Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100148
Deekshith G. Kalali , K. Guruvidyathri , Mahesh Patel , K. Bhanu Sankara Rao , Koteswararao V. Rajulapati
MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) based refractory multi-principal element alloys are processed using high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Multiple phases are observed after sintering the single-phase MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) milled powders. Fe (from milling media) is involved in the phase formations in both MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) alloys. The phases after SPS match well with the Calphad (Calculation of Phase Diagram) studies. The density of the MoNbTi (Fe) alloy (7.67 g/cc) is very low compared to the various commercial Niobium alloys like C-103 (8.85 g/cc), C-129Y (9.5 g/cc), and C3009 (10.1 g/cc). The combination of high hardness and low density in the present work is exceptional and it surpasses many commercial Nb-based alloys, indicating their potential for high-temperature aerospace applications. The inference from the present study is that the strengthening of the alloy depends not only on the number of elements but also on the elements selected. Thus, binary and ternary alloys can also offer more strengthening advantages compared to the systems containing 5 or 6 elements in high concentrations which in turn will lead to cost reduction.
{"title":"Multi-phase nanocrystalline MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) based multi-principal element alloys with superior “density-normalized” hardness","authors":"Deekshith G. Kalali , K. Guruvidyathri , Mahesh Patel , K. Bhanu Sankara Rao , Koteswararao V. Rajulapati","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) based refractory multi-principal element alloys are processed using high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Multiple phases are observed after sintering the single-phase MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) milled powders. Fe (from milling media) is involved in the phase formations in both MoNb (Fe) and MoNbTi (Fe) alloys. The phases after SPS match well with the Calphad (Calculation of Phase Diagram) studies. The density of the MoNbTi (Fe) alloy (7.67 g/cc) is very low compared to the various commercial Niobium alloys like C-103 (8.85 g/cc), C-129Y (9.5 g/cc), and C3009 (10.1 g/cc). The combination of high hardness and low density in the present work is exceptional and it surpasses many commercial Nb-based alloys, indicating their potential for high-temperature aerospace applications. The inference from the present study is that the strengthening of the alloy depends not only on the number of elements but also on the elements selected. Thus, binary and ternary alloys can also offer more strengthening advantages compared to the systems containing 5 or 6 elements in high concentrations which in turn will lead to cost reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100140
M. Krishnam Raju , Peeyush Mahajan , Pavan Kumar , K. Narasimhan
Stainless steels are better than carbon steels for structural applications due to their optimal blend of strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels, such as AISI304, are extensively utilized in cryogenic applications owing to their remarkable formability and corrosion resistance, even at sub-zero temperatures. In this study, the deformation behaviour of austenitic stainless steel (AISI304) sheet of thickness 1.2 mm was examined through tensile testing at room temperature (25°C) and sub-zero temperatures (0ºC, −40ºC, −80ºC, −120ºC) at strain rates such as 0.01 s−1,0.001 s−1,0.0001 s−1. Mechanical properties, microstructure, and texture evolution were analysed and interrelated across these temperature and strain rate conditions. Tensile strength exhibited an upward trend with decreasing temperature and strain rate, while yield strength decreased with decreasing strain rate and increased with lowering temperature. Microstructural changes indicated a phase transformation from parent austenite phase, with martensite fraction escalating alongside decreasing strain rate and temperature. Micro texture analysis revealed a rise in the fraction of the cube texture component corresponding to an increase in martensite fraction across materials deformed at varying temperatures and strain rates. This paper gives complete insight into the microstructure and the texture evolution during the uniaxial deformation of AISI 304 sheet at room temperature and at sub-zero temperatures.
{"title":"Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of austenitic stainless-steel sheets, deformed at sub-zero temperatures","authors":"M. Krishnam Raju , Peeyush Mahajan , Pavan Kumar , K. Narasimhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stainless steels are better than carbon steels for structural applications due to their optimal blend of strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels, such as AISI304, are extensively utilized in cryogenic applications owing to their remarkable formability and corrosion resistance, even at sub-zero temperatures. In this study, the deformation behaviour of austenitic stainless steel (AISI304) sheet of thickness 1.2 mm was examined through tensile testing at room temperature (25°C) and sub-zero temperatures (0ºC, −40ºC, −80ºC, −120ºC) at strain rates such as 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>,0.001 s<sup>−1</sup>,0.0001 s<sup>−1</sup>. Mechanical properties, microstructure, and texture evolution were analysed and interrelated across these temperature and strain rate conditions. Tensile strength exhibited an upward trend with decreasing temperature and strain rate, while yield strength decreased with decreasing strain rate and increased with lowering temperature. Microstructural changes indicated a phase transformation from parent austenite phase, with martensite fraction escalating alongside decreasing strain rate and temperature. Micro texture analysis revealed a rise in the fraction of the cube texture component corresponding to an increase in martensite fraction across materials deformed at varying temperatures and strain rates. This paper gives complete insight into the microstructure and the texture evolution during the uniaxial deformation of AISI 304 sheet at room temperature and at sub-zero temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100147
Paranthaman V , Dhivakar Poosapadi , Ashwin Sailesh , Vipin Sharma , Rahul Singh , Rajasekhara Babu L , K.K. Arun , M. Ravichandran , T.S. Senthil
Inconel 625, a nickel-based superalloy, is known for its exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, widely utilized in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries. Inconel 625 components fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition using Wire Arc (DED-Wire Arc), exhibit coarse dendritic microstructures and Laves phases in the as-built state, necessitating heat treatments for property enhancement. Heat treatments at 1050–1100 °C improved tensile strength by up to 15–17 % (e.g., from 850 MPa to 980 MPa for DED-Arc) and hardness by 40–52 % (e.g., from 250 HV to 380 HV). Solubilisation effectively dissolved Laves and MC-type carbides, reducing phase fractions to 15 % and promoting a more uniform microstructure. Annealing at 700–900 °C induced γ′ and γ′′ precipitates, optimizing hardness while maintaining elongation. Comparatively, DED-LB and PBF-LB techniques, with finer as-built microstructures, achieved better responses to heat treatments, reaching tensile strengths of 1050 MPa and elongations of 25 % post-solubilisation. Rapid quenching methods controlled recrystallization, reducing grain boundaries and improving corrosion resistance by 32 % in corrosion potential and decreasing passivation current density by 52 %. This study highlights the significant role of heat treatments in enhancing the microstructure and properties of Inconel 625 produced by DED-Wire Arc, positioning it as a reliable candidate for demanding industrial applications.
{"title":"Role of heat treatment in enhancing microstructure and properties of Inconel 625 manufactured by directed energy deposition using wire arc","authors":"Paranthaman V , Dhivakar Poosapadi , Ashwin Sailesh , Vipin Sharma , Rahul Singh , Rajasekhara Babu L , K.K. Arun , M. Ravichandran , T.S. Senthil","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inconel 625, a nickel-based superalloy, is known for its exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, widely utilized in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries. Inconel 625 components fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition using Wire Arc (DED-Wire Arc), exhibit coarse dendritic microstructures and Laves phases in the as-built state, necessitating heat treatments for property enhancement. Heat treatments at 1050–1100 °C improved tensile strength by up to 15–17 % (e.g., from 850 MPa to 980 MPa for DED-Arc) and hardness by 40–52 % (e.g., from 250 HV to 380 HV). Solubilisation effectively dissolved Laves and MC-type carbides, reducing phase fractions to 15 % and promoting a more uniform microstructure. Annealing at 700–900 °C induced γ′ and γ′′ precipitates, optimizing hardness while maintaining elongation. Comparatively, DED-LB and PBF-LB techniques, with finer as-built microstructures, achieved better responses to heat treatments, reaching tensile strengths of 1050 MPa and elongations of 25 % post-solubilisation. Rapid quenching methods controlled recrystallization, reducing grain boundaries and improving corrosion resistance by 32 % in corrosion potential and decreasing passivation current density by 52 %. This study highlights the significant role of heat treatments in enhancing the microstructure and properties of Inconel 625 produced by DED-Wire Arc, positioning it as a reliable candidate for demanding industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100150
Bir Bahadur Sherpa , S. Saravanan
Explosive welding is a solid-state joining technique that employs explosive energy to propel the flyer plate into oblique collision with the base plate, forming a metallurgical bond at the interface. The process parameters, such as the loading ratio, the nature of the explosive, the standoff distance, and the surface finish, determine whether the resulting interface is straight, wavy, or contains reaction compounds. Due to the intricate nature of the process, researchers have developed a weldability window, a theoretical model for selecting parameters that yield optimal bonding. The weldability window is bounded by lower, upper, left, right, and jetting boundaries, all of which are influenced by the properties of the participant metals. Operating within the boundaries of the window results in a wavy interface, which is considered ideal. The incorporation of an interlayer in explosive welding shifts the boundaries, expanding the weldability window by up to 40 % and enhancing process versatility. Similarly, researchers successfully reported the development of a tri-axial weldability window that considers three parameters. This review explores the evolution of the weldability window, its theoretical underpinnings, parameter optimization, and opportunities for future research in the field.
{"title":"Review of the weldability window in explosive welding processes","authors":"Bir Bahadur Sherpa , S. Saravanan","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosive welding is a solid-state joining technique that employs explosive energy to propel the flyer plate into oblique collision with the base plate, forming a metallurgical bond at the interface. The process parameters, such as the loading ratio, the nature of the explosive, the standoff distance, and the surface finish, determine whether the resulting interface is straight, wavy, or contains reaction compounds. Due to the intricate nature of the process, researchers have developed a weldability window, a theoretical model for selecting parameters that yield optimal bonding. The weldability window is bounded by lower, upper, left, right, and jetting boundaries, all of which are influenced by the properties of the participant metals. Operating within the boundaries of the window results in a wavy interface, which is considered ideal. The incorporation of an interlayer in explosive welding shifts the boundaries, expanding the weldability window by up to 40 % and enhancing process versatility. Similarly, researchers successfully reported the development of a tri-axial weldability window that considers three parameters. This review explores the evolution of the weldability window, its theoretical underpinnings, parameter optimization, and opportunities for future research in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100161
Syed Adil , A. Krishnaiah , D. Srinivas Rao
Hard metals are victorious in offering greater functional life in various critical applications because of their excellent material characteristics. But due to their high hardness, they pose machining problems. Therefore, the current work is intended to identify suitable cutting conditions for machining of hard metal components by carrying out turning experiments.MDN 350 steel is considered as the subject hard metal in the present work, as the literature on machining experiments on the aforementioned metal is limited and there is a wide scope of research for improving its machining performance. The current methodology can be implemented for other hard metals as well. Improvement of tool life, enhancement of rate of production, reduction in cost of production and closeness of surface finish to that of grinding are the major goals of the work. The experimental work is divided into two sets wherein in the first set, the cutting inputs are speed and tool feed rate and the experimental output is flank-wear. Cost of production, tool life and rate of production are the machining performance indicators considered for the first set, which are evaluated based on flank-wear data and empirical formulae. In the second set, rake angle, cutting angle and nose radius of the tool insert are varied and roughness of the machined components is measured. The machining performance indicators of the first set are optimized using graphical method of contour plots. Artificial neural networks technique, which is well known for its versatility to model linear as well as non-linear data, is used to express the surface roughness as a function of tool geometrical variables. Genetic Algorithm, which is an advanced optimization technique known for its intricate search for optimal solutions, is used for optimizing surface roughness with optimal combination of the geometrical parameters. The optimum results of the two sets are confirmed through experimental validation and the deviations are found within 10 %.
{"title":"Mathematical modelling and optimization of cutting conditions in turning operation on MDN 350 steel with carbide inserts","authors":"Syed Adil , A. Krishnaiah , D. Srinivas Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard metals are victorious in offering greater functional life in various critical applications because of their excellent material characteristics. But due to their high hardness, they pose machining problems. Therefore, the current work is intended to identify suitable cutting conditions for machining of hard metal components by carrying out turning experiments.MDN 350 steel is considered as the subject hard metal in the present work, as the literature on machining experiments on the aforementioned metal is limited and there is a wide scope of research for improving its machining performance. The current methodology can be implemented for other hard metals as well. Improvement of tool life, enhancement of rate of production, reduction in cost of production and closeness of surface finish to that of grinding are the major goals of the work. The experimental work is divided into two sets wherein in the first set, the cutting inputs are speed and tool feed rate and the experimental output is flank-wear. Cost of production, tool life and rate of production are the machining performance indicators considered for the first set, which are evaluated based on flank-wear data and empirical formulae. In the second set, rake angle, cutting angle and nose radius of the tool insert are varied and roughness of the machined components is measured. The machining performance indicators of the first set are optimized using graphical method of contour plots. Artificial neural networks technique, which is well known for its versatility to model linear as well as non-linear data, is used to express the surface roughness as a function of tool geometrical variables. Genetic Algorithm, which is an advanced optimization technique known for its intricate search for optimal solutions, is used for optimizing surface roughness with optimal combination of the geometrical parameters. The optimum results of the two sets are confirmed through experimental validation and the deviations are found within 10 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100155
Mahdi Nadimi , Jie Song , Lin Cheng , Yao Fu
This study explored the fabrication of 70/30 Cu-Ni via LPBF technique and investigated its corrosion and microstructure properties. Samples were fabricated with varied parameters, including power, scan rate, and hatch spacing, and compared with wrought Cu-Ni alloy. Corrosion behaviour was conducted using cyclic polarization and EIS in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Optical microscopy and EBSD techniques were employed for microstructure evaluation. The results revealed that the examined LPBF samples had surface porosities below 1 %, indicating superior density and minimal voids, with larger grain sizes displaying elongated grain. Additionally, LPBF samples exhibited delayed breakdown passive layer potential, superior repassivation abilities compared to the wrought specimen. EIS analysis revealed corrosion resistance of as-fabricated samples was slightly higher than conventional ones, peaking at 58–73 kΩ.cm2 with hatch spacing between 125 and 200 μm and P/V ratio between 1.7 and 2 J/mm. However, deviation in parameters led to a decrease in corrosion resistance.
{"title":"Corrosion evaluation and microstructural characteristics of 70/30 copper-nickel alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Mahdi Nadimi , Jie Song , Lin Cheng , Yao Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the fabrication of 70/30 Cu-Ni via LPBF technique and investigated its corrosion and microstructure properties. Samples were fabricated with varied parameters, including power, scan rate, and hatch spacing, and compared with wrought Cu-Ni alloy. Corrosion behaviour was conducted using cyclic polarization and EIS in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Optical microscopy and EBSD techniques were employed for microstructure evaluation. The results revealed that the examined LPBF samples had surface porosities below 1 %, indicating superior density and minimal voids, with larger grain sizes displaying elongated grain. Additionally, LPBF samples exhibited delayed breakdown passive layer potential, superior repassivation abilities compared to the wrought specimen. EIS analysis revealed corrosion resistance of as-fabricated samples was slightly higher than conventional ones, peaking at 58–73 kΩ.cm<sup>2</sup> with hatch spacing between 125 and 200 μm and P/V ratio between 1.7 and 2 J/mm. However, deviation in parameters led to a decrease in corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100158
Dipen Kumar Rajak , Akriti Menon
Metal alloys are essential materials used in various commercial applications, including automobiles, aeronautics, electronics, and medical devices. Their versatility and durability make them invaluable in industries that require high performance and reliability. In applications such as aero-engineering and automobiles, components are designed to operate on critical principles of withstanding high loads while remaining lightweight. Magnesium alloys are known for their lightweight properties, making them commercially popular for such applications. Mg alloys are categorized into different series, each incorporating different metals. This review article focused on and discussed the thermal and electrical behavior of Mg alloys. Moreover, significant fabrication processes to produce these alloys are also stated and concluded with influencing parameters that provide insights into improving Mg alloys.
{"title":"Insights into magnesium alloy significance","authors":"Dipen Kumar Rajak , Akriti Menon","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal alloys are essential materials used in various commercial applications, including automobiles, aeronautics, electronics, and medical devices. Their versatility and durability make them invaluable in industries that require high performance and reliability. In applications such as aero-engineering and automobiles, components are designed to operate on critical principles of withstanding high loads while remaining lightweight. Magnesium alloys are known for their lightweight properties, making them commercially popular for such applications. Mg alloys are categorized into different series, each incorporating different metals. This review article focused on and discussed the thermal and electrical behavior of Mg alloys. Moreover, significant fabrication processes to produce these alloys are also stated and concluded with influencing parameters that provide insights into improving Mg alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study delves into an improved hardfacing approach for addressing high-temperature wear issues in engineering valves used in power plants. The suggested approach uses plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) of Colmonoy 6 with an SS-309L buffer layer on P91 steel (CoSP91). Comparative investigation shows that CoSP91 has a 67 % improvement in wear resistance at elevated temperatures (600°C), with a documented wear loss of 0.01239 g compared to present industry practices (StP91: 0.08593 g). This increase is due to the formation of Cr7C3, Cr2B, and Cr5B3 hard phases, as well as a protective oxide layer, that functions together to improve wear resistance. The findings demonstrate CoSP91 as a technically viable and cost-effective hardfacing solution for high-temperature components, with improved wear resistance and low cracking susceptibility.
{"title":"Nickel-based metallurgical coating architectures for superior wear resistance in high-temperature P91 steel applications","authors":"Avishkar Bhoskar , Hardik Naik , Vivek Kalyankar , Dhiraj Deshmukh","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study delves into an improved hardfacing approach for addressing high-temperature wear issues in engineering valves used in power plants. The suggested approach uses plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW) of Colmonoy 6 with an SS-309L buffer layer on P91 steel (CoSP91). Comparative investigation shows that CoSP91 has a 67 % improvement in wear resistance at elevated temperatures (600°C), with a documented wear loss of 0.01239 g compared to present industry practices (StP91: 0.08593 g). This increase is due to the formation of Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>B, and Cr<sub>5</sub>B<sub>3</sub> hard phases, as well as a protective oxide layer, that functions together to improve wear resistance. The findings demonstrate CoSP91 as a technically viable and cost-effective hardfacing solution for high-temperature components, with improved wear resistance and low cracking susceptibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100153
Surajit Kumar Paul
Cyclic hardening and softening are vital aspects of the cyclic plastic deformation behaviour in alloys, and accurately predicting these responses is crucial for stress analysis in engineering components via finite element analysis. Cyclic hardening can enhance stress-bearing capacity but reduce ductility, while cyclic softening can lower stress-bearing capacity but may enhance ductility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying cyclic hardening and softening in alloys. Mechanisms for cyclic hardening include dislocation accumulation, deformation-induced phase transformations, deformation twins, and dynamic strain aging (DSA), while cyclic softening may occur due to dislocation annihilation and rearrangement, phase instability, precipitate coarsening and shearing, grain coarsening and shear band formation in ultra-fine grained alloys. The review also explores factors influencing cyclic hardening and softening, such as material composition, microstructure, loading conditions (mean and amplitude), loading rate (frequency and waveform), loading non-proportionality, pre-strain, temperature, and environmental factors. The effects of cyclic hardening and softening on alloy mechanical properties, including strength, stiffness, ductility, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance, are also discussed. The study outlines how to analytically represent cyclic hardening and softening in both stress- and strain-controlled modes and addresses modelling these behaviours in finite element analysis. Accurate modelling requires capturing both changes in stress amplitude over cycles and stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles. Investigations into SA333 C-Mn steel and 304LN stainless steel indicate that for small to moderate cyclic hardening, as seen in SA333 C-Mn steel, cyclic hardening can be effectively modelled by adjusting the cyclic yield stress using isotropic hardening in a combined hardening model. However, for high cyclic hardening, as in 304LN stainless steel, modifications to both isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters are necessary to simulate stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles accurately.
{"title":"A review on cyclic hardening and softening behavior of alloys","authors":"Surajit Kumar Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jalmes.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyclic hardening and softening are vital aspects of the cyclic plastic deformation behaviour in alloys, and accurately predicting these responses is crucial for stress analysis in engineering components via finite element analysis. Cyclic hardening can enhance stress-bearing capacity but reduce ductility, while cyclic softening can lower stress-bearing capacity but may enhance ductility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying cyclic hardening and softening in alloys. Mechanisms for cyclic hardening include dislocation accumulation, deformation-induced phase transformations, deformation twins, and dynamic strain aging (DSA), while cyclic softening may occur due to dislocation annihilation and rearrangement, phase instability, precipitate coarsening and shearing, grain coarsening and shear band formation in ultra-fine grained alloys. The review also explores factors influencing cyclic hardening and softening, such as material composition, microstructure, loading conditions (mean and amplitude), loading rate (frequency and waveform), loading non-proportionality, pre-strain, temperature, and environmental factors. The effects of cyclic hardening and softening on alloy mechanical properties, including strength, stiffness, ductility, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance, are also discussed. The study outlines how to analytically represent cyclic hardening and softening in both stress- and strain-controlled modes and addresses modelling these behaviours in finite element analysis. Accurate modelling requires capturing both changes in stress amplitude over cycles and stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles. Investigations into SA333 C-Mn steel and 304LN stainless steel indicate that for small to moderate cyclic hardening, as seen in SA333 C-Mn steel, cyclic hardening can be effectively modelled by adjusting the cyclic yield stress using isotropic hardening in a combined hardening model. However, for high cyclic hardening, as in 304LN stainless steel, modifications to both isotropic and kinematic hardening parameters are necessary to simulate stress-strain hysteresis loops across cycles accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100753,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alloys and Metallurgical Systems","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143175510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-01Epub Date: 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jalmes.2024.100143
V. Dubey , P. Chakraborty , S. Roychowdhury , R. Tewari
The electrochemical behavior of a light weight refractory high entropy alloy (HEA) system (ZrVTiNbAl) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experiments were done in HNO3 (1 M and 0.1 M), NaOH (1 M and 0.1 M) and neutral aqueous solution and the results were compared with that of SS304L in the same solution. Two compositions of ZrVTiNbAl were used in this investigation, one equiatomic (named C1) and the other non-equiatomic (35Nb25V25Ti10Al5Zr at%; named C2). Results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the equiatomic HEA (C1) having higher aluminum content (∼20 at% Al) was better than that of both C2 (∼10 at% Al) and SS304L in acidic as well as neutral solution. The higher corrosion resistance of C1 was demonstrated through the absence of trans-passive behavior, lowest passive current density and the lowest corrosion current. C2 showed very high corrosion current density and transpassive dissolution in 1 M and 0.1 M NaOH solution while SS304L showed transpassive dissolution in all the environments. Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy and XPS analysis of the HEAs after potentiostatic polarization in 0.1 M HNO3 at 0.5 V(SCE) indicated the passive film formed on C1 to contain a mixture of oxides of all the alloying elements while C2 did not show the presence of Al2O3 in the passive film. The presence of Al₂O₃ in the passive film of C1 was identified as the key factor contributing to its superior corrosion resistance, as it promoted passivation behavior.
采用动电位极化实验和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）研究了轻质难熔高熵合金（ZrVTiNbAl）体系的电化学行为。在HNO3（1 M和0.1 M）、NaOH（1 M和0.1 M）和中性水溶液中进行了实验，并与SS304L在相同溶液中的实验结果进行了比较。ZrVTiNbAl有两种组成，一种是等原子的（命名为C1），另一种是非等原子的(35Nb25V25Ti10Al5Zr at%；名叫C2)。结果表明，高铝含量（~ 20 % Al）的等原子HEA （C1）在酸性和中性溶液中的耐蚀性优于C2（~ 10 % Al）和SS304L。通过无反被动行为、最低的无源电流密度和最低的腐蚀电流，证明了C1具有较高的耐腐蚀性。C2在1 M和0.1 M NaOH溶液中表现出很高的腐蚀电流密度和透溶，而SS304L在所有环境中都表现出透溶。在0.1 M HNO3和0.5 V条件下恒电位极化后的HEAs的辉光发射光谱和XPS分析（SCE）表明，在C1上形成的钝化膜含有所有合金元素的氧化物混合物，而C2上没有显示Al2O3的存在。Al₂O₃的存在促进了C1钝化膜的钝化行为，是C1钝化膜具有优异耐腐蚀性的关键因素。
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