the Report relays a warning of economic stagnation which will especially adversely affect developing nations. It cites supply-side disruptions and the war in Ukraine as major factors behind inflation, food and energy price increases and cost-of-living crises. It singles out monetary tightening in advanced economies and appreciating US dollar as main contributing factors in capital retreat from developing nations and increases in cost of their dollar denominated debt. TDR 2022 estimates that after having spent $379 billion of national reserves for the purpose of currency protection in 2022 alone, many developing nations are now left with dwindling central bank reserves. This begs the question, does the supremacy of some economies in relation to the global economy and their outsized influence on the global economy, warrant an attempt at new and improved central bank mission statements that should be looked at by various governments? Perhaps that effort could concentrate at articulating statements that take into account central bank actions that are intended to stabilize, protect, and expand the global economy as a whole, thus evolve today’s selfish approach by competing central banks that are single-mindedly focused on domestic circumstances. By concentrating locally, their actions are often seen as simply displacing economic pains rather than attempting to fix them. Therefore, the Report offers some recommendations how to avert negative spillovers from monetary tightening policies in advanced economies and austerity measures that accompany them. Other recommendations pertain to leveling the global economic playing field and include reforming the international legal framework governing debt, windfall taxes on excessive profits, and reigning in speculative activities in commodity markets.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203001r
Temelko Risteski
The paper gives an overview of the phenomenon of terrorism as a form of man from man alienation starting from the ancient philosophical schools and ending with Hegel, Marx and Fromm. In the paper is used the method of analysis of the philosophical (ethical) aspects of human alienation from man with special reference to Hegel, Marx and Fromm theory of alienation as a general phenomenon in interpersonal relations and terrorism as a special form of human alienation of man from man. According to philosophers, especially to Hegel, Marx, and finally Fromm, modern man is a slave to objects, be they immovable and movable objects, and above all, a slave to money, as objects. As a slave to objects, running after them and grabbing them in order to have as many, as possible and as modern, better, bigger, etc. man forgets himself. He is alienated from himself, from his generic being and instead of enjoying life, he is enslaved to it. By alienating oneself, the man alienates himself from other people, as well. Alienated people do not live emotionally with their fellow citizens. They live next to them. They are lonely in the crowd around them. Individually or organized in social groups: associations of citizens, parties or states, understood as human organizations, ie national societies, they, in the struggle to have, strive to have alien: alien power, alien space, alien territory, alien natural wealth, oil, gas etc. Loaded with that aspiration, they work to conquer alien. Striving for alien, they often reach for it. People who own alien, strive to preserve their ownership. There is a conflict between those who strive to take the ownership of other and those who want to keep it as their own. The conflict evolves to unintended proportions. The fruit of the evolution of the conflict, among other things, is terrorism, as the highest form of man from man alienation in peace time. Contemporary forms of terrorism, as a form of man from man alienation, have their own historical evolution. The philosophical-historical approach to them will contribute to a deeper understanding of terrorism as a form of alienation of man from man, which is very important for its prevention in the present and the future.
{"title":"TERRORISM AS A FORM OF ALIENATION OF MAN FROM MAN","authors":"Temelko Risteski","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203001r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203001r","url":null,"abstract":"The paper gives an overview of the phenomenon of terrorism as a form of man from man alienation starting from the ancient philosophical schools and ending with Hegel, Marx and Fromm. In the paper is used the method of analysis of the philosophical (ethical) aspects of human alienation from man with special reference to Hegel, Marx and Fromm theory of alienation as a general phenomenon in interpersonal relations and terrorism as a special form of human alienation of man from man. According to philosophers, especially to Hegel, Marx, and finally Fromm, modern man is a slave to objects, be they immovable and movable objects, and above all, a slave to money, as objects. As a slave to objects, running after them and grabbing them in order to have as many, as possible and as modern, better, bigger, etc. man forgets himself. He is alienated from himself, from his generic being and instead of enjoying life, he is enslaved to it. By alienating oneself, the man alienates himself from other people, as well. Alienated people do not live emotionally with their fellow citizens. They live next to them. They are lonely in the crowd around them. Individually or organized in social groups: associations of citizens, parties or states, understood as human organizations, ie national societies, they, in the struggle to have, strive to have alien: alien power, alien space, alien territory, alien natural wealth, oil, gas etc. Loaded with that aspiration, they work to conquer alien. Striving for alien, they often reach for it. People who own alien, strive to preserve their ownership. There is a conflict between those who strive to take the ownership of other and those who want to keep it as their own. The conflict evolves to unintended proportions. The fruit of the evolution of the conflict, among other things, is terrorism, as the highest form of man from man alienation in peace time. Contemporary forms of terrorism, as a form of man from man alienation, have their own historical evolution. The philosophical-historical approach to them will contribute to a deeper understanding of terrorism as a form of alienation of man from man, which is very important for its prevention in the present and the future.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203015s
Ivana Stošić, Miodrag Šmelcerović
The construction industry is one of the greatest contributors to pollution, waste, emission of greenhouse gases, and other forms of negative environmental damage. The construction industry by its nature is not sustainable, taking into account the procurement of materials, continuing with the resources that are consumed, all the way to the overall effects on the environment. The harmful nature of the construction industry has to be retained by introducing more sustainable approaches and developing strategies that can reduce the harmful effects of construction. Taking into account that the building sector is one of the greatest contributors to resource consumption it is clear that is very important to develop ways in which negative impacts could be limited. One of the most acknowledged approaches is a circular economy that has aim to find other paths to reconcile the development of states, constant building activities, and limited natural resources that are jeopardized due to these activities. Each state must put an effort towards achieving this balance. This paper analyses the position of Serbia on the path towards sustainability in the construction industry and practices of circular economy that are acquired. This paper is based on the literature review and analysis of official data about construction activities in Serbia. This approach was chosen as it can help establish the position of Serbia toward arising requests that address activities in the construction industry and the current level of compliance with them. Sources were searched using the keywords „circular economy “; “construction industry“; „sustainability“; etc. Most information was withdrawn from the Republic Institute of Statistics and from governmental documents made to support circular economy practices. Data was gathered with a focus on the most recent statistics and changes in trends so that the current position of Serbia is most accurately presented. In addition, clients of the construction companies from Belgrade were asked about their opinions on the importance of sustainability of the construction projects, with a focus on circular economy solutions. Results show that Serbia has a very low application of circular economy strategies despite the great potential that is acknowledged by several sources. Moreover, the research has shown that clients still don’t have developed awareness of the importance of sustainable construction and don't have the sensibility to acknowledge and support measures of the circular economy.
{"title":"THE PATH TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN HE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF SERBIA","authors":"Ivana Stošić, Miodrag Šmelcerović","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203015s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203015s","url":null,"abstract":"The construction industry is one of the greatest contributors to pollution, waste, emission of greenhouse gases, and other forms of negative environmental damage. The construction industry by its nature is not sustainable, taking into account the procurement of materials, continuing with the resources that are consumed, all the way to the overall effects on the environment. The harmful nature of the construction industry has to be retained by introducing more sustainable approaches and developing strategies that can reduce the harmful effects of construction. Taking into account that the building sector is one of the greatest contributors to resource consumption it is clear that is very important to develop ways in which negative impacts could be limited. One of the most acknowledged approaches is a circular economy that has aim to find other paths to reconcile the development of states, constant building activities, and limited natural resources that are jeopardized due to these activities. Each state must put an effort towards achieving this balance. This paper analyses the position of Serbia on the path towards sustainability in the construction industry and practices of circular economy that are acquired. This paper is based on the literature review and analysis of official data about construction activities in Serbia. This approach was chosen as it can help establish the position of Serbia toward arising requests that address activities in the construction industry and the current level of compliance with them. Sources were searched using the keywords „circular economy “; “construction industry“; „sustainability“; etc. Most information was withdrawn from the Republic Institute of Statistics and from governmental documents made to support circular economy practices. Data was gathered with a focus on the most recent statistics and changes in trends so that the current position of Serbia is most accurately presented. In addition, clients of the construction companies from Belgrade were asked about their opinions on the importance of sustainability of the construction projects, with a focus on circular economy solutions. Results show that Serbia has a very low application of circular economy strategies despite the great potential that is acknowledged by several sources. Moreover, the research has shown that clients still don’t have developed awareness of the importance of sustainable construction and don't have the sensibility to acknowledge and support measures of the circular economy.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.35120/sciencej0203091h
Marianna Hudcovičová
The article deals with multi-word prepositional expressions in technical texts of Slovak National Corpus of the type: preposition v + noun + preposition k. Data are collected from the subcorpus prim-10.0-public-prf that comprises texts of the popular scientific style, scientific articles, studies, encyclopaedias. It is expected that the highest frequency of multi-word prepositional expressions would be in this subcorpus of technical texts because of informing; announcing new information, results; introducing new approaches and discussing. From the frequency list of multi-word prepositional expressions of the above mentioned patterns, 15 expressions were identified to fulfill criteria for multi-word prepositions, i.e. vo vzťahu k(u), v protiklade k(u), v prístupe k(u), v pomere k(u), v opozícii k(u), v kontraste k(u), v smere k(u), v relácii k, v kontrapozícii k, v protipóle k, v kontrapunkte k, v protismere k, v súvzťažnosti k, v nepomere k, v súvislosti k. The expressions were classified and analysed according to three groups using lexico-semantic approach, i.e. neutral relationship, comparing relationship and opposite relationship. Development of terminology on multi-word prepositional expressions in the Slovak morphology is included.
{"title":"MULTI-WORD PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE TYPE PREPOSITION V, NOUN, PREPOSITION K IN TECHNICAL TEXTS OF SLOVAK NATIONAL CORPUS","authors":"Marianna Hudcovičová","doi":"10.35120/sciencej0203091h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35120/sciencej0203091h","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with multi-word prepositional expressions in technical texts of Slovak National Corpus of the type: preposition v + noun + preposition k. Data are collected from the subcorpus prim-10.0-public-prf that comprises texts of the popular scientific style, scientific articles, studies, encyclopaedias. It is expected that the highest frequency of multi-word prepositional expressions would be in this subcorpus of technical texts because of informing; announcing new information, results; introducing new approaches and discussing. From the frequency list of multi-word prepositional expressions of the above mentioned patterns, 15 expressions were identified to fulfill criteria for multi-word prepositions, i.e. vo vzťahu k(u), v protiklade k(u), v prístupe k(u), v pomere k(u), v opozícii k(u), v kontraste k(u), v smere k(u), v relácii k, v kontrapozícii k, v protipóle k, v kontrapunkte k, v protismere k, v súvzťažnosti k, v nepomere k, v súvislosti k. The expressions were classified and analysed according to three groups using lexico-semantic approach, i.e. neutral relationship, comparing relationship and opposite relationship. Development of terminology on multi-word prepositional expressions in the Slovak morphology is included.","PeriodicalId":9803,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Science International Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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