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A patent landscape analysis on the high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 for next-generation lithium-ion batteries 用于下一代锂离子电池的高压尖晶石 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 的专利情况分析
Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100158
Zhuoya Tong , Xiaobo Zhu

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is now a cornerstone technology to curb carbon emission by enabling electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. However, LIBs are highly materials-intensive, the cost and availability of the key materials, especially the lithium-containing cathode materials, are critical for the goal of decarbonization. High-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is a promising cobalt-free cathode material to cater to the surging demand for low-cost and high-energy-density LIBs. In this paper, the advantages of LNMO are quantified in terms of performance and sustainability, then the growing interest in the research and development (R&D) of LNMO is assessed by analyzing 559 related patents registered across 22 authorities. The analysis paints a comprehensive picture, including geographical distribution of patenting activities, major developers, and influential patents. Furthermore, the patents are categorized into four key innovation directions. A gradual shift from materials engineering to electrolyte design indicates that the development of novel high-voltage compatible electrolytes is expected to unlock LNMO for next-generation, sustainable, and high-performance batteries.

锂离子电池(LIBs)是目前通过电动汽车和电网规模储能来抑制碳排放的基础技术。然而,锂离子电池是一种高度材料密集型电池,关键材料(尤其是含锂正极材料)的成本和可用性对于实现脱碳目标至关重要。高压尖晶石 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4(LNMO)是一种前景广阔的无钴正极材料,可满足对低成本、高能量密度 LIB 的激增需求。本文量化了 LNMO 在性能和可持续性方面的优势,然后通过分析在 22 个权威机构注册的 559 项相关专利,评估了人们对 LNMO 研发(R&D)日益增长的兴趣。该分析描绘了一幅全面的图景,包括专利活动的地理分布、主要开发者和有影响力的专利。此外,还将专利分为四个主要创新方向。从材料工程到电解质设计的逐步转变表明,新型高压兼容电解质的开发有望为下一代可持续高性能电池释放 LNMO。
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引用次数: 0
Speeding up the development of solid state electrolyte by machine learning 通过机器学习加速固态电解质的开发
Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100159
Qianyu Hu , Kunfeng Chen , Jinyu Li , Tingting Zhao , Feng Liang , Dongfeng Xue

Solid-state electrolytes have been demonstrated immense potential with their high density and safety for Li, Na batteries. The discovery of novel crystals is of fundamental scientific and technological interest in solid-state chemistry. The discovery, synthesis and application of energetically favourable solid-state electrolytes has been bottlenecked by expensive trial-and-error approaches. Machine learning has brought breakthroughs to solid-state electrolytes. Numerous solid-state electrolyte candidates have been screened by different models at multiscale, i.e., interatomic potentials, molecular dynamics, ionic conductivity. Machine learning method also accelerate the synthesis prediction, mechanism discovery and interface design. This review would answer the question what can be done for solid-state electrolytes by machine learning, including descriptor, model, algorithm etc. This paper will promote fast integration between scientists in materials, software, computing discipline.

固态电解质以其高密度和安全性,在锂、镍电池中展现出巨大的潜力。新型晶体的发现对固态化学具有重要的科学和技术意义。发现、合成和应用对能量有利的固态电解质一直受制于昂贵的试错方法。机器学习为固态电解质带来了突破。通过原子间电位、分子动力学、离子电导率等多尺度的不同模型,筛选出了大量候选固态电解质。机器学习方法也加速了合成预测、机理发现和界面设计。本综述将回答机器学习能为固态电解质做些什么,包括描述符、模型、算法等。本文将促进材料、软件、计算学科科学家之间的快速融合。
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引用次数: 0
The benefits of long-duration energy storage for New England’s energy system decarbonization goals 长期储能对新英格兰能源系统去碳化目标的益处
Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100154
Sergio Freeman, Ertan Agar

Utilizing a macro-scale energy model alongside 44 years of New England’s hourly weather data from MERRA-2, this study investigates the benefits of various combinations of renewable energy technologies, particularly wind and solar, and their integration with long-duration energy storage (LDES) systems. The potential of these renewable energy sources to enhance both the reliability and affordability of New England’s power system is evaluated. The findings demonstrate that incorporating LDES into the technology mix leads to a remarkable 55% reduction in overall system costs compared to relying solely on short-duration energy storage (SDES), such as lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, the cost reductions of LDES lead to approximately a 35% increase in the utilization of solar generation. The results suggest that total system costs for LDES are more responsive to relative decreases in power-capacity costs than decreases in energy-capacity costs. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that a combination of different LDES storage technologies can offer the most cost-effective solution for wind-solar power systems. Overall, by examining the interplay between different storage technologies and their impact on system costs, this research contributes significantly to the discourse on sustainable energy solutions.

本研究利用一个宏观尺度的能源模型和来自 MERRA-2 的 44 年新英格兰每小时天气数据,调查了各种可再生能源技术组合(尤其是风能和太阳能)及其与长时间储能(LDES)系统集成的益处。研究评估了这些可再生能源在提高新英格兰电力系统的可靠性和经济性方面的潜力。研究结果表明,与单纯依靠锂离子电池等短时储能(SDES)相比,将 LDES 纳入技术组合可使系统总成本显著降低 55%。此外,LDES 成本的降低使太阳能发电的利用率提高了约 35%。分析结果表明,LDES 的系统总成本对电力容量成本相对下降的反应比对能源容量成本下降的反应更灵敏。此外,分析表明,不同 LDES 存储技术的组合可为风能-太阳能发电系统提供最具成本效益的解决方案。总之,通过研究不同储能技术之间的相互作用及其对系统成本的影响,本研究为可持续能源解决方案的讨论做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling and validation for performance analysis and impedance spectroscopy characterization of lithium-ion batteries 锂离子电池性能分析和阻抗光谱特性的建模和验证
Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100153
Jin Zhao, Jaber A. Abu Qahouq

A parameterized mathematical model for Lithium-ion battery cell is presented in this paper for performance analysis with a particular focus on battery discharge behavior and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy profile. The model utilizes various physical properties as input and consists of two major sub-models in a complementary manner. The first sub-model is an adapted Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) framework to simulate electrochemical, thermodynamic, and transport phenomena within the battery. The second sub-model is a calibrated solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formation model. This model emphasizes the electrical dynamic response in terms of the reaction process, layer growth, and conductance change. The equivalent circuit component values are derived from the outputs of both sub-models, reflecting the battery’s changing physical parameters. The simulated discharge curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) profiles are then provided with a comparison against empirical results for validation, which exhibit good agreement. This modeling methodology aims to bridge the gap between the physical model and the equivalent circuit model (ECM), enabling more accurate battery performance predictions and operation status tracking.

本文提出了一个参数化的锂离子电池性能分析数学模型,重点关注电池放电行为和电化学阻抗谱曲线。该模型利用各种物理特性作为输入,以互补的方式由两个主要的子模型组成。第一个子模型是一个经过调整的多伊尔-富勒-纽曼(DFN)框架,用于模拟电池内部的电化学、热力学和传输现象。第二个子模型是经过校准的固体电解质相间层(SEI)形成模型。该模型强调反应过程、层生长和电导变化方面的电气动态响应。等效电路元件值由两个子模型的输出得出,反映了电池物理参数的变化。然后将模拟放电曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)曲线与经验结果进行对比验证,结果显示两者具有良好的一致性。这种建模方法旨在弥合物理模型和等效电路模型(ECM)之间的差距,从而实现更准确的电池性能预测和运行状态跟踪。
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引用次数: 0
Decarbonization pathways in Latin America: Assessing the economic and policy implications of transitioning to renewable energy sources 拉丁美洲的去碳化之路:评估向可再生能源过渡的经济和政策影响
Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100157
Thomas Stringer, Monserrat Ramírez-Melgarejo

The Paris Agreement's ambitious target of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5 °C remains elusive, with the world falling short of its climate commitments. The electricity sector, responsible for a substantial 39% of global carbon emissions, plays a pivotal role in curbing climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy sources is not just an environmental imperative but also a pressing economic challenge, especially for governments tasked with financing renewable projects. This study explores the economic dimensions of decarbonizing electricity grids, shedding light on the costs and benefits. This research quantifies the costs of current fossil fuel-based electricity production versus achieving net-zero emissions across ten Latin American countries by evaluating annual electricity generation costs and estimating the expenses of transitioning to renewables. We find that decarbonizing these countries’ electricity grids would lead to annual savings close to USD 21 billion annually, potentially contributing positively to their economies. The study also compares the energy policies for each of the ten Latin American nations included, evaluating the role of renewable-oriented policies in decarbonizing power generation. We also find that policies vary in effectiveness across countries, and have to be in line with geographical constraints and economic realities.

巴黎协定》将全球气温升幅控制在 1.5 ℃以内的宏伟目标仍未实现,全球仍未履行其气候承诺。电力行业的碳排放量占全球碳排放量的 39%,在遏制气候变化方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。向可再生能源过渡不仅是环境方面的当务之急,也是一项紧迫的经济挑战,尤其是对负责为可再生能源项目提供资金的政府而言。本研究探讨了电网去碳化的经济层面,揭示了其成本和效益。这项研究通过评估每年的发电成本和估算过渡到可再生能源的费用,量化了目前以化石燃料为基础的发电成本与在十个拉美国家实现净零排放的成本。我们发现,这些国家的电网实现去碳化后,每年可节省近 210 亿美元,可能会对其经济产生积极影响。研究还比较了十个拉美国家的能源政策,评估了以可再生能源为导向的政策在发电去碳化中的作用。我们还发现,各国政策的有效性各不相同,必须符合地理限制和经济现实。
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引用次数: 0
Natural photosensitizer extraction from Delonix regia flowers for future photosensor for DSSCs applications 从 Delonix regia 花中提取天然光敏剂,用于未来 DSSC 应用中的光传感器
Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100155
Niyamat I. Beedri , Habib M. Pathan , Sunita Salunke-Gawali

This study explores the utilization of Delonix regia (DR) (Gulmohar flower) as a natural photosensitizer in the fabrication of self-powered photosensors via dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Various photoanodes, including ZnO, ZnO/TiO2, and ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5, were investigated for their performance enhancement in DR-based photosensors. The photoanodes were fabricated using different deposition methods sensitized with DR photosensitizer and characterized through X-ray diffraction analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–visible, Fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The absorbance spectrum results indicate improved photosensitizer adsorption in visible light for the ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5/DR photoanode compared to other configurations. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) cross-section image of ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 confirmed the formation of a multilayer photoanode. Chronoamperometry experiments were conducted to evaluate the photo sensing behavior, focusing on sensitivity, photoresponsivity, specific detectivity, and quantum efficiency within the solar spectrum range. Among the devices, ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 exhibited the highest photoresponsivity (1.2 × 10 −3 A/W) and photodetectivity (26.78 × 104 Jones), demonstrating promising advancements in DR-sensitized photosensors. This research highlights the exceptional performance of DR-sensitized photoanodes, particularly ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5, in advancing the capabilities of photo-sensing devices. The investigated configuration exhibited a rapid response speed of 723 ms and a remarkable sensitivity of 89.87% in detecting photo signals. These findings emphasize the potential of DR photosensitizers to enhance photo-sensing activities, with significant implications for diverse applications in photodetection. By leveraging the unique properties of DR, particularly its incorporation into ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5, this study underscores the promising prospects for developing efficient self-powered photosensors. The insights gleaned from this work pave the way for further exploration and optimization in organic photosensors.

本研究探讨了如何利用Delonix regia(DR)(Gulmohar花)作为天然光敏剂,通过染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)制造自供电光传感器。研究了各种光阳极,包括 ZnO、ZnO/TiO2 和 ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5,以提高它们在基于 DR 的光传感器中的性能。这些光阳极是在 DR 光敏剂的感化下采用不同的沉积方法制造的,并通过 X 射线衍射分析、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、紫外可见光、荧光光谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析对其进行了表征。吸收光谱结果表明,与其他配置相比,ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5/DR 光阳极在可见光下对光敏剂的吸附能力更强。ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)横截面图像证实了多层光阳极的形成。为了评估光传感行为,我们进行了时变实验,重点是太阳光谱范围内的灵敏度、光致发光率、特定检测率和量子效率。在这些器件中,ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 表现出最高的光致发光率(1.2 × 10 -3 A/W)和光检测率(26.78 × 104 Jones),表明 DR 感光光敏传感器有望取得进展。这项研究凸显了 DR 感光光阳极,尤其是 ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 在提高光传感设备性能方面的卓越表现。所研究的配置在检测光信号方面具有 723 毫秒的快速响应速度和 89.87% 的出色灵敏度。这些发现强调了 DR 光敏剂增强光传感活动的潜力,对光检测领域的各种应用具有重要意义。通过利用 DR 的独特性质,特别是将其掺入 ZnO/TiO2/Nb2O5 中,本研究强调了开发高效自供电光敏剂的广阔前景。从这项工作中获得的启示为进一步探索和优化有机光传感器铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Perovskite quantum dots: What’s next? Perovskite 量子点:下一步是什么?
Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100152
Huiyuan Cheng , Shanshan Ding , Mengmeng Hao , Lianzhou Wang , Julian A. Steele

Zero-dimensional metal halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) display distinct chemical, physical, electrical, and optical properties compared to their bulk counterparts. These unique characteristics make PQDs highly promising materials for a broad range of applications spanning solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to lasers and quantum technologies. Despite the recent advances, the translations of PQDs into commercially viable materials are hindered by several drawbacks; for example, an unclear understanding of their formation mechanism(s), the complex chemistry and dynamic instabilities at the PQDs surface, and the inefficient or unbalanced charge transportation in PQDs-based devices. In this review, we present an in-depth analysis of the current progress and challenges in the field of PQDs and their applications. Additionally, we offer insights into potential future research directions in this exciting area of study.

零维金属卤化物包光体量子点(PQDs)与块状量子点相比,具有独特的化学、物理、电学和光学特性。这些独特的特性使 PQDs 成为极具潜力的材料,可广泛应用于太阳能电池、发光二极管 (LED)、激光器和量子技术等领域。尽管最近取得了一些进展,但将 PQDs 转化为商业上可行的材料仍受到一些缺陷的阻碍,例如,对其形成机制的认识不清,PQDs 表面复杂的化学性质和动态不稳定性,以及基于 PQDs 的器件中电荷传输效率低下或不平衡。在这篇综述中,我们深入分析了 PQDs 及其应用领域目前取得的进展和面临的挑战。此外,我们还对这一激动人心的研究领域未来的潜在研究方向提出了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Performance enhancement and techno-economic analysis of photovoltaic modules under dynamic weather conditions using dual exponential sawtooth method 使用双指数锯齿法提高动态天气条件下光伏组件的性能并进行技术经济分析
Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100149
Muhilan Paramasivam , Rakesh Namani , Senthilkumar Subramaniam , Malavya Udugula , Chandana Karnati

The maximum output power extracted from the Photovoltaic (PV) modules is mainly dependent on ambient temperature and solar irradiance. The photovoltaic modules performance is hugely influenced by the Partial Shading (PS) effect, which results in the reduction of output power. It is caused by shadows of buildings, trees, moving clouds and towers. Under PS conditions, shaded modules receive less irradiance as compared to the unshaded modules, and this leads to overheating of PV array. The present work has been developed by a technique based on Dual Exponential Sawtooth (DES) pattern to reconfigure the PV modules so as to increase the PV output power under PS conditions along with the energy savings and economical aspects. In this technique, the PV modules of Total Cross Tied (TCT) technique and their physical locations are arranged as per DES pattern to distribute the shading effect over the entire array without altering the electrical connections of the PV modules. The DES arrangement gives the enhanced power of 41.48% by reducing the effect on any row of the shaded modules. Further, it provides the details about power sharing percentage as the number of shaded modules increase and also the affect of dynamic shade variation over the entire PV array. The proposed method validation with the existing methods for the analysis, simulation and hardware experimentation shows better performance in terms of mismatch losses and fill factor. Further, the analysis has been extended for units generated and energy savings with each module rating of 1.5 KW on 4 × 4 PV modules.

光伏(PV)组件的最大输出功率主要取决于环境温度和太阳辐照度。光伏组件的性能受部分遮阳(PS)效应的影响很大,这会导致输出功率降低。它是由建筑物、树木、移动的云和塔的阴影造成的。在局部遮光条件下,与无遮挡模块相比,有遮挡模块接收到的辐照度更低,从而导致光伏阵列过热。本研究采用一种基于双指数锯齿(DES)模式的技术来重新配置光伏组件,从而在 PS 条件下提高光伏输出功率,同时节约能源和经济效益。在该技术中,采用全交叉绑定(TCT)技术的光伏模块及其物理位置按照 DES 模式进行排列,以在不改变光伏模块电气连接的情况下在整个阵列上分布遮阳效果。通过减少对任何一排遮光模块的影响,DES 布局的功率提高了 41.48%。此外,它还提供了随着遮光模块数量的增加而增加的功率分享百分比的详细信息,以及动态遮光变化对整个光伏阵列的影响。与现有的分析、模拟和硬件实验方法相比,所提出的方法在失配损失和填充因子方面表现出更好的性能。此外,分析还扩展了 4 × 4 光伏模块上每个额定功率为 1.5 千瓦的模块的发电量和节能量。
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引用次数: 0
Bimodal particle distributions for improved heat transfer in flowing packed bed heat exchangers 改善流动填料床热交换器传热的双峰颗粒分布
Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100142
Dallin Stout, Chase Christen, Todd P. Otanicar

Recent studies have demonstrated that a mixture of two differently sized solid particles decreases mixture porosity while increasing thermal conductivity. This impact is limited up to temperatures of ∼400 °C at which monodisperse distributions with larger particles yield higher thermal conductivities. In this work, a numerical model of the Gen3 Particle Pilot Plant (G3P3) 20 kWt prototype heat exchanger constructed by Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) is validated for monodisperse particles distributions at its working temperatures (290–500 °C) and both particle and sCO2 (supercritical carbon dioxide) mass flow rates (100 g/s). The validated model is then used to simulate the performance of bimodal particle distributions at working G3P3 temperatures and predicts increases in the overall heat transfer coefficient of up to 25–40% with optimal bimodal particle mixtures when compared to monodispersed particle distributions of the respective mixtures’ large particles. At these optimal particle mixtures, the average particle wall convection coefficient contributes ∼35–45% of the specific thermal resistance while the particle near-wall contact resistance contributes ∼15–25%.

最近的研究表明,两种不同大小固体颗粒的混合物会降低混合物的孔隙率,同时增加导热性。这种影响仅限于 ∼400 °C 的温度,在此温度下,较大颗粒的单分散分布会产生较高的热导率。在这项工作中,对桑迪亚国家实验室(SNL)建造的Gen3 Particle Pilot Plant (G3P3) 20 kWt原型热交换器的数值模型进行了验证,以确定单分散颗粒分布在其工作温度(290-500 °C)以及颗粒和sCO2(超临界二氧化碳)质量流量(100 g/s)下的情况。经过验证的模型随后用于模拟双峰颗粒分布在 G3P3 工作温度下的性能,并预测与各自混合物大颗粒的单分散颗粒分布相比,最佳双峰颗粒混合物的整体传热系数最多可提高 25-40%。在这些最佳颗粒混合物中,平均颗粒壁对流系数占比热阻的 35% 至 45%,而颗粒近壁接触电阻占 15% 至 25%。
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引用次数: 0
Performance assessment of a sample nanorefrigerant cooling process as a function of flow Reynolds number, evaporator and ambient temperatures 纳米制冷剂冷却工艺样品的性能评估与流动雷诺数、蒸发器和环境温度的函数关系
Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100150
Mahmut Kaplan , Melda Ozdinc Carpinlioglu

In this paper available experimental data of nanorefrigerant, NRF cooling process are processed using MATLAB to determine the coefficient of performance COP as a function of Reynolds number, Re of NRF, evaporator and ambient temperatures, Te and Ta as a novelty. The cooling process performance assessment of NRF is provided in comparison with a pure refrigerant, R through relative COP term, COPr. The used data ranges with 20–70 nm of Al2O3 in R134a are at varying volume fraction, φ of 0.075–0.303% and volumetric flow rate, Q of 6.5–11 L/h for Ta in 294–306 K and Te in 288–309 K. Re calculations are based on the thermophysical parameters evaluated at Te not only in the cited experimental ranges of Q, φ but also extrapolated for the extended range of Q of 15–25 L/h for a generalization purpose. Since data processing is under the interactive influence of the parameters the functional relationships of COP, Re, φ, Te are expressed as 3D graphical plots which are the start of a trial-error procedure. The experimental data are expressed in terms of fitted equations for functional relationships between various non-dimensional parameters as Re, COP, (COP*φ), (COP*Te/Ta*φ), (Re*Te/Ta*φ), (Re*Te/Ta), and COPr to provide a practical assistance for whom designing and using NRF cooling. A functional relationship of Re*(Te/Ta) with COPr at varying φ is found as the most critical output of the study due to the practice of the appeared parameters in cooling performance assessment. COPr > 1 corresponds to φ > 0.151% for the processed data ranges.

本文使用 MATLAB 处理了纳米制冷剂 NRF 冷却过程的可用实验数据,以确定性能系数 COP 与 NRF 的雷诺数 Re、蒸发器和环境温度 Te 和 Ta 的函数关系。通过相对 COP 项 COPr,将 NRF 的冷却过程性能评估与纯制冷剂 R 进行比较。所使用的数据范围为 R134a 中含有 20-70 nm 的 Al2O3,体积分数 φ 为 0.075-0.303%,容积流量 Q 为 6.5-11 L/h(Ta 为 294-306 K,Te 为 288-309 K)。Re 计算基于 Te 的热物理参数评估,不仅在引用的 Q、φ 实验范围内,而且还推断了 Q 的扩展范围(15-25 L/h),以达到概括的目的。由于数据处理是在参数的交互影响下进行的,因此 COP、Re、φ、Te 的函数关系用三维图形表示,这是试错程序的开始。实验数据用 Re、COP、(COP*φ)、(COP*Te/Ta*φ)、(Re*Te/Ta*φ)、(Re*Te/Ta)和 COPr 等各种非尺寸参数之间函数关系的拟合方程表示,为设计和使用 NRF 冷却提供实际帮助。由于在冷却性能评估中出现的参数的实用性,Re*(Te/Ta)与 COPr 在不同 φ 条件下的函数关系被认为是本研究最重要的成果。在处理的数据范围内,COPr > 1 相当于 φ > 0.151%。
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