This study presents a highly efficient and operationally simple protocol for synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. The protocol uses an inexpensive and readily available photocatalyst Mn2(CO)10, which plays a crucial role in the single-pot, four-component reaction involving benzo [b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, malononitrile, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate, and anilines in a blue LED (400–500 nm) photocatalytic technique. The reaction conditions include the use of blue LEDs, a lower catalyst load, and green solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water in a 1:1 ratio. The multicomponent photocatalytic approach negates the use of expensive catalysts and the necessity of multi-step routes, in addition to providing better atom economy and an easy work-up process, and it is environmentally benign. The derivatives were effectively synthesized in higher yields and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI-MS. The obtained 1,4 dihydropyridines also have tremendous capability for biological and pharmacological activities, opening exciting possibilities for future research and applications.
{"title":"Blue LED photolytic method for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives from benzo [b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde","authors":"Anushka Servesh , Sankar Ganesh Ramaraj , J. Rajprasad , Sumaiya Tabassum , Santhosh Govindaraju","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a highly efficient and operationally simple protocol for synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. The protocol uses an inexpensive and readily available photocatalyst Mn<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>10</sub>, which plays a crucial role in the single-pot, four-component reaction involving benzo [<em>b</em>]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, malononitrile, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate, and anilines in a blue LED (400–500 nm) photocatalytic technique. The reaction conditions include the use of blue LEDs, a lower catalyst load, and green solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water in a 1:1 ratio. The multicomponent photocatalytic approach negates the use of expensive catalysts and the necessity of multi-step routes, in addition to providing better atom economy and an easy work-up process, and it is environmentally benign. The derivatives were effectively synthesized in higher yields and characterized using <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, and ESI-MS. The obtained 1,4 dihydropyridines also have tremendous capability for biological and pharmacological activities, opening exciting possibilities for future research and applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a counter flow contact-cyclone reactor was designed for the epoxidation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The impinging stream was applied to enhance the mixing and reaction of FAME and peroxyformic acid. And the optimization of structural parameter of counter flow contact chamber (height, H, impinging length, Li, accelerating tube length, La) was conducted using Eulerian model and RSM model. A parameter named mixing non-uniformity parameter, β, was used to evaluate the mixing performance between two liquids. Based on the variation of β along the radial and axial directions, the mixing between two liquids tends to be stable with the axial cross section approaching the guided vane. The structural parameters considered show influence on the mixing time evolution and the initial conditions for enhancing mixing using impinging stream, respectively. Eventually, the data shows the β after optimization (H of 120 mm, Li of 30 mm, La of 40 mm) is approximately 0.09×10−2 in the stable flow area, a decrease of 62.5 % compared to that before optimization. Moreover, the results also indicate that the vortices induced by impinging stream experience the evolution in both size and number, which is closely related to the gradual improvement of mixing efficiency between two liquids.
{"title":"Numerical investigation on the structural optimization of a counter flow contact-cyclone reactor for epoxidation of fatty acid methyl ester","authors":"Mingyang Zhang , Wenjie Zhu , Jie Cheng , Yaojun Guo , Haozhe Guo , Yingchun Yuan , Yuanjing Liu , Xiao Cong","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a counter flow contact-cyclone reactor was designed for the epoxidation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The impinging stream was applied to enhance the mixing and reaction of FAME and peroxyformic acid. And the optimization of structural parameter of counter flow contact chamber (height, <em>H</em>, impinging length, <em>L<sub>i</sub></em>, accelerating tube length, <em>L<sub>a</sub></em>) was conducted using Eulerian model and RSM model. A parameter named mixing non-uniformity parameter, <em>β</em>, was used to evaluate the mixing performance between two liquids. Based on the variation of <em>β</em> along the radial and axial directions, the mixing between two liquids tends to be stable with the axial cross section approaching the guided vane. The structural parameters considered show influence on the mixing time evolution and the initial conditions for enhancing mixing using impinging stream, respectively. Eventually, the data shows the <em>β</em> after optimization (<em>H</em> of 120 mm, <em>L<sub>i</sub></em> of 30 mm, <em>L<sub>a</sub></em> of 40 mm) is approximately 0.09×10<sup>−2</sup> in the stable flow area, a decrease of 62.5 % compared to that before optimization. Moreover, the results also indicate that the vortices induced by impinging stream experience the evolution in both size and number, which is closely related to the gradual improvement of mixing efficiency between two liquids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2025.110203
Yihong Dang , Zhifei Yang , Guo Lin , Benkang Zhai , Heng Zhang , Xiaowei Sheng , Shiwei Li , Libo Zhang
In view of the depletion of sphalerite and the shortage of zinc resources, zinc leaching from low-grade zinc oxide (LZO) had become an important research direction. A new technology of ultrasonic enhanced H2SO4 solution leaching of LZO was proposed. The effects of H2SO4 solution concentration, ultrasonic power, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and agitation rate on zinc leaching rate and zinc leaching kinetics were investigated. The results showed that the leaching rate of ultrasonic-enhanced leaching under optimal conditions was 95.45 %, which was 3.61 % higher than that of the traditional leaching procedure. The kinetic analysis showed that the process of ultrasonic-enhanced leaching of LZO was controlled by product diffusion and interfacial reaction, and the ultrasonic enhancement of leaching conditions reduced the activation energy from 21.375 kJ/mol to 13.912 kJ/mol. In addition, the characterization analysis showed that ultrasound opened and dissociated the particles in the wrapped state, exposing more interfaces and accelerating the reaction. This study could accelerate the promotion and application of ultrasonic enhancement in the field of enhancement leaching of low-grade ores.
{"title":"Mechanism of leaching zinc from low-grade zinc oxide by ultrasonic enhancement","authors":"Yihong Dang , Zhifei Yang , Guo Lin , Benkang Zhai , Heng Zhang , Xiaowei Sheng , Shiwei Li , Libo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2025.110203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In view of the depletion of sphalerite and the shortage of zinc resources, zinc leaching from low-grade zinc oxide (LZO) had become an important research direction. A new technology of ultrasonic enhanced H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution leaching of LZO was proposed. The effects of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution concentration, ultrasonic power, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio and agitation rate on zinc leaching rate and zinc leaching kinetics were investigated. The results showed that the leaching rate of ultrasonic-enhanced leaching under optimal conditions was 95.45 %, which was 3.61 % higher than that of the traditional leaching procedure. The kinetic analysis showed that the process of ultrasonic-enhanced leaching of LZO was controlled by product diffusion and interfacial reaction, and the ultrasonic enhancement of leaching conditions reduced the activation energy from 21.375 kJ/mol to 13.912 kJ/mol. In addition, the characterization analysis showed that ultrasound opened and dissociated the particles in the wrapped state, exposing more interfaces and accelerating the reaction. This study could accelerate the promotion and application of ultrasonic enhancement in the field of enhancement leaching of low-grade ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110203"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2024.110137
Haitao Wang , Lingyan Li , Jingang Hu , Yun Fang , Yang Liu , Jun Wang , Ruan Chi , Chunqiao Xiao
A compound leaching agent (CLA) composed of itaconic acid (IA) and MgSO4 was employed in this study, and the effects of the ratio of the two components, in addition to the initial pH, temperature, and liquid–solid ratio on the leaching rate of rare earths were investigated. Under the following conditions: MgSO4 content=1 %, IA concentration = 6.0 g/L, pH = 4.5, liquid–solid ratio = 3:1, and reaction temperature = 25 ℃, the leaching efficiency of rare earths was 95.03 %, which was 9.34 % higher than that observed when using the MgSO4 (85.69 %). Furthermore, the residual Mg content in the tailings was decreased because of the reduction in the amount of MgSO4. Compared with the tailings obtained using pure MgSO4 as the leaching agent, the tailings obtained using CLA had 52.66 % lower Mg in the water-soluble state and 14.77 % lower Mg in the exchangeable state.
{"title":"Enhanced leaching process of ion-adsorbed rare earth ores with itaconic acid and magnesium sulfate compound leaching agent","authors":"Haitao Wang , Lingyan Li , Jingang Hu , Yun Fang , Yang Liu , Jun Wang , Ruan Chi , Chunqiao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A compound leaching agent (CLA) composed of itaconic acid (IA) and MgSO<sub>4</sub> was employed in this study, and the effects of the ratio of the two components, in addition to the initial pH, temperature, and liquid–solid ratio on the leaching rate of rare earths were investigated. Under the following conditions: MgSO<sub>4</sub> content=1 %, IA concentration = 6.0 g/L, pH = 4.5, liquid–solid ratio = 3:1, and reaction temperature = 25 ℃, the leaching efficiency of rare earths was 95.03 %, which was 9.34 % higher than that observed when using the MgSO<sub>4</sub> (85.69 %). Furthermore, the residual Mg content in the tailings was decreased because of the reduction in the amount of MgSO<sub>4</sub>. Compared with the tailings obtained using pure MgSO<sub>4</sub> as the leaching agent, the tailings obtained using CLA had 52.66 % lower Mg in the water-soluble state and 14.77 % lower Mg in the exchangeable state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2024.110076
Jianping Cheng, Dai Tang, Xinghao Li, Zhiguo Tang
To meet the needs of heat transfer and temperature uniformity in the heat dissipation of high-heat-flux electronic devices, a novel slit jet impingement heat sink with a protrusion in the stagnation region, droplet ribs in the wall jet region, and an inclined upper-plate (PDI-SJIHS) is proposed, the coolant is Al2O3H2O nanofluid. The influences of the structural parameters of the above three components and the Reynolds number on the heat transfer and flow of the PDI-SJIHS are studied numerically. Using the comprehensive heat transfer and temperature standard deviation as objective functions, a multi-objective optimization of PDI-SJIHS is conducted using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ). The results indicate that the combination of the three components enhances the thermal performance of the PDI-SJIHS, compared with the slit jet impingement heat sink with only one of the above components. Rising the Reynolds number can enhance the thermal characteristics of the PDI-SJIHS. For a Reynolds number of 8000 and nanofluids with a 3 % volume fraction, the average convective heat transfer coefficient, friction coefficient, and comprehensive heat transfer coefficient of the optimized PDI-SJIHS are increased by 182 %, 153 %, and 108 %, respectively, and the standard deviation of temperature is 91 % less than that of F-SJIHS.
{"title":"Multi-objective geometric optimization of protrusion, droplet ribs, and inclined upper plate of a slit jet impingement heat sink to enhance its thermal performance","authors":"Jianping Cheng, Dai Tang, Xinghao Li, Zhiguo Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the needs of heat transfer and temperature uniformity in the heat dissipation of high-heat-flux electronic devices, a novel slit jet impingement heat sink with a protrusion in the stagnation region, droplet ribs in the wall jet region, and an inclined upper-plate (PDI-SJIHS) is proposed, the coolant is Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sub><img></sub>H<sub>2</sub>O nanofluid. The influences of the structural parameters of the above three components and the Reynolds number on the heat transfer and flow of the PDI-SJIHS are studied numerically. Using the comprehensive heat transfer and temperature standard deviation as objective functions, a multi-objective optimization of PDI-SJIHS is conducted using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ). The results indicate that the combination of the three components enhances the thermal performance of the PDI-SJIHS, compared with the slit jet impingement heat sink with only one of the above components. Rising the Reynolds number can enhance the thermal characteristics of the PDI-SJIHS. For a Reynolds number of 8000 and nanofluids with a 3 % volume fraction, the average convective heat transfer coefficient, friction coefficient, and comprehensive heat transfer coefficient of the optimized PDI-SJIHS are increased by 182 %, 153 %, and 108 %, respectively, and the standard deviation of temperature is 91 % less than that of F-SJIHS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110076"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2024.110080
Mohammad Shamsi , Jafar Towfighi Darian , Morteza Afkhamipour
CO2 capture is a crucial aspect of attempts to mitigate climate change. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of essential operating parameters on the mass transfer performance of absorbing CO2 in rotating packed beds (RPBs). A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) model with the Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm, a mass transfer model using the two-film theory, and an empirical correlation model were developed to predict the overall gas-phase volumetric mass-transfer coefficient () for RPB-based CO2 absorption. The developed MLPNN model showed excellent agreement with the actual data, with an MSE of 0.0357, an AARD of 7.4%, and an R2 of 0.9839. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using Taguchi orthogonal array design on distinct mass transfer correlations. The results of the two-film theory and surrogate models for the diethylenetriamine (DETA) solvent were compared. The MLPNN model provided better predictions than other developed models with an AARD of 13% for CO2H2O-DETA system. Therefore, the effects of operating parameters such as concentration, temperature, solvent flow rate, and rotational speed on and CO2 removal efficiency were evaluated using the MLPNN model. Finally, an empirical correlation was proposed to predict as a function of operational parameters.
{"title":"Assessment of mass transfer performance using the two-film theory and surrogate models for intensified CO2 capture process by amine solutions in rotating packed beds","authors":"Mohammad Shamsi , Jafar Towfighi Darian , Morteza Afkhamipour","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO<sub>2</sub> capture is a crucial aspect of attempts to mitigate climate change. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of essential operating parameters on the mass transfer performance of absorbing CO<sub>2</sub> in rotating packed beds (RPBs). A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) model with the Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm, a mass transfer model using the two-film theory, and an empirical correlation model were developed to predict the overall gas-phase volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>G</mi></msub><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>V</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) for RPB-based CO<sub>2</sub> absorption. The developed MLPNN model showed excellent agreement with the actual data, with an MSE of 0.0357, an AARD of 7.4%, and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9839. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using Taguchi orthogonal array design on distinct mass transfer correlations. The results of the two-film theory and surrogate models for the diethylenetriamine (DETA) solvent were compared. The MLPNN model provided better predictions than other developed models with an AARD of 13% for CO<sub>2<img></sub>H<sub>2</sub>O-DETA system. Therefore, the effects of operating parameters such as concentration, temperature, solvent flow rate, and rotational speed on <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>G</mi></msub><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>V</mi></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>and CO<sub>2</sub> removal efficiency were evaluated using the MLPNN model. Finally, an empirical correlation was proposed to predict <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>G</mi></msub><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>V</mi></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>as a function of operational parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110080"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2024.110111
Ezgi Aktar Demirtas , Yeşim Sağ Açıkel , Yeliz Aşçı
In this study, the sonocatalytic process was used to remove colour from the effluent of a textile factory located in Turkey. Clay from a brick-tile factory located in the city of Eskisehir was used to enhance the effect of ultrasound (US) at 20 kHz frequency and 750 W power. The structure, morphology and composition of the clay were identified by characterization studies including FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM and TGA. The clay consists mainly of montmorillonite and iron-rich montmorillonite as smectite minerals, nontronite, quartz minerals, calcite and dolomite as minor clay minerals. In the scope of the study, Design of Experiment (DoE) and a Full Factorial Design (FFD) was used to determine the operating conditions that affect the color removal efficiency of textile industry wastewater. pH, clay amount, time, and H2O2 concentration were determined as critical factors using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It has been confirmed that when the critical factors for color removal efficiency—specifically, a pH of 2, 2 g of clay, a duration of 120 min, and 35 ppm of H2O2—are kept constant, the resulting removal percentage was predicted as 94 % approximately by using regression model. The optimal levels of factors have been verified by the validation experiments.
{"title":"A full factorial design for the decolorization of real textile wastewater using iron-rich montmorillonite by sonocatalytic process","authors":"Ezgi Aktar Demirtas , Yeşim Sağ Açıkel , Yeliz Aşçı","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the sonocatalytic process was used to remove colour from the effluent of a textile factory located in Turkey. Clay from a brick-tile factory located in the city of Eskisehir was used to enhance the effect of ultrasound (US) at 20 kHz frequency and 750 W power. The structure, morphology and composition of the clay were identified by characterization studies including FT-IR, XRD, XRF, SEM and TGA. The clay consists mainly of montmorillonite and iron-rich montmorillonite as smectite minerals, nontronite, quartz minerals, calcite and dolomite as minor clay minerals. In the scope of the study, Design of Experiment (DoE) and a Full Factorial Design (FFD) was used to determine the operating conditions that affect the color removal efficiency of textile industry wastewater. pH, clay amount, time, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration were determined as critical factors using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). It has been confirmed that when the critical factors for color removal efficiency—specifically, a pH of 2, 2 g of clay, a duration of 120 min, and 35 ppm of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>—are kept constant, the resulting removal percentage was predicted as 94 % approximately by using regression model. The optimal levels of factors have been verified by the validation experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143164934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the application of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane distillation for the 12-hour treatment of dye wastewater, investigating the impact of various dye classes on membrane performance and fouling behaviour. Focusing on anionic dyes (Acid Red 27, Congo Red, Direct Red 80, Reactive Red 120), cationic dye (Basic Red 5), and non-ionic dye (Disperse Red 13), exceptional color rejection rates of over 99.5% were achieved. Acid Red and Direct Red displayed the highest permeate fluxes, achieving 20 liters per square meter per hour (LMH), while Disperse Red, due to its non-ionic properties, yielded a lower flux of 12 LMH. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed key dye-membrane interactions, indicating that Congo Red showed the least fouling (13% flux decline). In comparison, Basic Red and Disperse Red produced the highest fouling index at 33.3%. Hermia's modelling confirmed compatibility with cake filtration and intermediate pore-blocking models, achieving an R² of 0.97. The PVDF membrane's durability across various dye classes emphasizes its potential for temperature-driven, sustainable wastewater treatment. These results highlight the significance of dye chemistry in optimizing membrane distillation processes for industrial wastewater management.
{"title":"Enhanced dye wastewater treatment via PVDF membrane distillation: Influence of dye classes on performance and fouling","authors":"Joyeeta Bose , Jaya Sikder , Dipankar Pal , Utpal Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the application of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane distillation for the 12-hour treatment of dye wastewater, investigating the impact of various dye classes on membrane performance and fouling behaviour. Focusing on anionic dyes (Acid Red 27, Congo Red, Direct Red 80, Reactive Red 120), cationic dye (Basic Red 5), and non-ionic dye (Disperse Red 13), exceptional color rejection rates of over 99.5% were achieved. Acid Red and Direct Red displayed the highest permeate fluxes, achieving 20 liters per square meter per hour (LMH), while Disperse Red, due to its non-ionic properties, yielded a lower flux of 12 LMH. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed key dye-membrane interactions, indicating that Congo Red showed the least fouling (13% flux decline). In comparison, Basic Red and Disperse Red produced the highest fouling index at 33.3%. Hermia's modelling confirmed compatibility with cake filtration and intermediate pore-blocking models, achieving an R² of 0.97. The PVDF membrane's durability across various dye classes emphasizes its potential for temperature-driven, sustainable wastewater treatment. These results highlight the significance of dye chemistry in optimizing membrane distillation processes for industrial wastewater management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources that is widely sought as an alternative to the limitations of fossil energy. Efforts to explore biodiesel production have been considered from various factors including the search for inedible and abundant natural materials, the use of high-performance catalysts, the use of low-cost materials as catalyst materials, and various intensification methods. In terms of production intensification, in addition to the use of multiple methods such as microwaves and ultrasonics, optimization using a statistical approach is one of the strategies used. Optimization aims to model production performance as a function of various significant reaction variables including the ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst percentage, and other specific variables. In this review, the use of statistical optimization using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) as part of the Response Surface Methodology is studied. The review explains the principles of BBD and compares them to other statistical optimization methods. The important thing highlighted in this review is the critical analysis of several studies that provide data ambiguity. The review provides methodological recommendations for future development.
{"title":"Process intensification of biodiesel production by optimization using box-behnken design: A review","authors":"Is Fatimah , Jaka Nugraha , Suresh Sagadevan , Azlan Kamari , Won-Chun Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources that is widely sought as an alternative to the limitations of fossil energy. Efforts to explore biodiesel production have been considered from various factors including the search for inedible and abundant natural materials, the use of high-performance catalysts, the use of low-cost materials as catalyst materials, and various intensification methods. In terms of production intensification, in addition to the use of multiple methods such as microwaves and ultrasonics, optimization using a statistical approach is one of the strategies used. Optimization aims to model production performance as a function of various significant reaction variables including the ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst percentage, and other specific variables. In this review, the use of statistical optimization using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) as part of the Response Surface Methodology is studied. The review explains the principles of BBD and compares them to other statistical optimization methods. The important thing highlighted in this review is the critical analysis of several studies that provide data ambiguity. The review provides methodological recommendations for future development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2024.110130
Ekaterina A. Stepanova , Artem A. Atlaskin , Maria S. Kudryavtseva , Dmitry N. Shablykin , Zakhar A. Markin , Egor S. Dokin , Dmitry M. Zarubin , Igor O. Prokhorov , Maksim A. Vshivtsev , Olga V. Kazarina , Alexander A. Logunov , Maria E. Atlaskina , Andrey V. Vorotyntsev , Ilya V. Vorotynstev , Anton N. Petukhov
This study aims to extend the investigation of natural gas separation using gas hydrates. This work presents a mathematical modeling and experimental study on gas separation using gas hydrate-membrane crystallization. A membrane module was added to the gas hydrate 4 l crystallization reactor, which was used to provide an additional driving force for separation. Inlet mixture separated to the three flows enriched by different gas components. A mixture is approximating natural gas with the following composition was used: CH4 (75.68 mol.%) - С2H6 (7.41 mol.%) - C3H8 (4.53 mol.%) - n-C4H10 (2.47 mol.%) - CO2 (5.40 mol.%) - H2S (1.39 mol.%) - N2 (3.01 mol.%) - Xe (0.11 mol.%). The process was carried out in a single mass transfer apparatus. The obtained data was compared to mathematical calculation and to results of continuous gas hydrate crystallization without a membrane, presented in our previous work. Experimentally it was found that the combined method allows for 20% more efficient concentration of xenon in the gas hydrate phase compared to the method without a membrane module. Its content in gas mixture increased from 0.440 mol.% to 0.609 mol.% at stage cut θ=0.65. H₂S and CO₂ are the primary components permeable through the membrane. So, CO2 content in gas hydrate phase decreased by 55%. The methane content in the gas phase reached 88% purity in a single cycle of gas hydrate-membrane crystallization at the same stage cut value. As a result of the addition of the membrane module to the system, hydrogen sulfide recovery decreased by 19–36% and xenon recovery increased by 25%.
{"title":"Combining gas hydrate crystallization and membrane technology: A synergistic approach to natural gas separation","authors":"Ekaterina A. Stepanova , Artem A. Atlaskin , Maria S. Kudryavtseva , Dmitry N. Shablykin , Zakhar A. Markin , Egor S. Dokin , Dmitry M. Zarubin , Igor O. Prokhorov , Maksim A. Vshivtsev , Olga V. Kazarina , Alexander A. Logunov , Maria E. Atlaskina , Andrey V. Vorotyntsev , Ilya V. Vorotynstev , Anton N. Petukhov","doi":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cep.2024.110130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to extend the investigation of natural gas separation using gas hydrates. This work presents a mathematical modeling and experimental study on gas separation using gas hydrate-membrane crystallization. A membrane module was added to the gas hydrate 4 l crystallization reactor, which was used to provide an additional driving force for separation. Inlet mixture separated to the three flows enriched by different gas components. A mixture is approximating natural gas with the following composition was used: CH<sub>4</sub> (75.68 mol.%) - С<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (7.41 mol.%) - C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub> (4.53 mol.%) - n-C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> (2.47 mol.%) - CO<sub>2</sub> (5.40 mol.%) - H<sub>2</sub>S (1.39 mol.%) - N<sub>2</sub> (3.01 mol.%) - Xe (0.11 mol.%). The process was carried out in a single mass transfer apparatus. The obtained data was compared to mathematical calculation and to results of continuous gas hydrate crystallization without a membrane, presented in our previous work. Experimentally it was found that the combined method allows for 20% more efficient concentration of xenon in the gas hydrate phase compared to the method without a membrane module. Its content in gas mixture increased from 0.440 mol.% to 0.609 mol.% at stage cut θ=0.65. H₂S and CO₂ are the primary components permeable through the membrane. So, CO<sub>2</sub> content in gas hydrate phase decreased by 55%. The methane content in the gas phase reached 88% purity in a single cycle of gas hydrate-membrane crystallization at the same stage cut value. As a result of the addition of the membrane module to the system, hydrogen sulfide recovery decreased by 19–36% and xenon recovery increased by 25%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9929,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 110130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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