Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment最新文献_第8页

Effects of biostimulant application on soil biological and physicochemical properties: A field study 施用生物刺激剂对土壤生物和理化性质的影响：田间研究

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12057

Jenendra Wadduwage, Hongwei Liu, Eleonora Egidi, Brajesh K. Singh, Catriona A. Macdonald

Introduction

Despite their potential benefits, it is not well understood how the application of biostimulants influences soil biological properties and their microbial communities in field conditions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of biostimulants on soil biological and physicochemical properties relevant to soil health.

Materials and Methods

To achieve this, we conducted a field study to investigate the effects of two types of commercially available biostimulants, Universal Natural Plant food (UNP) and Converte Seed Primer (CSP), on microbial activity, bacterial and fungal abundance, community structure and diversity, and soil chemical and physical properties across two depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) from five sites under either wheat or pasture cultivation.

Results

Our findings suggest that application of UNP stimulated microbial activity by 40.1% in surface (0–10 cm) and 36.4% in deeper (10–20 cm) soil, but was dependant on site. Effects were generally greater in grasslands compared with arable soils. At sites where UNP stimulated microbial respiration, substrate-induced respiration was also stimulated in surface soils and was associated with increased soil moisture content and higher total carbon and nitrogen. At the one site where UNP was combined with CSP, soil enzymes associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling were stimulated in UNP and UNP + CSP treatments. Total bacterial and fungal abundance and their alpha diversity did not respond to biostimulant treatment. However, microbial indicator communities were identified that responded positively to UNP and CSP addition across the two depths. Bacterial indicator species included Elsterales, Propionibacteriales, Solibacterales, Candatus, Reyranellales and Sphingomonadales, but differed between depths. For the fungal indicator species Filobasidiales (Basidiomycota) and Pleosporales (Ascomycota) were strong responders and common across both depths.

Conclusion

Overall, our results suggest some positive effects of biostimulants on soil biological and physicochemical properties. Further long-term studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of biostimulants on crop yield and farm resilience.

引言尽管生物刺激剂有潜在的好处，但人们还不清楚生物刺激剂的应用如何影响土壤生物特性及其在田间条件下的微生物群落。在本研究中，我们旨在评估生物刺激剂对与土壤健康相关的土壤生物和理化性质的影响。材料和方法为了实现这一点，我们进行了一项实地研究，研究了两种商业可用的生物刺激剂，通用天然植物食品（UNP）和转化种子引物（CSP）对微生物活性、细菌和真菌丰度、群落结构和多样性的影响，以及两个深度（0-10和10-20）的土壤化学和物理特性 cm）。结果我们的研究结果表明，UNP的应用刺激了表面40.1%的微生物活性（0-10 cm）和36.4%（10-20 cm）土壤，但取决于现场。与耕地相比，草原的影响通常更大。在UNP刺激微生物呼吸的地点，基质诱导的呼吸在表层土壤中也受到刺激，并与土壤含水量增加和总碳氮增加有关。在UNP与CSP结合的一个位点，与碳和氮循环相关的土壤酶在UNP和UNP中受到刺激 + CSP处理。细菌和真菌的总丰度及其α多样性对生物刺激剂处理没有反应。然而，在两个深度发现了对UNP和CSP添加有积极反应的微生物指示群落。细菌指示种包括Elsterales、丙酸杆菌目、Solibacteriales、Candatus、Reyranellales和Sphingomodales，但深度不同。对于真菌指示物种Filobasidiales（担子菌门）和Pleosporales（子囊菌门），反应强烈，在两个深度都很常见。结论总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，生物刺激剂对土壤的生物和理化性质有一些积极的影响。应进行进一步的长期研究，以评估生物刺激剂对作物产量和农场恢复力的影响。

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引用次数: 1

Predicting soil fungal communities from chemical and physical properties 从化学和物理性质预测土壤真菌群落

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12055

Natacha Bodenhausen, Julia Hess, Alain Valzano, Gabriel Deslandes-Hérold, Jan Waelchli, Reinhard Furrer, Marcel G. A. van der Heijden, Klaus Schlaeppi

Introduction

Biogeography describes spatial patterns of diversity and explains why organisms occur in given conditions. While it is well established that the diversity of soil microbes is largely controlled by edaphic environmental variables, microbiome community prediction from soil properties has received less attention. In this study, we specifically investigated whether it is possible to predict the composition of soil fungal communities based on physicochemical soil data using multivariate ordination.

Materials and Methods

We sampled soil from 59 arable fields in Switzerland and assembled paired data of physicochemical soil properties as well as profiles of soil fungal communities. Fungal communities were characterized using long-read sequencing of the entire ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. We used redundancy analysis to combine the physical and chemical soil measurements with the fungal community data.

Results

We identified a reduced set of 10 soil properties that explained fungal community composition. Soil properties with the strongest impact on the fungal community included pH, potassium and sand content. Finally, we evaluated the model for its suitability for prediction using leave-one-out validation. The prediction of community composition was successful for most soils, and only 3/59 soils could not be well predicted (Pearson correlation coefficients between observed and predicted communities of <0.5). Further, we successfully validated our prediction approach with a publicly available data set. With both data sets, prediction was less successful for soils characterized by very unique properties or diverging fungal communities, while it was successful for soils with similar characteristics and microbiome.

Conclusions

Reliable prediction of microbial communities from chemical soil properties could bypass the complex and laborious sequencing-based generation of microbiota data, thereby making soil microbiome information available for agricultural purposes such as pathogen monitoring, field inoculation or yield projections.

引言生物地理学描述了多样性的空间模式，并解释了生物体在特定条件下发生的原因。虽然土壤微生物的多样性在很大程度上受到土壤环境变量的控制，但从土壤性质预测微生物组群落的关注较少。在这项研究中，我们特别研究了是否有可能使用多元排序法基于理化土壤数据预测土壤真菌群落的组成。材料与方法我们对瑞士59块耕地的土壤进行了采样，收集了土壤理化性质和土壤真菌群落特征的配对数据。使用整个核糖体内部转录间隔区的长读测序来表征真菌群落。我们使用冗余分析将物理和化学土壤测量与真菌群落数据相结合。结果我们确定了一组简化的10种土壤特性，可以解释真菌群落组成。对真菌群落影响最大的土壤性质包括pH、钾和沙子含量。最后，我们使用留一验证来评估该模型的预测适用性。大多数土壤的群落组成预测是成功的，只有3/59的土壤不能很好地预测（观测到的和预测到的群落之间的Pearson相关系数<；0.5）。此外，我们用公开的数据集成功地验证了我们的预测方法。对于这两个数据集，预测对具有非常独特特性或真菌群落分化特征的土壤不太成功，而对具有相似特性和微生物组的土壤则很成功。结论从土壤化学性质可靠地预测微生物群落可以绕过复杂而费力的基于测序的微生物群数据生成，从而使土壤微生物组信息可用于农业目的，如病原体监测、田间接种或产量预测。

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引用次数: 3

Climate and environmental data contribute to the prediction of grain commodity prices using deep learning 气候和环境数据有助于利用深度学习预测粮食商品价格

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12041

Zilin Wang, Niamh French, Thomas James, Calogero Schillaci, Faith Chan, Meili Feng, Aldo Lipani

Background

Grain commodities are important to people's daily lives and their fluctuations can cause instability for households. Accurate prediction of grain prices can improve food and social security.

Methods & Materials

This study proposes a hybrid Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to forecast weekly oat, corn, soybean and wheat prices in the United States market. The LSTM-CNN is a multivariate model that uses weather data, macroeconomic data, commodities grain prices and snow factors, including Snow Water Equivalent (SWE), snowfall and snow depth, to make multistep ahead forecasts.

Results

Of all the features, the snow factor is used for the first time for commodity price forecasting. We used the LSTM-CNN model to evaluate the 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks ahead forecasting and this hybrid model had the lowest Mean Squared Error (MSE) at 5, 10 and 15 weeks ahead of prediction. In addition, Shapley values were calculated to analyse the feature contribution of the LSTM-CNN model when forecasting the testing set. Based on the feature contribution, SWE ranked third, fifth and seventh in feature importance in the 5-week ahead forecast for corn, oats and wheat, respectively, and 7–8 places higher than total precipitation, indicating the potential use of SWE in grain price forecasting.

Conclusion

The hybrid multivariate LSTM-CNN model outperformed other models and the newly involved climate data, SWE, showed the research potential of using snow as an input variable to predict grain prices over a multistep ahead time horizon.

背景粮食商品对人们的日常生活很重要，其波动可能会导致家庭不稳定。准确预测粮食价格可以改善粮食和社会保障。方法&；材料本研究提出了一种长短期记忆（LSTM）-卷积神经网络（CNN）混合模型，用于预测美国市场每周燕麦、玉米、大豆和小麦的价格。LSTM-CNN是一个多变量模型，使用天气数据、宏观经济数据、商品粮食价格和雪因素，包括雪水当量（SWE）、降雪量和雪深，进行多步预测。结果在所有特征中，首次将雪因子用于商品价格预测。我们使用LSTM-CNN模型来评估5、10、15和20周前的预测，并且该混合模型在预测前5、10和15周的均方误差（MSE）最低。此外，在预测测试集时，还计算了Shapley值来分析LSTM-CNN模型的特征贡献。基于特征贡献，在玉米、燕麦和小麦的5周预测中，SWE的特征重要性分别排名第三、第五和第七，比总降水量高7-8位，表明SWE在粮食价格预测中的潜在用途。结论混合多元LSTM-CNN模型优于其他模型，新涉及的气候数据SWE显示了将雪作为输入变量在多步时间范围内预测粮食价格的研究潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Cover cropping reduces the negative effect of salinity on soil microbiomes 覆盖种植减少了盐度对土壤微生物群的负面影响

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12054

Debarshi Dasgupta, Mackenzie Ries, Kelly Walter, Kimberly Zitnick-Anderson, Lennel A. Camuy-Vélez, Caley Gasch, Samiran Banerjee

Introduction

Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that imposes high osmotic stress on plant growth, thereby limiting crop productivity. It also acts as an environmental filter for microbes, impacting associated ecosystem services and functions. Agricultural practices such as cover cropping can help mitigate the negative impacts of soil salinity. However, our knowledge of how cover cropping and salinity influence soil microbiome diversity and complexity is limited.

Materials & Methods

Using amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and network analysis, we aimed to determine if cover cropping can be effective in maintaining microbiome complexity and functioning in salinity-affected soils. We conducted a field study to determine the soil microbial properties over four locations with salinity (saline: SS, and nonsaline: NS) and cover cropping (cover-cropped: CC, and no cover-cropped: NC) treatments. We hypothesized that microbial diversity and complexity will be lower in saline as compared to nonsaline soils, and the reduction can be countered by inclusion of cover crops.

Results

Our results found a significant effect of salinity on the clustering of bacterial communities in soil. However, cover cropping increased bacterial and fungal alpha diversity. Cover cropping increased soil microbial network complexity under both saline and nonsaline conditions. Most of the keystone taxa were members of the order Thermomicrobiales, which are known to enhance stress tolerance in plants. Metagenomics revealed higher activities of genes related to transcription and folate metabolism in saline-cover crop treatments.

Conclusion

Our results identify key microbial players under salinity stress and highlight the potential of using cover crops to mitigate the negative effect of salinity on soil microbiomes, which can facilitate sustainable productivity in saline agroecosystems.

引言土壤盐碱化是一种主要的非生物胁迫，它对植物的生长造成高渗透胁迫，从而限制了作物的生产力。它还充当微生物的环境过滤器，影响相关的生态系统服务和功能。覆盖种植等农业做法有助于减轻土壤盐度的负面影响。然而，我们对覆盖种植和盐度如何影响土壤微生物组多样性和复杂性的了解是有限的。材料&；方法利用扩增子测序、宏基因组学和网络分析，我们旨在确定覆盖种植是否能有效地维持受盐度影响的土壤中微生物组的复杂性和功能。我们进行了一项实地研究，以确定四个地点的土壤微生物特性，即盐度（盐度：SS，非盐度：NS）和覆盖作物（覆盖作物：CC，无覆盖作物：NC）处理。我们假设，与非盐碱土壤相比，盐碱土壤中的微生物多样性和复杂性将更低，并且可以通过种植覆盖作物来抵消这种减少。结果盐度对土壤细菌群落的聚集有显著影响。然而，覆盖种植增加了细菌和真菌阿尔法的多样性。在盐碱和非盐碱条件下，覆盖种植增加了土壤微生物网络的复杂性。大多数关键分类群是热微生物目的成员，众所周知，热微生物目可以增强植物的抗逆性。宏基因组学显示，在盐碱覆盖作物处理中，与转录和叶酸代谢相关的基因具有更高的活性。结论我们的研究结果确定了盐度胁迫下的关键微生物参与者，并强调了利用覆盖作物减轻盐度对土壤微生物组的负面影响的潜力，这可以促进盐碱农业生态系统的可持续生产力。

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引用次数: 0

Low nitrogen fertilization enriches nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Brassica seed microbiome of subsequent generations 低氮施肥丰富了芸苔属后代种子微生物组中的固氮细菌

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12046

Birgit Wassermann, Tomislav Cernava, Simon Goertz, Jennifer Zur, Steffen Rietz, Isabella Kögl, Amine Abbadi, Gabriele Berg

Introduction

The consequences of overfertilization on agricultural and native ecosystems are well-documented, but the impact of reduced fertilization on plant–microbe interactions is less understood. Here, we analysed the impact of different nitrogen (N) fertilization regimes over two subsequent growing seasons on the seed microbiome of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.).

Materials and Methods

Seed microbial diversity, composition, and abundance were analysed by a combined approach of amplicon sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and microscopy. A germination assay was conducted to quantify bacteria and nifH genes in roots.

Results

Two consecutive years of either low or high N fertilization resulted in a significant shift in seed microbiota; nine discriminating bacterial orders and 32 bacterial features were identified. Among them, potentially N-fixing bacteria (Rhizobiales and Rhizobium) were identified as biomarkers for low N fertilization. Moreover, quantitative measurements revealed that 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and bacterial nifH gene counts were significantly higher under lower N availability. Relative to total 16S rRNA genes, seeds and roots contained 0.002% and 0.3% nifH genes on average, respectively. The alternation of N levels between the first and the second growing season (high to low, or low to high) had, however, no impact on seed microbiota, suggesting that a low N availability for at least two generations is required to enrich N-fixing taxa in seeds.

Conclusion

Our study revealed a flexible, environmentally influenced seed microbiome assembly and suggests innovative microbiome management via biological nitrogen fixation to optimize fertilization regimes in future agriculture.

引言过量施肥对农业和本地生态系统的影响有充分的记录，但对减少施肥对植物-微生物相互作用的影响知之甚少。在此，我们分析了随后两个生长季节不同施氮制度对冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）种子微生物组的影响。材料和方法种子微生物多样性、组成，和丰度通过扩增子测序、定量实时PCR和显微镜的组合方法进行分析。进行发芽试验以量化根中的细菌和nifH基因。结果连续两年的低氮或高氮施肥导致种子微生物群发生显著变化；鉴定出9个鉴别菌目和32个细菌特征。其中，潜在的固氮菌（根瘤菌和根瘤菌）被鉴定为低氮施肥的生物标志物。此外，定量测量显示，在较低的氮有效性下，16S核糖体RNA（rRNA）和细菌nifH基因计数显著较高。相对于总的16S rRNA基因，种子和根平均分别含有0.002%和0.3%的nifH基因。然而，第一个和第二个生长季节（高到低，或低到高）之间氮水平的变化对种子微生物群没有影响，这表明需要至少两代的低氮可用性来丰富种子中的固氮类群。结论我们的研究揭示了一种灵活的、受环境影响的种子微生物组组合，并建议通过生物固氮进行创新的微生物组管理，以优化未来农业中的施肥制度。

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引用次数: 0

How do different functional crop groups perform in temperate silvoarable agroforestry systems? A Swiss case study 不同功能作物群体在温带可造林农林系统中的表现如何？瑞士案例研究

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12047

Christina den Hond-Vaccaro, Johan Six, Christian Schöb

Introduction

Agroforestry systems provide a number of ecosystem services and are frequently considered as a promising diversification strategy for more sustainable and climate resilient primary production. However, most agroforestry field trials compare only one crop type with a control in open field. Additional comparisons between treatments that influence nutrient and water availability are often not looked at, nor are comparisons between crop species.

Materials and Methods

To deepen our understanding of the ecological processes underlying the potential benefits of agroforestry for food production, the present experimental study addresses three environmental factors (shade, fertilisation and irrigation) on three functionally different crop species (field bean, summer barley, summer rapeseed) and a C₄-grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in a Swiss agroforestry system. Crop performance (physiological traits, yield) between functional groups was analysed among treatment combinations of shade, fertilisation and irrigation. Physiological traits included measurements of chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, specific leaf area and plant height.

Results

Summer barley and field bean showed significant yield declines when shaded (−44% and −38%, respectively), similar to summer rapeseed with a significant biomass decline (−35%). Shade significantly increased the occurrence of lodging in barley. Rapeseed in particular performed better when fertilised (+40% biomass).

Conclusion

The results allow to estimate the range of potential yield losses in the competitive zone near mature trees for functionally different crop groups. The findings serve as a decision-support for species selection in temperate European agroforestry systems.

引言农林系统提供了许多生态系统服务，经常被认为是一种有前景的多样化战略，用于更可持续和更具气候适应性的初级生产。然而，大多数农林业田间试验仅将一种作物类型与露地对照进行比较。影响养分和水分可用性的处理之间的额外比较通常没有被考虑，作物物种之间的比较也没有被考虑。材料和方法为了加深我们对农林业对粮食生产潜在效益背后的生态过程的理解，本实验研究解决了瑞士农林系统中三种功能不同的作物（蚕豆、夏大麦、夏油菜）和一种C4草（Echinochloa crus galli）的三个环境因素（遮荫、施肥和灌溉）。在遮荫、施肥和灌溉的处理组合中，分析了功能组之间的作物表现（生理特征、产量）。生理性状包括叶绿素含量、气孔导度、比叶面积和株高的测定。结果夏大麦和蚕豆在遮荫时产量显著下降（分别为−44%和−38%），与夏油菜生物量显著下降（−35%）相似。遮荫显著增加了大麦倒伏的发生。尤其是油菜在施肥时表现更好（生物量增加40%）。结论该结果可以估计功能不同作物组在成熟树附近竞争区的潜在产量损失范围。这些发现为欧洲温带农林系统的物种选择提供了决策支持。

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引用次数: 0

Increased simulated precipitation frequency promotes greenhouse gas fluxes from the soils of seasonal fallow croplands 模拟降水频率的增加促进了季节性休耕农田土壤的温室气体通量

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12045

Kang-Hua Chen, Shuhai Wen, Wen Zhang, Jiao Feng, Yu-Rong Liu

Introduction

Farmlands are key sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are susceptible to changes in precipitation regimes. The soils of seasonal fallow contribute approximately half of annual GHG emissions from farmlands, but the effect of precipitation frequency on soil GHG emissions from seasonal fallow croplands remains virtually unknown.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a microcosm study to evaluate the response of nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes from typical paddy and upland soils to the changes in watering frequency simulating precipitation scenarios of subtropical regions during seasonal fallow. We also analyzed changes of soil properties and biotic characteristics associated with GHG emissions, including abundances of soil denitrifiers (nirK, nirS, nosZI and nosZII genes), methanotrophs (pmoA gene) and methanogens (mcrA gene) to altered watering frequency.

Results

Increased watering frequency led to overall increases in soil N₂O and CO₂ fluxes compared with low frequency. Compared with low frequency, high watering frequency decreased CH₄ flux from the paddy soil by 3.5 times, while enhanced CH₄ flux from the upland soil by 60%. Furthermore, the increased watering frequency had positive effects on cumulative N₂O and CO₂ fluxes from the upland soil, whereas no similar trend was observed for the paddy soil. Hierarchical partitioning analyses showed that N₂O fluxes from the paddy soil were mostly related to nitrogen availability, and mcrA gene abundance had more than 90% of relative independent effects on CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes from the paddy soil. For the upland soil, nosZ (60.34%), pmoA (53.18%) and nir (47.07%) gene abundances were important predictors of N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that increased watering frequency facilitates GHG emissions by changing soil properties and functional gene abundances. These findings provide new insights into GHG fluxes from seasonal fallow croplands in response to altered precipitation patterns.

引言农田是温室气体（GHG）排放的主要来源，易受降水制度变化的影响。季节性休耕土壤约占农田年温室气体排放量的一半，但降水频率对季节性休闲农田土壤温室气体排放的影响几乎未知。材料和方法我们进行了一项微观研究，以评估典型水稻和旱地土壤的一氧化二氮（N2O）、甲烷（CH4）和二氧化碳（CO2）通量对浇水频率变化的响应，模拟亚热带地区季节休耕期间的降水情景。我们还分析了土壤性质和与GHG排放相关的生物特征的变化，包括土壤反硝化菌（nirK、nirS、nosZI和nosZII基因）、甲烷营养菌（pmoA基因）和产甲烷菌（mcrA基因）的丰度随浇水频率的变化。结果与低频率相比，浇水频率的增加导致土壤N2O和CO2通量的总体增加。与低频率相比，高浇水频率使水稻土的CH4通量减少了3.5倍，而旱地土壤的CH4通量增加了60%。此外，浇水频率的增加对旱地土壤的N2O和CO2累积通量有积极影响，而水稻土没有观察到类似的趋势。层次划分分析表明，水稻土N2O通量主要与氮素有效性有关，mcrA基因丰度对水稻土CH4和CO2通量有90%以上的相对独立影响。在旱地土壤中，nosZ（60.34%）、pmoA（53.18%）和nir（47.07%）基因丰度分别是N2O、CH4和CO2通量的重要预测因子。结论我们的研究结果表明，浇水频率的增加通过改变土壤性质和功能基因丰度来促进GHG排放。这些发现为季节性休耕农田对降水模式变化的温室气体通量提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Host selection has a stronger impact on leaf microbiome assembly compared to land-management practices 与土地管理实践相比，寄主选择对叶片微生物组组装的影响更强

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12043

Pankaj K. Singh, Eleonora Egidi, Catriona A. Macdonald, Brajesh K. Singh

Introduction

Plant microbiomes contribute directly to plant health and productivity, but mechanisms that underpin plant microbiome assembly in different compartments (e.g., root, leaf) are not fully understood. Identifying environmental and management factors that affect plant microbiome assembly is important to advance understanding of fundamental ecological processes, and to harness microbiome for improved primary productivity and environmental sustainability. Irrigation and fertilization are two common management practices in Australian tree plantations, but little is known about the effects of these treatments on soil, plant host and their microbiome. Here, we investigated the impact of decade-long irrigation, fertilization and their combined application on soil, plant traits and microbiome of a Eucalyptus saligna plantation.

Materials and Methods

Microbial profiling of bulk soil, rhizosphere, root and leaves was performed using amplicon sequencing 16S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers for bacteria and fungi, respectively, along with measurements of soil properties and plant traits.

Results

The results indicated that both management practices significantly affected soil properties and soil and root microbiomes. Irrigation increased but fertilizer treatment reduced microbial alpha diversity. However, neither irrigation nor fertilizer treatment impacted the leaf microbiome. Our findings suggest that management practices impact soil edaphic factors, which in turn influence the below-ground microbiome (soil and root), but the leaf microbiome remains unaffected. In addition, the leaf microbiome was distinct from soil and root microbiomes, and a source tracker analysis suggested that root and bulk soils only contributed to 53% and 10% operational taxonomic units of the leaf bacterial community, suggesting strong and sequential host selection of the leaf microbiome. In addition, management practices had a limited impact on leaf traits and, consequently, the leaf microbiome maintained its distinct composition.

Conclusion

These findings provide mechanistic evidence for ecological processes that drive plant microbiome assembly and indicate that host selection plays a more important role than management practices in the leaf microbiome assembly.

引言植物微生物组直接有助于植物健康和生产力，但支撑植物微生物组在不同隔间（如根、叶）中组装的机制尚不完全清楚。识别影响植物微生物组组装的环境和管理因素对于促进对基本生态过程的理解，以及利用微生物组提高初级生产力和环境可持续性至关重要。灌溉和施肥是澳大利亚植树造林中两种常见的管理方法，但对这些处理对土壤、植物宿主及其微生物组的影响知之甚少。在这里，我们研究了长达十年的灌溉、施肥及其联合应用对桉树人工林土壤、植物性状和微生物组的影响。材料和方法分别使用细菌和真菌的16S核糖体DNA扩增子测序和内部转录间隔区（ITS）标记，以及土壤性质和植物性状的测量，对大块土壤、根际、根和叶片进行微生物特征分析。结果两种管理方式对土壤性质、土壤和根系微生物群均有显著影响。灌溉增加，但肥料处理降低了微生物α多样性。然而，无论是灌溉还是施肥都不会影响叶片微生物组。我们的研究结果表明，管理实践会影响土壤土壤因素，而土壤土壤因素又会影响地下微生物组（土壤和根系），但叶片微生物组仍然不受影响。此外，叶片微生物组与土壤和根系微生物组不同，来源追踪分析表明，根系和大块土壤仅占叶片细菌群落的53%和10%的操作分类单位，这表明叶片微生物组的宿主选择是强有力的、连续的。此外，管理实践对叶片性状的影响有限，因此，叶片微生物组保持了其独特的组成。结论这些发现为驱动植物微生物组组装的生态过程提供了机制证据，并表明寄主选择在叶片微生物组组装中比管理实践发挥着更重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] genetic incompatibility effects in true hybrids seeds for new farmer cultivars development 甘薯在真正杂交种中的遗传不亲和效应对农民新品种开发的影响

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12044

Issa Zakari Mahaman Mourtala, Samuel C. Chukwu

Introduction

Sweetpotato is a vegetatively propagated, highly heterozygous and outcrossing crop. Genetic improvement of sweetpotato is complicated because of the hexaploid nature of the crop. The objective of this study was to assess genetic compatibility between sweetpotato accessions collected from Niger and Nigeria to select the best parents for the next hybridisation block to develop new farmer varieties.

Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted at field experiment of department of crop production and landscape management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. The crossing block was established using diallel mating design method three to cross 13 genotypes.

Results

Results revealed very highly significant difference (χ² = 48.32; p < 0.001) for the successful cross rates. Complete incompatibility for both direct and reciprocal crosses was obtained from two crosses while, partial incompatibility was observed in 25 crosses (16.02%). Successful crosses rate varied from 14.82% to 43.58% with a grand mean of 28.04%. The mean of number of seeds per capsule between families ranged from 0.73% to 1.57% with a grand mean of 1.05. Germination rate varied from 22.92% to 75.90% with a grand mean of 45.91%.

Conclusion

Clones AYT/19/05, TIS-81-64 and Umu SPO1 had high compatibility and they can be used as parents for the next crossing block.

甘薯是一种植物繁殖、高度杂合和异交的作物。甘薯具有六倍体的特性，遗传改良十分复杂。本研究的目的是评估从尼日尔和尼日利亚采集的甘薯材料之间的遗传兼容性，为下一个杂交块选择最佳亲本，以开发新的农民品种。材料与方法实验在尼日利亚阿巴卡利基埃博尼州立大学作物生产与景观管理系的田间试验中进行。采用双列杂交设计方法3建立了13个基因型的杂交区系。结果两组间差异有非常显著性（χ2 = 48.32；p <； 0.001）。两个杂交获得了直接和反向杂交的完全不亲和性，25个杂交（16.02%）观察到部分不亲和性。杂交成功率在14.82%至43.58%之间，总平均值为28.04%。家系间每粒种子数的平均值在0.73%至1.57%之间，总均数为1.05。发芽率为22.92%～75.90%，平均45.91%。

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引用次数: 0

No rest for resting spores: Can predators mitigate clubroot disease? 静止的孢子不能休息：捕食者能减轻夜根病吗？

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1002/sae2.12042

Arne Schwelm, Fiona Brennan, Stefan Geisen

The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major and growing problem for the cultivation of Brassica crops. As conventional control disease management methods are ineffective or prohibited due to their ecological impact, and crop resistance is frequently broken, biological control of the pathogen has become a key focus for the development of sustainable agricultural systems. Here we provide a perspective review on the unexplored impact of soil microbiome predators, and their potential use as biocontrol agents, using clubroot disease as an example. We highlight several pathways by which microbiome predators can reduce clubroot in soils, including directly through predation and indirectly by inducing a clubroot-suppressive microbiome. We further discuss how some microbiome predators might, in contrast, benefit clubroot disease spread through mechanisms such as phoresy toward hosts. We highlight that gaps in knowledge need to be filled that hinder wider application of microbiome predators against P. brassicae alone, and in combination with known biocontrol agents.

棒状根病原菌芸苔属（Plasmodiphora brassicae）是芸苔属作物栽培中的一个主要生长问题。由于传统的控制疾病管理方法因其生态影响而无效或被禁止，并且作物抗性经常被打破，病原体的生物控制已成为发展可持续农业系统的关键焦点。在这里，我们以夜根病为例，对土壤微生物组捕食者的未探索影响及其作为生物控制剂的潜在用途进行了前瞻性综述。我们强调了微生物组捕食者减少土壤中夜叉根的几种途径，包括直接通过捕食和间接通过诱导抑制夜叉根微生物组。相反，我们进一步讨论了一些微生物组捕食者如何通过向宿主传播等机制使夜根病传播受益。我们强调，需要填补知识空白，这些空白阻碍了微生物组捕食者单独或与已知生物防治剂联合应用于更广泛的芸苔属植物。

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引用次数: 2