In the present study, the recycling of waste generated from thermal-sensitive transfer ink ribbons (TTR) is investigated to produce purified Terephthalic acid (TPA) and Carbon black (CB). Utilizing an ultrasound-assisted method, the process depolymerizes the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET Film) in the ribbons into TPA via NaOH-catalyzed hydrolysis. From the preliminary solvent system screening, DCM-Methanol showed the highest yield and purity of TPA among xylene, chloroform, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran, combined with methanol and ethanol. A three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) is adopted to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis reaction conditions (solvent weight ratio, catalyst wt.%, and time) to achieve maximum yield and purity. The experimental data closely matched predicted outcomes, producing significant quadratic models with high R2 values (>0.99). The maximum yield (94.9 %) and purity (99.7 %) of TPA are observed at DCM-Methanol wt. ratio of 70:30, catalyst 5 wt.%, and reaction time of 12.5 min at 45 °C, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10. The CHNS analysis of recovered carbon black from TTR showed, before purification, 79.37 % and after purification, 88.03 % C content. Further, the evaluation of the energy economy factor and environmental energy impact factor of the proposed investigation demonstrated the ability of the method to turn TTR waste into valuable resources.
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted upcycling of thermal transfer ink ribbons into purified terephthalic acid and carbon black","authors":"Lokesh Mekala , Kathula Naresh , Vikas Choudhary , Radha Kumari Muktham , Alka kumari , Vineet Aniya","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the recycling of waste generated from thermal-sensitive transfer ink ribbons (TTR) is investigated to produce purified Terephthalic acid (TPA) and Carbon black (CB). Utilizing an ultrasound-assisted method, the process depolymerizes the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET Film) in the ribbons into TPA via NaOH-catalyzed hydrolysis. From the preliminary solvent system screening, DCM-Methanol showed the highest yield and purity of TPA among xylene, chloroform, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran, combined with methanol and ethanol. A three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) is adopted to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis reaction conditions (solvent weight ratio, catalyst wt.%, and time) to achieve maximum yield and purity. The experimental data closely matched predicted outcomes, producing significant quadratic models with high R<sup>2</sup> values (>0.99). The maximum yield (94.9 %) and purity (99.7 %) of TPA are observed at DCM-Methanol wt. ratio of 70:30, catalyst 5 wt.%, and reaction time of 12.5 min at 45 °C, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10. The CHNS analysis of recovered carbon black from TTR showed, before purification, 79.37 % and after purification, 88.03 % C content. Further, the evaluation of the energy economy factor and environmental energy impact factor of the proposed investigation demonstrated the ability of the method to turn TTR waste into valuable resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110623
Shijie Zhang , Xiao Xu , Qiang Yang , Hualin Wang
This study investigates the enhancement of oxygen stripping efficiency in sieve tray columns through the implementation of a top-feed configuration, validated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The dissolution of oxygen from water via nitrogen stripping was examined experimentally and numerically under two distinct liquid inlet modes: side and center inlet. Two Euler–Euler CFD models were compared: a Population Balance Model (PBM) and a Mixture Model. The results demonstrate that the center inlet mode achieves a more uniform and symmetric liquid distribution, leading to a 20-30 % greater reduction in outlet dissolved oxygen concentration compared to the conventional side inlet mode. The Mixture Model achieved superior predictive accuracy, with deviations of 10 % and 20 % for the side and center inlet modes, compared to 20 % and 45 % for the PBM. The mixture model more accurately captures the enhanced mass transfer in the center inlet mode, as demonstrated by contour plots of liquid holdup, interfacial area, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and mass transfer flux. The findings provide a validated CFD strategy and a practical guideline for optimizing the design of industrial stripping equipment, recommending the adoption of the center inlet configuration coupled with the mixture model for simulation.
{"title":"Enhanced oxygen stripping in sieve tray columns: Role of top-feed configuration and CFD model validation","authors":"Shijie Zhang , Xiao Xu , Qiang Yang , Hualin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the enhancement of oxygen stripping efficiency in sieve tray columns through the implementation of a top-feed configuration, validated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The dissolution of oxygen from water via nitrogen stripping was examined experimentally and numerically under two distinct liquid inlet modes: side and center inlet. Two Euler–Euler CFD models were compared: a Population Balance Model (PBM) and a Mixture Model. The results demonstrate that the center inlet mode achieves a more uniform and symmetric liquid distribution, leading to a 20-30 % greater reduction in outlet dissolved oxygen concentration compared to the conventional side inlet mode. The Mixture Model achieved superior predictive accuracy, with deviations of 10 % and 20 % for the side and center inlet modes, compared to 20 % and 45 % for the PBM. The mixture model more accurately captures the enhanced mass transfer in the center inlet mode, as demonstrated by contour plots of liquid holdup, interfacial area, volumetric mass transfer coefficient, and mass transfer flux. The findings provide a validated CFD strategy and a practical guideline for optimizing the design of industrial stripping equipment, recommending the adoption of the center inlet configuration coupled with the mixture model for simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110620
Jie Wei , Hongying Xia , Qifei Pei , Yingjie Xu , Wang Chun , Linqing Dai , Libo Zhang
Zinc leaching residue, containing valuable zinc and germanium, poses challenges for efficient recovery due to its stable ZnFe₂O₄ phase. This study developed an ultrasonic-assisted tartaric acid leaching process optimized using response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design). The effects of temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, and ultrasonic power were systematically investigated, and a regression model with high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9956) was established. The optimal conditions were 90 °C, 9 mL/g, and 300 W, under which the leaching efficiencies of zinc and germanium reached 82.94 % and 85.47 %, representing increases of 8.8 % and 14.78 % over conventional acid leaching. Characterization (XRD, SEM, XPS) confirmed that ultrasound-enhanced ZnFe₂O₄ breakdown and increased reactive surface area. This work provides an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for the recovery of critical metals from zinc leaching residues.
{"title":"Optimization of ultrasonic synergistic reducing agent leaching of zinc and germanium in zinc leaching residue by response surface method","authors":"Jie Wei , Hongying Xia , Qifei Pei , Yingjie Xu , Wang Chun , Linqing Dai , Libo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc leaching residue, containing valuable zinc and germanium, poses challenges for efficient recovery due to its stable ZnFe₂O₄ phase. This study developed an ultrasonic-assisted tartaric acid leaching process optimized using response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design). The effects of temperature, liquid-to-solid ratio, and ultrasonic power were systematically investigated, and a regression model with high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.9956) was established. The optimal conditions were 90 °C, 9 mL/g, and 300 W, under which the leaching efficiencies of zinc and germanium reached 82.94 % and 85.47 %, representing increases of 8.8 % and 14.78 % over conventional acid leaching. Characterization (XRD, SEM, XPS) confirmed that ultrasound-enhanced ZnFe₂O₄ breakdown and increased reactive surface area. This work provides an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for the recovery of critical metals from zinc leaching residues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial wastewater often comprises diverse and recalcitrant pollutants that challenge conventional treatment approaches. Membrane photocatalysis, a hybrid technique that integrates membrane separation and photocatalytic degradation, has garnered increasing attention for its potential to address these complexities. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), known for their high porosity, tunable chemistry, and large surface area, have emerged as promising photocatalysts within such systems. However, limitations such as suboptimal photocatalytic performance, membrane fouling, and stability concerns under operational conditions remain major barriers to large-scale implementation. While numerous studies have explored MOF-based membranes, a focused investigation into process intensification (PI) strategies specifically targeting industrial applications is lacking. This review uniquely highlights and synthesizes diverse PI approaches including metal/non-metal doping, MOFs functionalization, heterojunction engineering, advanced light management, and reactor system design to enhance MOFs-based membrane photocatalysis. The novelty lies in consolidating these strategies within the industrial wastewater context, emphasizing not only performance enhancement but also scalability and cost-effectiveness. This work contributes toward bridging laboratory innovations with real-world applications, especially in resource-constrained settings. Furthermore, the study aligns with global sustainability priorities, notably SDGs 6, 12, and 14 by offering critical insights for stakeholders to develop efficient, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective strategies for industrial water treatment.
{"title":"Process intensification strategies for metal organic framework-based membrane photocatalysis in industrial wastewater treatment : A review","authors":"Meitri Bella Puspa, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, Andri Cahyo Kumoro, Aji Prasetyaningrum, Shalahudin Nur Ayyubi, Luthfi Kurnia Dewi, Muhammad Naufal Luqmanulhakim, Muallim Syahrir","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial wastewater often comprises diverse and recalcitrant pollutants that challenge conventional treatment approaches. Membrane photocatalysis, a hybrid technique that integrates membrane separation and photocatalytic degradation, has garnered increasing attention for its potential to address these complexities. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), known for their high porosity, tunable chemistry, and large surface area, have emerged as promising photocatalysts within such systems. However, limitations such as suboptimal photocatalytic performance, membrane fouling, and stability concerns under operational conditions remain major barriers to large-scale implementation. While numerous studies have explored MOF-based membranes, a focused investigation into process intensification (PI) strategies specifically targeting industrial applications is lacking. This review uniquely highlights and synthesizes diverse PI approaches including metal/non-metal doping, MOFs functionalization, heterojunction engineering, advanced light management, and reactor system design to enhance MOFs-based membrane photocatalysis. The novelty lies in consolidating these strategies within the industrial wastewater context, emphasizing not only performance enhancement but also scalability and cost-effectiveness. This work contributes toward bridging laboratory innovations with real-world applications, especially in resource-constrained settings. Furthermore, the study aligns with global sustainability priorities, notably SDGs 6, 12, and 14 by offering critical insights for stakeholders to develop efficient, environmentally sustainable, and cost-effective strategies for industrial water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110617
Ishani Karki Kudva , Shekhar G. Shinde , Krutarth Pandit, Liang-Shih Fan
Biomass-based chemical looping offers a sustainable pathway for energy production and carbon-neutral fuels. A critical factor in designing such systems is the residence time of char, as it dictates the required reactor volume for targeted conversion. Accurate prediction of residence times prevents under- or over-design of equipment, ensuring efficient and cost-effective operation. In this work, biomass-derived char was tested in a thermogravimetric analyzer under a wide range of operating conditions, including particle size, temperature, and enhancer gas concentration. The experimental data were fitted to five kinetic models: homogeneous model, shrinking core model, nth-order model, random pore model, and modified random pore model. The fitting procedure employed a nonlinear least-squares solver to minimize the error objective function. For each model, the best-fit kinetic parameters are determined. Among these, the RPM provided the best agreement with the experimental data. The obtained kinetic parameters were subsequently employed to simulate a packed-bed plug-flow reactor, representing a chemical looping reducer. The reactor model was then used to predict the residence times of char under non-isothermal operating conditions. The reactor model predicted a char residence time of approximately 21 min, resulting in 56.8% lower residence time as compared to that under isothermal conditions at 850 °C.
{"title":"Kinetic insights into biomass char gasification for chemical looping reactor design","authors":"Ishani Karki Kudva , Shekhar G. Shinde , Krutarth Pandit, Liang-Shih Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass-based chemical looping offers a sustainable pathway for energy production and carbon-neutral fuels. A critical factor in designing such systems is the residence time of char, as it dictates the required reactor volume for targeted conversion. Accurate prediction of residence times prevents under- or over-design of equipment, ensuring efficient and cost-effective operation. In this work, biomass-derived char was tested in a thermogravimetric analyzer under a wide range of operating conditions, including particle size, temperature, and enhancer gas concentration. The experimental data were fitted to five kinetic models: homogeneous model, shrinking core model, n<sup>th</sup>-order model, random pore model, and modified random pore model. The fitting procedure employed a nonlinear least-squares solver to minimize the error objective function. For each model, the best-fit kinetic parameters are determined. Among these, the RPM provided the best agreement with the experimental data. The obtained kinetic parameters were subsequently employed to simulate a packed-bed plug-flow reactor, representing a chemical looping reducer. The reactor model was then used to predict the residence times of char under non-isothermal operating conditions. The reactor model predicted a char residence time of approximately 21 min, resulting in 56.8% lower residence time as compared to that under isothermal conditions at 850 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110615
Anshuman Sharma , Nirvik Sen , K.K. Singh
A 2D axisymmetric Euler–Euler two-fluid CFD model is reported to estimate axial dispersion in a pulsed non-staggered circular slotted plate column (PNCSPC). Periodic steady-state velocity and pressure fields are obtained by solving the mass and momentum conservation equations for both phases along with equations of turbulence model. At discrete time instants within the pulsing cycle (snap-shots), steady-state equations for the first and second moments of species residence time distribution (RTD) are solved using the frozen flow field. This enables estimation of mean residence time and continuous-phase Peclet number (Pe) without solving conventional transient species transport equations. CFD predictions show 12.15 % average absolute relative deviation against experimental Pe data reported for classical pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (PDDC). The technique reported is faster than conventional one (∼90 times). Validated model is used to quantify effects of geometrical parameters - slot width, inter-plate spacing and fractional opening area – on Pe. An increase in fractional open area and inter-plate spacing increases Pe while an increase in slot width reduces Pe. 3-factor-3-level Box Behnken simulation design along with ANOVA study is used to identify the most influential parameter. A one-on-one comparison of PNCSPC vis-à-vis classical PDDC in terms of local flow structures and Pe is reported.
{"title":"Axial dispersion in air-pulsed column with non-staggered circular slotted plates: A CFD study","authors":"Anshuman Sharma , Nirvik Sen , K.K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 2D axisymmetric Euler–Euler two-fluid CFD model is reported to estimate axial dispersion in a pulsed non-staggered circular slotted plate column (PNCSPC). Periodic steady-state velocity and pressure fields are obtained by solving the mass and momentum conservation equations for both phases along with equations of turbulence model. At discrete time instants within the pulsing cycle (snap-shots), steady-state equations for the first and second moments of species residence time distribution (RTD) are solved using the frozen flow field. This enables estimation of mean residence time and continuous-phase Peclet number (Pe) without solving conventional transient species transport equations. CFD predictions show 12.15 % average absolute relative deviation against experimental Pe data reported for classical pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (PDDC). The technique reported is faster than conventional one (∼90 times). Validated model is used to quantify effects of geometrical parameters - slot width, inter-plate spacing and fractional opening area – on Pe. An increase in fractional open area and inter-plate spacing increases Pe while an increase in slot width reduces Pe. 3-factor-3-level Box Behnken simulation design along with ANOVA study is used to identify the most influential parameter. A one-on-one comparison of PNCSPC vis-à-vis classical PDDC in terms of local flow structures and Pe is reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"220 ","pages":"Article 110615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional extractive distillation for ternary azeotrope separation suffers from excessive entrainer consumption, high energy demand, and capital costs. Process intensifications, such as heat-integrated distillation and top-wall dividing wall columns, have emerged to mitigate these limitations. However, these methods fail to address the fundamental challenge of coupling multiple extraction processes. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes an extractive middle-wall dividing wall column process (E-MDWC). The E-MDWC integrates two extractive processes, with the entrainer fed above the dividing wall, altering flow patterns and enhancing the mass-energy transfer in the column. This not only enhances separation efficiency but also reduces operating costs. In this paper, the COSMO-SAC model was employed to screen [BMIM][OAc] as the optimal entrainer for separating acetonitrile-ethanol-water azeotropes. The E-MDWC process was optimized using the NSGA-II to minimize the total annual cost (TAC) and CO₂ emissions. Compared to the conventional ternary extractive distillation process and the extractive top-wall dividing wall column process, the E-MDWC achieves reductions in TAC by 13.06 % and 9.43 %, and in CO₂ emissions by 10.45 % and 7.53 %, respectively, highlighting its superior performance. This study highlights the potential of E-MDWC as an advanced, economical, and sustainable solution for separating complex ternary azeotropes, particularly when utilizing low-volatility entrainers.
{"title":"Extractive middle-wall dividing wall column with ionic liquid entrainer for enhanced ternary azeotrope separation","authors":"Hengyan Zhou , Qingjun Zhang , Guoqiang Huang , Mingxin Hou , Wenyu Xiang , Chunjiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional extractive distillation for ternary azeotrope separation suffers from excessive entrainer consumption, high energy demand, and capital costs. Process intensifications, such as heat-integrated distillation and top-wall dividing wall columns, have emerged to mitigate these limitations. However, these methods fail to address the fundamental challenge of coupling multiple extraction processes. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes an extractive middle-wall dividing wall column process (E-MDWC). The E-MDWC integrates two extractive processes, with the entrainer fed above the dividing wall, altering flow patterns and enhancing the mass-energy transfer in the column. This not only enhances separation efficiency but also reduces operating costs. In this paper, the COSMO-SAC model was employed to screen [BMIM][OAc] as the optimal entrainer for separating acetonitrile-ethanol-water azeotropes. The E-MDWC process was optimized using the NSGA-II to minimize the total annual cost (TAC) and CO₂ emissions. Compared to the conventional ternary extractive distillation process and the extractive top-wall dividing wall column process, the E-MDWC achieves reductions in TAC by 13.06 % and 9.43 %, and in CO₂ emissions by 10.45 % and 7.53 %, respectively, highlighting its superior performance. This study highlights the potential of E-MDWC as an advanced, economical, and sustainable solution for separating complex ternary azeotropes, particularly when utilizing low-volatility entrainers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar catalysts often suffer from rapid deactivation caused by carbon deposition during long-term operation. Here, we synthesized a Fe–Co bimetallic catalyst supported on goat manure-derived biochar via a one-pot method and evaluated its stability in toluene catalytic cracking. After 90 min of reaction, the Fe–Co catalyst sustained higher toluene conversion at 29.35 % and reduced carbon deposition to 20.31 %, compared with 23.06 % conversion and 35.90 % deposition for the Fe-only catalyst. Structural analysis revealed the coexistence of CoFe and CoFe2O4 phases, which inhibited graphitized carbon formation and metal sintering. The Fe–Co catalyst also exhibited higher oxygen-vacancy concentration, enabling more efficient adsorption and activation of lattice oxygen. Dynamic regulation of oxygen vacancies promoted oxygen migration and carbon removal, extending catalytic lifetime. These results demonstrate that the synergy between CO2 activation and the Fe–Co bimetallic structure effectively enhances the resistance of biochar catalysts to deactivation.
{"title":"Elucidating deactivation characteristics and anti-deactivation mechanisms of oxygen vacancy-driven Fe-Co bimetallic-loaded goat manure-derived biochar catalyst via tar model compound removal","authors":"Xinjia Wang, Hui Jin, Jiankai Zhang, Haofeng Yang, Jinzheng Wang, Qinlong Hu, Haoyang Lou, Zhuqing Niu, Cong Dong, Yuanjun Tang, Zhongming Bu, Guoneng Li, Chao Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar catalysts often suffer from rapid deactivation caused by carbon deposition during long-term operation. Here, we synthesized a Fe–Co bimetallic catalyst supported on goat manure-derived biochar via a one-pot method and evaluated its stability in toluene catalytic cracking. After 90 min of reaction, the Fe–Co catalyst sustained higher toluene conversion at 29.35 % and reduced carbon deposition to 20.31 %, compared with 23.06 % conversion and 35.90 % deposition for the Fe-only catalyst. Structural analysis revealed the coexistence of CoFe and CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phases, which inhibited graphitized carbon formation and metal sintering. The Fe–Co catalyst also exhibited higher oxygen-vacancy concentration, enabling more efficient adsorption and activation of lattice oxygen. Dynamic regulation of oxygen vacancies promoted oxygen migration and carbon removal, extending catalytic lifetime. These results demonstrate that the synergy between CO<sub>2</sub> activation and the Fe–Co bimetallic structure effectively enhances the resistance of biochar catalysts to deactivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110616"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110614
Karol Ulatowski, Tomasz Ciach, Paweł Sobieszuk
Nanobubbles (NBs) are increasingly recognized as powerful agents capable of intensifying chemical and biotechnological processes. Their unique physicochemical properties, including stability, prolonged residence in liquids, and the ability to modulate biological activity, create new opportunities for both microbial growth stimulation and sterilization. Numerous studies describe the effects of NBs on microorganisms, yet mechanistic explanations remain fragmented and often speculative. In this review, we gathered the promising data from literature and applied the classical bioprocess modeling to quantify and compare the impact of NBs on microbial cultures. Our aim is to show the ways of mathematical description of bioprocesses involving nanobubbles. This approach allows a systematic assessment of process intensification potential without relying on biological mechanisms, which are still not studied thoroughly enough. We have extracted the data from articles published in this subject, proposed the way of mathematical modelling (along with some guidelines about the choice of kinetic model for different purposes) and calculated the appropriate kinetic constants. The comparison of kinetic constants between cultures with and without nanobubles showed how NB dispersions alter growth rates, metabolite production, and inactivation dynamics. We ended the review with the conclusions describing our view on the needs for the future studies and experiments.
{"title":"Nanobubbles for process intensification: Modeling microbial growth and inactivation","authors":"Karol Ulatowski, Tomasz Ciach, Paweł Sobieszuk","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanobubbles (NBs) are increasingly recognized as powerful agents capable of intensifying chemical and biotechnological processes. Their unique physicochemical properties, including stability, prolonged residence in liquids, and the ability to modulate biological activity, create new opportunities for both microbial growth stimulation and sterilization. Numerous studies describe the effects of NBs on microorganisms, yet mechanistic explanations remain fragmented and often speculative. In this review, we gathered the promising data from literature and applied the classical bioprocess modeling to quantify and compare the impact of NBs on microbial cultures. Our aim is to show the ways of mathematical description of bioprocesses involving nanobubbles. This approach allows a systematic assessment of process intensification potential without relying on biological mechanisms, which are still not studied thoroughly enough. We have extracted the data from articles published in this subject, proposed the way of mathematical modelling (along with some guidelines about the choice of kinetic model for different purposes) and calculated the appropriate kinetic constants. The comparison of kinetic constants between cultures with and without nanobubles showed how NB dispersions alter growth rates, metabolite production, and inactivation dynamics. We ended the review with the conclusions describing our view on the needs for the future studies and experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110614"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110612
Alfonso Morales-Huerta , Angelica Roman-Guerrero , J. Alberto Ochoa-Tapia , E. Jaime Vernon-Carter , Jose Alvarez-Ramirez
Starch isolation processes from cereals involve the use of enzymes to improve yield by removing lipids, proteins and undesired polysaccharides. Experimental evidence shows that this strategy is successful, leading to yield increases of 15–30 % compared to traditional techniques using chemicals promoters. Although the use of enzymes can be labeled as green and sustainable, it may entail relatively low isolation yield. An approach is to use ultrasound to further increase isolation yield. Within the framework of process intensification, enzymes and ultrasound can be combined within a sole process to increase isolation yield and reduce the usage of disposable chemical substances. However, process intensification is not obtained without cost as it may entail some deterioration of desirable starch characteristics. Hence, the selection of optimal isolation conditions for starch isolation faces multiple conflicting objectives. This work addressed this problem by developing experiments to establish the effect of enzyme and ultrasound aimed at establishing the best isolation conditions considering not only yield but also color and in vitro digestibility criteria. The decision analysis used the popular TOPSIS approach in combination with Monte Carlo simulations to include experimental uncertainty. The analysis showed that the weighting given to decision criteria groups allows for the analysis of various manufacturing scenarios where nutritional aspects are weighted above other criteria. Experimental data uncertainty plays a significant role, as measurement error can decisively affect the best operating condition choice. Results presented here promote the use of computational multicriteria decision-making tools for process optimization and intensification in food industry.
{"title":"A multicriteria decision making approach for wheat starch isolation intensification","authors":"Alfonso Morales-Huerta , Angelica Roman-Guerrero , J. Alberto Ochoa-Tapia , E. Jaime Vernon-Carter , Jose Alvarez-Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Starch isolation processes from cereals involve the use of enzymes to improve yield by removing lipids, proteins and undesired polysaccharides. Experimental evidence shows that this strategy is successful, leading to yield increases of 15–30 % compared to traditional techniques using chemicals promoters. Although the use of enzymes can be labeled as green and sustainable, it may entail relatively low isolation yield. An approach is to use ultrasound to further increase isolation yield. Within the framework of process intensification, enzymes and ultrasound can be combined within a sole process to increase isolation yield and reduce the usage of disposable chemical substances. However, process intensification is not obtained without cost as it may entail some deterioration of desirable starch characteristics. Hence, the selection of optimal isolation conditions for starch isolation faces multiple conflicting objectives. This work addressed this problem by developing experiments to establish the effect of enzyme and ultrasound aimed at establishing the best isolation conditions considering not only yield but also color and in vitro digestibility criteria. The decision analysis used the popular TOPSIS approach in combination with Monte Carlo simulations to include experimental uncertainty. The analysis showed that the weighting given to decision criteria groups allows for the analysis of various manufacturing scenarios where nutritional aspects are weighted above other criteria. Experimental data uncertainty plays a significant role, as measurement error can decisively affect the best operating condition choice. Results presented here promote the use of computational multicriteria decision-making tools for process optimization and intensification in food industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"219 ","pages":"Article 110612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145463193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号