Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100728
Aishwarya R. Chavan , Omkar S. Ghatge , Roshan R. Kamble , Manish S. Kondawar
<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Laurus nobilis Linn. (Lauraceae),</em> commonly known as Bay Laurel and referred to as Yue Gui Ye in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used for centuries as a culinary spice and a therapeutic herb. It is reputed for its carminative, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory actions and for promoting digestion and circulation of Qi. Despite widespread usage, the systematic chemical profiling of its non-polar (petroleum ether) extracts remains limited, which constrains standardization efforts and pharmacological validation. Previous studies have largely focused on essential oils obtained by steam distillation, leaving a knowledge gap regarding semi-volatile components uniquely extractable in petroleum ether.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To establish chromatographic fingerprints and to identify major volatile and semi-volatile compounds in the petroleum ether extract of L. nobilis leaves, thereby supporting its quality control and ethnopharmacological relevance. Additionally, to compare the detected compounds with previous literature to identify newly reported and previously confirmed phytoconstituents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fresh L. nobilis leaves were collected, authenticated, and extracted using petroleum ether (40–60°C) via Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was analyzed by HPTLC using silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates and scanned at 366 nm, and by GC–MS using a Shimadzu TQ-8050 HS20 system. Compounds were identified using NIST 2020 library data. Literature between 2010–2024 was systematically reviewed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to determine the novelty or previously reported nature of each compound.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The HPTLC fingerprint displayed eight major peaks, confirming chemical diversity. GC–MS analysis identified twenty-nine volatile compounds dominated by α-pinene (32.38%), o-cymene (20.06%), γ-terpinene (9.83%), and β-myrcene (7.94%). Comparison with earlier studies revealed that key monoterpenes including α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, linalool, and γ-terpinene have been consistently reported in essential oils and organic extracts. However, six detected semi-volatile compounds (tetradecane, hexadecane, pentadecene isomer, benzaldehyde derivative, phytol acetate, and a minor sesquiterpene oxide) appear newly reported for petroleum ether extracts, indicating chemotype broadening beyond essential-oil profiles. Replicate analysis showed less than 2% RSD, confirming analytical consistency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A chemical fingerprint of Yue Gui Ye was established using GC–MS and HPTLC. The findings confirm the predominance of α-pinene and o-cymene reported extensively in earlier literature, while also highlighting several newly detected constituents unique to petroleum ether extraction. This comparative profiling enhances the understanding of L. nobilis phytochemical diversity and provides reference data for herbal standardization in Trad
{"title":"Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting profile of petroleum ether extract of Laurus nobilis Linn. (Yue Gui Ye) leaves","authors":"Aishwarya R. Chavan , Omkar S. Ghatge , Roshan R. Kamble , Manish S. Kondawar","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Laurus nobilis Linn. (Lauraceae),</em> commonly known as Bay Laurel and referred to as Yue Gui Ye in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been used for centuries as a culinary spice and a therapeutic herb. It is reputed for its carminative, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory actions and for promoting digestion and circulation of Qi. Despite widespread usage, the systematic chemical profiling of its non-polar (petroleum ether) extracts remains limited, which constrains standardization efforts and pharmacological validation. Previous studies have largely focused on essential oils obtained by steam distillation, leaving a knowledge gap regarding semi-volatile components uniquely extractable in petroleum ether.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To establish chromatographic fingerprints and to identify major volatile and semi-volatile compounds in the petroleum ether extract of L. nobilis leaves, thereby supporting its quality control and ethnopharmacological relevance. Additionally, to compare the detected compounds with previous literature to identify newly reported and previously confirmed phytoconstituents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fresh L. nobilis leaves were collected, authenticated, and extracted using petroleum ether (40–60°C) via Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was analyzed by HPTLC using silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates and scanned at 366 nm, and by GC–MS using a Shimadzu TQ-8050 HS20 system. Compounds were identified using NIST 2020 library data. Literature between 2010–2024 was systematically reviewed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to determine the novelty or previously reported nature of each compound.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The HPTLC fingerprint displayed eight major peaks, confirming chemical diversity. GC–MS analysis identified twenty-nine volatile compounds dominated by α-pinene (32.38%), o-cymene (20.06%), γ-terpinene (9.83%), and β-myrcene (7.94%). Comparison with earlier studies revealed that key monoterpenes including α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, linalool, and γ-terpinene have been consistently reported in essential oils and organic extracts. However, six detected semi-volatile compounds (tetradecane, hexadecane, pentadecene isomer, benzaldehyde derivative, phytol acetate, and a minor sesquiterpene oxide) appear newly reported for petroleum ether extracts, indicating chemotype broadening beyond essential-oil profiles. Replicate analysis showed less than 2% RSD, confirming analytical consistency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A chemical fingerprint of Yue Gui Ye was established using GC–MS and HPTLC. The findings confirm the predominance of α-pinene and o-cymene reported extensively in earlier literature, while also highlighting several newly detected constituents unique to petroleum ether extraction. This comparative profiling enhances the understanding of L. nobilis phytochemical diversity and provides reference data for herbal standardization in Trad","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100728"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100723
Anggit Listyacahyani Sunarwidhi , Agung Endro Nugroho , Sri Widyastuti , Ekowati Chasanah , Ari Hernawan , Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya
Background
Cutaneous melanoma remains a global health issue. While lipid-rich oils have long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for cancer therapy, brown macroalgae Sargassum also provide lipid derivative compounds with therapeutic potential, including in the modulation of skin diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of fatty oil compounds from Sargassum species, such as Sargassum polycystum, in relation to cutaneous melanoma remain unexplored.
Methods
UHPLC-HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics was performed to identify the compounds in Sargassum polycystum hexane oil extract (HOE). Identified compounds were then subjected to computational analysis, including network pharmacology analysis, followed by molecular docking (Autodock Vina), molecular dynamics (GROMACS), and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis (DAVID and KEGG mapper). Finally, in vitro anti-oxidant analysis using DPPH assay and B16-F10 melanoma cytotoxic analysis using Resazurin assay were also performed.
Results
Untargeted metabolomics identified 62 drug-like compounds predicted to interact with cutaneous melanoma-related targets. Computational analysis identified Dormatinone, a sterol with strong affinity for PTPN11, an essential oncogenic gene and immune regulator in cutaneous melanoma. Enrichment analysis revealed the role of Sargassum polycystum HOE compounds in oncogenic signaling and immune regulation, while in vitro assays confirmed the extract’s anti-oxidant (IC50 = 0.847 ± 0.02mg/mL) and B16-F10 melanoma cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 0.480 ± 0.0014mg/mL).
Conclusion
These findings indicate the potential of Sargassum polycystum HOE as a sterol-rich extract with anti-cutaneous melanoma activity, providing a basis for further drug development.
{"title":"Mechanistic insights of Sargassum polycystum fatty oil compounds in cutaneous melanoma: in vitro, metabolomics guided-network pharmacology, molecular docking and dynamics approach","authors":"Anggit Listyacahyani Sunarwidhi , Agung Endro Nugroho , Sri Widyastuti , Ekowati Chasanah , Ari Hernawan , Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cutaneous melanoma remains a global health issue. While lipid-rich oils have long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for cancer therapy, brown macroalgae Sargassum also provide lipid derivative compounds with therapeutic potential, including in the modulation of skin diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of fatty oil compounds from Sargassum species, such as <em>Sargassum polycystum</em>, in relation to cutaneous melanoma remain unexplored.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>UHPLC-HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics was performed to identify the compounds in <em>Sargassum polycystum</em> hexane oil extract (HOE). Identified compounds were then subjected to computational analysis, including network pharmacology analysis, followed by molecular docking (Autodock Vina), molecular dynamics (GROMACS), and GO/KEGG enrichment analysis (DAVID and KEGG mapper). Finally, in vitro anti-oxidant analysis using DPPH assay and B16-F10 melanoma cytotoxic analysis using Resazurin assay were also performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Untargeted metabolomics identified 62 drug-like compounds predicted to interact with cutaneous melanoma-related targets. Computational analysis identified Dormatinone, a sterol with strong affinity for PTPN11, an essential oncogenic gene and immune regulator in cutaneous melanoma. Enrichment analysis revealed the role of <em>Sargassum polycystum</em> HOE compounds in oncogenic signaling and immune regulation, while in vitro assays confirmed the extract’s anti-oxidant (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.847 ± 0.02mg/mL) and B16-F10 melanoma cytotoxic activity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.480 ± 0.0014mg/mL).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate the potential <em>of Sargassum polycystum</em> HOE as a sterol-rich extract with anti-cutaneous melanoma activity, providing a basis for further drug development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100723"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100730
Md. Emam Shikdar , H. M. Shadid Hossain Snigdha , Md. Mohaiminul Islam , Md. Showkoth Akbor , Shahinur Rahman , Prottoy Kumar Debnath , Razina Rouf , Muhammad Torequl Islam , Jamil A Shilpi , Shaikh Jamal Uddin
Introduction
Antipsychotic therapy targets the mesolimbic dopaminergic hyperactivity observed in schizophrenia. Drugs such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) alleviate positive symptoms by suppressing this pathway, although they are often associated with adverse effects, including psychomotor slowing. Notably, In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Aegiceras corniculatum (蠟燭果;桐花樹) is documented in classical materia medica for treating pain, swelling, rheumatism, asthma, and diabetes. Its traditional role in analgesia and nociception suggests engagement of central pain-modulating pathways, and together with reported neuromodulatory properties, provides a rationale for evaluating its relevance in schizophrenia.
Methods
Ethanolic leaf extract of A. corniculatum (ACEE) was evaluated in dopamine-induced mouse models using marble burying, dust removal, and trained swim tests. Effects were compared with olanzapine (Zyprexa) (OLN-2) and combination treatments. Phytoconstituents were identified via GC–MS, while molecular docking and ADMET profiling assessed interactions with dopamine D₂ receptors, pharmacokinetics, and safety.
Results
Dopamine (DOP-22) significantly increased compulsive behaviors (marble burying: 13.8 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 1.9 in controls; dust removal: 141.4 ± 9.3 g vs. 107.1 ± 14.3 g, p < 0.05). OLN-2 reduced both (6.0 ± 0.6 marbles; 42.5 ± 4.9 g). ACEE produced dose-dependent reductions (9.3 ± 1.8 and 8.0 ± 1.8 marbles; 87.3 ± 8.4 g and 64.4 ± 11.2 g). Combined ACEE-250 and OLN-2 yielded stronger suppression (5.7 ± 0.8 marbles; 54.2 ± 6.8 g). In the trained swim test, dopamine improved performance (6.8 ± 2.1 s vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 s), while OLN-2 impaired it (18.7 ± 2.4 s). ACEE caused moderate slowing (15.4 ± 1.3 s), suggesting partial preservation of psychomotor function. Docking revealed BOPC as the strongest D₂ ligand (-9.1 kcal/mol), while more abundant compounds (PPD, BEA, MDT) showed moderate affinities with favorable ADMET characteristics.
Conclusion
ACEE demonstrated antipsychotic-like activity through dopaminergic modulation, with an additive effect when combined with OLN-2, and showed a milder impact on psychomotor performance. Supported by traditional use and preliminary modern analyses, A. corniculatum warrants further investigation as a potential complementary source of dopaminergically active compounds.
抗精神病药物治疗的目标是在精神分裂症中观察到的中边缘多巴胺能亢进。奥氮平（再普乐）等药物通过抑制这一途径来缓解阳性症状，尽管它们通常伴有不良反应，包括精神运动减慢。值得注意的是，在中医（TCM）中，羊角草（;）被记录在经典药材中，用于治疗疼痛，肿胀，风湿病，哮喘和糖尿病。它在镇痛和伤害感觉中的传统作用表明中枢疼痛调节通路的参与，以及已报道的神经调节特性，为评估其在精神分裂症中的相关性提供了基本原理。方法采用大理石掩埋法、除尘法和训练游泳法对多巴胺诱导的小鼠模型进行评价。比较奥氮平（再普乐）（OLN-2）及联合治疗的疗效。通过GC-MS鉴定植物成分，分子对接和ADMET分析评估与多巴胺D₂受体的相互作用、药代动力学和安全性。结果多巴胺（dop22）显著增加强迫行为（大理石掩埋组：13.8±1.5比10.8±1.9，除尘组：141.4±9.3 g比107.1±14.3 g, p < 0.05）。OLN-2减少了两者（6.0±0.6 g; 42.5±4.9 g）。ACEE产生剂量依赖性减少（9.3±1.8和8.0±1.8 μ g; 87.3±8.4 g和64.4±11.2 g）。ACEE-250和OLN-2联合抑制效果更强（5.7±0.8弹；54.2±6.8 g）。在训练游泳实验中，多巴胺能提高游泳成绩（6.8±2.1 s vs. 10.3±1.7 s），而OLN-2则能降低游泳成绩（18.7±2.4 s）。ACEE引起中度减慢（15.4±1.3 s），提示精神运动功能部分保留。对接发现BOPC是最强的D₂配体（-9.1 kcal/mol），而更丰富的化合物（PPD， BEA， MDT）表现出中等的亲和力，具有良好的ADMET特性。结论acee通过多巴胺能调节表现出抗精神病样活性，与OLN-2联用具有加性作用，对精神运动表现的影响较轻。在传统用途和初步现代分析的支持下，黄芩作为多巴胺活性化合物的潜在补充来源值得进一步研究。
{"title":"Antipsychotic effect of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco: Evidence from murine behavioral assays and computational studies","authors":"Md. Emam Shikdar , H. M. Shadid Hossain Snigdha , Md. Mohaiminul Islam , Md. Showkoth Akbor , Shahinur Rahman , Prottoy Kumar Debnath , Razina Rouf , Muhammad Torequl Islam , Jamil A Shilpi , Shaikh Jamal Uddin","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Antipsychotic therapy targets the mesolimbic dopaminergic hyperactivity observed in schizophrenia. Drugs such as olanzapine (Zyprexa) alleviate positive symptoms by suppressing this pathway, although they are often associated with adverse effects, including psychomotor slowing. Notably, In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), <em>Aegiceras corniculatum</em> (蠟燭果;桐花樹) is documented in classical materia medica for treating pain, swelling, rheumatism, asthma, and diabetes. Its traditional role in analgesia and nociception suggests engagement of central pain-modulating pathways, and together with reported neuromodulatory properties, provides a rationale for evaluating its relevance in schizophrenia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ethanolic leaf extract of <em>A. corniculatum</em> (ACEE) was evaluated in dopamine-induced mouse models using marble burying, dust removal, and trained swim tests. Effects were compared with olanzapine (Zyprexa) (OLN-2) and combination treatments. Phytoconstituents were identified via GC–MS, while molecular docking and ADMET profiling assessed interactions with dopamine D₂ receptors, pharmacokinetics, and safety.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dopamine (DOP-22) significantly increased compulsive behaviors (marble burying: 13.8 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 1.9 in controls; dust removal: 141.4 ± 9.3 g vs. 107.1 ± 14.3 g, <em>p</em> < 0.05). OLN-2 reduced both (6.0 ± 0.6 marbles; 42.5 ± 4.9 g). ACEE produced dose-dependent reductions (9.3 ± 1.8 and 8.0 ± 1.8 marbles; 87.3 ± 8.4 g and 64.4 ± 11.2 g). Combined ACEE-250 and OLN-2 yielded stronger suppression (5.7 ± 0.8 marbles; 54.2 ± 6.8 g). In the trained swim test, dopamine improved performance (6.8 ± 2.1 s vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 s), while OLN-2 impaired it (18.7 ± 2.4 s). ACEE caused moderate slowing (15.4 ± 1.3 s), suggesting partial preservation of psychomotor function. Docking revealed BOPC as the strongest D₂ ligand (-9.1 kcal/mol), while more abundant compounds (PPD, BEA, MDT) showed moderate affinities with favorable ADMET characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>ACEE demonstrated antipsychotic-like activity through dopaminergic modulation, with an additive effect when combined with OLN-2, and showed a milder impact on psychomotor performance. Supported by traditional use and preliminary modern analyses, <em>A. corniculatum</em> warrants further investigation as a potential complementary source of dopaminergically active compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retraction notice to “Enhancements of Bcl-2/mTOR/ERK1/2 activities by antioxidant mechanisms confer cardioprotection on Ginkgo biloba supplement against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats” [Pharmacological Research – Modern Chinese Medicine 8 (2023) 100293]","authors":"Jerome Ndudi Asiwe , Benneth Ben-Azu , Godwin D. Yovwin , Santos Ehizokhale Ehebha , Vincent-Junior Onoriode Igben , Endurance Efe Ahama , Akpevwoghene Agbatutu , Tarela Melish Elias Daubry , Benjamin Oritsemuelebi , Emuesiri Goodies Moke","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100731
Abhishek Singh , Seema Yadav , Amita Verma , Jagat Pal Yadav , Narahari N. Palei
Huangbai liniment, derived from Phellodendron amurense, is widely recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties, such as reducing inflammation, combating oxidative stress, and promoting wound healing. This review consolidates scientific findings from authoritative databases, including PubMed, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, the Chinese Electronic Periodical Services Database of Taiwan, Europe PMC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The therapeutic potential of Huangbai liniment was explored, particularly its role in modulating key cellular pathways, including IL, Nrf2, and TGF-β, which contribute to inflammation regulation and diabetic wound healing. The bioactive constituents of Phellodendron amurense, including alkaloids such as berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine, exhibit significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory activities. Additionally, other active compounds, including lignans, phenolics, and limonoids, contribute to its broad-spectrum efficacy against conditions such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review also highlights the available clinical trials. Given the increasing global interest in herbal medicine, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), further research is necessary to validate its therapeutic potential and facilitate its integration into modern pharmaceutical applications. This review underscores the significance of Huangbai liniment as a promising candidate for drug development, bridging traditional applications with scientific validation for future therapeutic innovations.
黄柏乳膏，源自黄柏，因其多种治疗特性而被广泛认可，如减少炎症，对抗氧化应激，促进伤口愈合。本综述整合了来自PubMed、施普林格Link、Wiley在线图书馆、Web of Science、台湾中文电子期刊服务数据库、欧洲PMC、ScienceDirect、谷歌Scholar和ClinicalTrials.gov等权威数据库的科学发现。探讨了黄柏搽剂的治疗潜力，特别是其在调节关键细胞通路中的作用，包括IL， Nrf2和TGF-β，这些通路有助于炎症调节和糖尿病伤口愈合。黄柏的生物活性成分，包括小檗碱、棕榈碱和黄根碱等生物碱，具有显著的抗菌、抗炎和代谢调节活性。此外，其他活性化合物，包括木脂素、酚类和柠檬素类，有助于其广谱功效，对抗癌症、细菌和病毒感染、神经退行性疾病和代谢紊乱。本综述还重点介绍了现有的临床试验。鉴于全球对草药的兴趣日益增加，特别是对中医（TCM）的兴趣，有必要进一步研究以验证其治疗潜力并促进其与现代制药应用的结合。这篇综述强调了黄柏搽剂作为一种有前途的药物开发候选药物的重要性，它将传统应用与未来治疗创新的科学验证联系起来。
{"title":"The multifaceted therapeutic potential of Huangbai liniment: Modulation of IL, TGF-β and Nrf2 pathways in inflammation downregulation and diabetic wound healing","authors":"Abhishek Singh , Seema Yadav , Amita Verma , Jagat Pal Yadav , Narahari N. Palei","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huangbai liniment, derived from <em>Phellodendron amurense</em>, is widely recognized for its diverse therapeutic properties, such as reducing inflammation, combating oxidative stress, and promoting wound healing. This review consolidates scientific findings from authoritative databases, including PubMed, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, the Chinese Electronic Periodical Services Database of Taiwan, Europe PMC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The therapeutic potential of Huangbai liniment was explored, particularly its role in modulating key cellular pathways, including IL, Nrf2, and TGF-β, which contribute to inflammation regulation and diabetic wound healing. The bioactive constituents of <em>Phellodendron amurense</em>, including alkaloids such as berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine, exhibit significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory activities. Additionally, other active compounds, including lignans, phenolics, and limonoids, contribute to its broad-spectrum efficacy against conditions such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. This review also highlights the available clinical trials. Given the increasing global interest in herbal medicine, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), further research is necessary to validate its therapeutic potential and facilitate its integration into modern pharmaceutical applications. This review underscores the significance of Huangbai liniment as a promising candidate for drug development, bridging traditional applications with scientific validation for future therapeutic innovations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100731"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145750173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100729
Nur Miftahurrohmah , Catur Riani , Ratna Annisa Utami , Tri Suciati
Introduction
Coix seed (CS), also known as yì yǐ rén or Chinese pearl barley, has been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries to clear heat, drain dampness, and alleviate inflammatory conditions. It is a key component of classical preparations such as Qing Xin Pei Tu granules and Qin-Zhu-Liang-Xue decoction, traditionally used for atopic eczema and other skin barrier-related disorders. CS has also been applied in topical formulations for acne and chronic ulcers. In modern practice, hydrolyzed and fermented CS products are increasingly utilized for their potential to enhance skin health. However, the mechanisms by which they influence skin barrier function and dermal wound healing remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed CS and its fermented derivatives on skin barrier gene expression and dermal wound healing, thereby providing scientific support for their cosmetic application.
Methods
CS was hydrolyzed using mild acid, supplemented with yeast extract, and fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TKK. The non-fermented CS hydrolysate (NF-AC10Y), fermented cell-free supernatant (FF-AC10Y), and fermented cell lysate supernatant (FL-AC10Y) were evaluated in vitro for their effects on skin barrier genes (FLG/pro-filaggrin, IVL/involucrin, and LOR/loricrin), dermal wound healing, and oxidative stress protection. Potential metabolites contributing to the bioactivities were also identified.
Results
FF-AC10Y exhibited the strongest activity. It upregulated FLG, IVL, and LOR mRNA levels in HaCaT keratinocytes by 2.29 ± 0.19-, 1.20 ± 0.08-, and 2.50 ± 0.04-fold, respectively, and achieved 88.1 ± 6.8 % wound closure in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. It exhibited no cytotoxicity up to 5 mg/mL and protected both cell types against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Metabolite analysis revealed lactic acid, saccharides, amino acids, fatty acid amides, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants as potential contributors to its bioactivities.
Discussion
FF-AC10Y demonstrates strong potential to reinforce the skin barrier by upregulating FLG, IVL, and LOR expression, supporting wound healing, and providing antioxidant protection. These findings scientifically validate the traditional use of CS in TCM for alleviating skin barrier disorders and clarify its mechanisms, bridging historical applications with modern cosmetic formulations.
{"title":"Fermented Coix seed hydrolysate upregulates skin barrier genes and promotes wound healing","authors":"Nur Miftahurrohmah , Catur Riani , Ratna Annisa Utami , Tri Suciati","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Coix seed (CS), also known as <em>yì yǐ rén</em> or Chinese pearl barley, has been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries to clear heat, drain dampness, and alleviate inflammatory conditions. It is a key component of classical preparations such as <em>Qing Xin Pei Tu</em> granules and <em>Qin-Zhu-Liang-Xue</em> decoction, traditionally used for atopic eczema and other skin barrier-related disorders. CS has also been applied in topical formulations for acne and chronic ulcers. In modern practice, hydrolyzed and fermented CS products are increasingly utilized for their potential to enhance skin health. However, the mechanisms by which they influence skin barrier function and dermal wound healing remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrolyzed CS and its fermented derivatives on skin barrier gene expression and dermal wound healing, thereby providing scientific support for their cosmetic application.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>CS was hydrolyzed using mild acid, supplemented with yeast extract, and fermented with <em>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</em> TKK. The non-fermented CS hydrolysate (NF-AC10Y), fermented cell-free supernatant (FF-AC10Y), and fermented cell lysate supernatant (FL-AC10Y) were evaluated <em>in vitro</em> for their effects on skin barrier genes (<em>FLG</em>/pro-filaggrin, <em>IVL</em>/involucrin, and <em>LOR</em>/loricrin), dermal wound healing, and oxidative stress protection. Potential metabolites contributing to the bioactivities were also identified.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>FF-AC10Y exhibited the strongest activity. It upregulated <em>FLG, IVL,</em> and <em>LOR</em> mRNA levels in HaCaT keratinocytes by 2.29 ± 0.19-, 1.20 ± 0.08-, and 2.50 ± 0.04-fold, respectively, and achieved 88.1 ± 6.8 % wound closure in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. It exhibited no cytotoxicity up to 5 mg/mL and protected both cell types against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Metabolite analysis revealed lactic acid, saccharides, amino acids, fatty acid amides, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants as potential contributors to its bioactivities.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>FF-AC10Y demonstrates strong potential to reinforce the skin barrier by upregulating <em>FLG, IVL,</em> and <em>LOR</em> expression, supporting wound healing, and providing antioxidant protection. These findings scientifically validate the traditional use of CS in TCM for alleviating skin barrier disorders and clarify its mechanisms, bridging historical applications with modern cosmetic formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100729"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elaeagnus rhamnoides (sea buckthorn; 沙棘 Shāji) has long been valued in Chinese traditional medicine as fruit purees, decoctions, and polysaccharide granules for enhancing immunity, treating chronic cough, nourishing yin, and promoting digestive and cardiovascular health. However, the precise immunomodulatory mechanisms of its bioactive compounds remain inadequately understood.
Methods
This study comprehensively evaluated key phytocompounds from E. rhamnoides using network pharmacology and in silico computational analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to evaluate interactions with immune checkpoint proteins CTLA-4 (1AH1) and LAG-3 (7TZG). Electronic properties were assessed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-GBSA analyses assessed protein–ligand stability and binding energies. ProTox-II toxicity profiling and network pharmacology further elucidated safety and biological pathway associations.
Results
All selected phytocompounds showed strong binding affinities with CTLA-4 and LAG-3, with narcissin, tellimagrandin I, and astragalin demonstrating the most favourable docking scores and molecular interactions. DFT analysis revealed low HOMO–LUMO gaps (3.76–4.82 eV) for strictinin and tellimagrandin I (high chemical reactivity) and higher kinetic stability for astragalin and narcissin. MD simulations confirmed the stability of astragalin complexes, and MM-GBSA revealed that hydrophobic packing and van der Waals forces were the primary drivers of binding affinity. ProTox-II predicted generally low risks of organ toxicity for all compounds. Network pharmacology showed these phytochemicals target multiple core immune-regulatory genes (including NFB1, HIF1A, MAOA, and TLR4) and are involved in critical immunological pathways such as NF-κB, cytokine signalling, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
Discussion
This study provides the first comprehensive in silico systems pharmacology analysis of E. rhamnoides phytocompounds as multi-target, low-toxicity immunomodulators, supporting traditional Chinese medicine applications. The strong and stable binding to immune checkpoints, favorable electronic properties, and multi-pathway engagement reinforce their promise as plant-based immunotherapeutics. These findings support further experimental validation and recommend the featured E. rhamnoides phytocompounds as promising multi-target leads for the development of novel immunomodulatory therapeutics in modern and traditional Chinese medicine contexts.
{"title":"Multi-target immunomodulatory actions of Elaeagnus rhamnoides L.) A. Nelson phytocompounds on immune regulatory targets via integrative network pharmacology, docking, and molecular simulation","authors":"Venkatesan Karthick , Dinesh Kumar Venkatachalam , Singamoorthy Amalraj , Rajkumar Thamarai , Varghese Edwin Hillary , Elsa Shibu Sruthy","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div><em>Elaeagnus rhamnoides</em> (sea buckthorn; 沙棘 Shāji) has long been valued in Chinese traditional medicine as fruit purees, decoctions, and polysaccharide granules for enhancing immunity, treating chronic cough, nourishing yin, and promoting digestive and cardiovascular health. However, the precise immunomodulatory mechanisms of its bioactive compounds remain inadequately understood.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study comprehensively evaluated key phytocompounds from <em>E. rhamnoides</em> using network pharmacology and <em>in silico</em> computational analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to evaluate interactions with immune checkpoint proteins CTLA-4 (1AH1) and LAG-3 (7TZG). Electronic properties were assessed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of HOMO–LUMO energy gaps. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-GBSA analyses assessed protein–ligand stability and binding energies. ProTox-II toxicity profiling and network pharmacology further elucidated safety and biological pathway associations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All selected phytocompounds showed strong binding affinities with CTLA-4 and LAG-3, with narcissin, tellimagrandin I, and astragalin demonstrating the most favourable docking scores and molecular interactions. DFT analysis revealed low HOMO–LUMO gaps (3.76–4.82 eV) for strictinin and tellimagrandin I (high chemical reactivity) and higher kinetic stability for astragalin and narcissin. MD simulations confirmed the stability of astragalin complexes, and MM-GBSA revealed that hydrophobic packing and van der Waals forces were the primary drivers of binding affinity. ProTox-II predicted generally low risks of organ toxicity for all compounds. Network pharmacology showed these phytochemicals target multiple core immune-regulatory genes (including NFB1, HIF1A, MAOA, and TLR4) and are involved in critical immunological pathways such as NF-κB, cytokine signalling, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>This study provides the first comprehensive <em>in silico</em> systems pharmacology analysis of <em>E. rhamnoides</em> phytocompounds as multi-target, low-toxicity immunomodulators, supporting traditional Chinese medicine applications. The strong and stable binding to immune checkpoints, favorable electronic properties, and multi-pathway engagement reinforce their promise as plant-based immunotherapeutics. These findings support further experimental validation and recommend the featured <em>E. rhamnoides</em> phytocompounds as promising multi-target leads for the development of novel immunomodulatory therapeutics in modern and traditional Chinese medicine contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100726"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cognitive impairment associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease is an escalating public health burden, highlighting the need for safe, effective interventions that improve learning and memory. Ocimum basilicum Linn, traditionally used for medicinal purposes, contains bioactive constituents with antioxidant and neuroprotective potential, making it a promising natural candidate for cognition support.
Methods
An integrative design combined in silico network pharmacology and molecular docking with in vivo assessment in Swiss albino mice subjected to haloperidol-induced amnesia. The hydroalcoholic seed extract of Ocimum basilicum was evaluated using validated behavioural paradigms (Morris water maze, Y-maze, passive avoidance, and novel object recognition), complemented by phytochemical screening and histopathological examination of brain tissue.
Results
The extract significantly improved spatial, working, and recognition memory in haloperidol-treated mice. Phytochemical screening indicated abundant flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins; histology showed reduced neuronal damage, supporting a neuroprotective effect consistent with antioxidant activity. In silico analyses revealed strong binding affinities of key phytoconstituents to cognition-related targets and hub proteins, suggesting a multitarget mechanism of action.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic seed extract of Ocimum basilicum confers cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects in a haloperidol-induced amnesia model, likely through synergistic, multitarget engagement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. Given the rising prevalence of dementia and the limitations of current therapies, further mechanistic studies and clinical trials are warranted to validate the translational potential of basil seed extract as a natural nootropic.
{"title":"Basil seeds unlock memory: Hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum basilicum reverses haloperidol-induced cognitive deficits in Mice","authors":"Amudha Palanivelu , Balaji V , Durga Mohan , Chetan Ashok , Srikanth Jeyabalan , Ling Shing Wong , Mahendran Sekar , Vetriselvan Subramaniyan , Sivaraman Dhanasekaran , Tamilanban Thamaraikani","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cognitive impairment associated with aging and neurodegenerative disease is an escalating public health burden, highlighting the need for safe, effective interventions that improve learning and memory. <em>Ocimum basilicum</em> Linn, traditionally used for medicinal purposes, contains bioactive constituents with antioxidant and neuroprotective potential, making it a promising natural candidate for cognition support.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An integrative design combined <em>in silico</em> network pharmacology and molecular docking with <em>in vivo</em> assessment in Swiss albino mice subjected to haloperidol-induced amnesia. The hydroalcoholic seed extract of <em>Ocimum basilicum</em> was evaluated using validated behavioural paradigms (Morris water maze, Y-maze, passive avoidance, and novel object recognition), complemented by phytochemical screening and histopathological examination of brain tissue.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The extract significantly improved spatial, working, and recognition memory in haloperidol-treated mice. Phytochemical screening indicated abundant flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins; histology showed reduced neuronal damage, supporting a neuroprotective effect consistent with antioxidant activity. <em>In silico</em> analyses revealed strong binding affinities of key phytoconstituents to cognition-related targets and hub proteins, suggesting a multitarget mechanism of action.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic seed extract of <em>Ocimum basilicum</em> confers cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects in a haloperidol-induced amnesia model, likely through synergistic, multitarget engagement of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways. Given the rising prevalence of dementia and the limitations of current therapies, further mechanistic studies and clinical trials are warranted to validate the translational potential of basil seed extract as a natural nootropic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100719"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100718
Dhani Ramachandran , Win Win May , Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed , Sakina Ruhi , Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal
Background
Hesperetin and naringenin are the two flavonoids that are widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and mostly found in citrus fruits. Both flavonoids have shown considerable neuroprotective potential. These substances originate from glycosidic precursors, hesperidin and naringin, which are chiefly found in medicinal plants like Zanthoxylum avicennae and Citrus reticulata. In TCM, these botanicals are historically utilized for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties, but their potential in influencing neurodegenerative processes is receiving growing scrutiny.
Objective
The aim of this review is to cumulate the neuroprotective properties by systematically retrieving the peer-reviewed preclinical and clinical trial research and studies performed in hesperetin and naringenin on multiple mechanisms connected with AD.
Methods
A complete systematic review has been employed by applying MeSH search terms through the application of keywords such as “Alzheimer’s Disease”, “Neuroprotection”, “amyloid”, molecular mechanistic pathways of AD which are discussed in this review and “Clinical trials” for the polyphenols naringenin and hesperetin. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) analysis method was used for screening of the research studies conducted on naringenin and hesperetin.
Results and discussion
The review retrieved 319 articles in respect to the hesperetin and naringenin on neurodegenerative diseases related to AD. Further scrutinised to 87 with terms of decrease of amyloid-beta aggregation, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, mitigation of oxidative stress, and suppression of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, they affect essential molecular cascades, including the PI3K/AKT, NRF2/ARE, and NF-κB signalling pathways, which are intricate for neuronal survival and cognition. It was also found that their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier further amplifies their pharmacological significance in central nervous system illnesses.
Conclusion
Hesperetin and naringenin, as natural multifunctional agents derived from traditional practices, present intriguing opportunities for integrative treatment approaches to AD, connecting the insights of TCM with contemporary neuropharmacology. Further, our review reveals several mechanisms; hesperetin and naringenin are yet to be evaluated in aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) associated with the stress pathway of neurodegeneration, and exploring the HPA renders additional mechanistic neuroprotective recognition.
{"title":"Traditional wisdom to modern science: Hesperetin and naringenin as emerging traditional Chinese medicine-based treatments for Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"Dhani Ramachandran , Win Win May , Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed , Sakina Ruhi , Hanish Singh Jayasingh Chellammal","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hesperetin and naringenin are the two flavonoids that are widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and mostly found in citrus fruits. Both flavonoids have shown considerable neuroprotective potential. These substances originate from glycosidic precursors, hesperidin and naringin, which are chiefly found in medicinal plants like <em>Zanthoxylum avicennae</em> and <em>Citrus reticulata</em>. In TCM, these botanicals are historically utilized for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties, but their potential in influencing neurodegenerative processes is receiving growing scrutiny.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this review is to cumulate the neuroprotective properties by systematically retrieving the peer-reviewed preclinical and clinical trial research and studies performed in hesperetin and naringenin on multiple mechanisms connected with AD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A complete systematic review has been employed by applying MeSH search terms through the application of keywords such as “Alzheimer’s Disease”, “Neuroprotection”, “amyloid”, molecular mechanistic pathways of AD which are discussed in this review and “Clinical trials” for the polyphenols naringenin and hesperetin. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) analysis method was used for screening of the research studies conducted on naringenin and hesperetin.</div></div><div><h3>Results and discussion</h3><div>The review retrieved 319 articles in respect to the hesperetin and naringenin on neurodegenerative diseases related to AD. Further scrutinised to 87 with terms of decrease of amyloid-beta aggregation, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, mitigation of oxidative stress, and suppression of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, they affect essential molecular cascades, including the PI3K/AKT, NRF2/ARE, and NF-κB signalling pathways, which are intricate for neuronal survival and cognition. It was also found that their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier further amplifies their pharmacological significance in central nervous system illnesses.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Hesperetin and naringenin, as natural multifunctional agents derived from traditional practices, present intriguing opportunities for integrative treatment approaches to AD, connecting the insights of TCM with contemporary neuropharmacology. Further, our review reveals several mechanisms; hesperetin and naringenin are yet to be evaluated in aspects of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) associated with the stress pathway of neurodegeneration, and exploring the HPA renders additional mechanistic neuroprotective recognition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100718"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100717
Maryam Adamu , Olusola B. Adewale , Scholastica O. Anadozie
Introduction
Acute lung injury (ALI), one of the contributing factors of global mortality (about 40% of hospital deaths), is primarily associated with inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Illicium verum, commonly called Ba jiao hui xiang (八角茴香) or Chinese star anise, is native to the subtropical provinces of Southwestern China and used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat digestive disorders, insomnia, and colds, and as a spice in Chinese cuisines. This study investigated the protective effect of polyphenolic-rich extract of Illicium verum (PEIV) fruit against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats.
Methodology
Phytochemicals in the plant was screened using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thirty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into seven as follows: Control, ALI (250 µg/kg LPS via intraperitoneal injection for 5 days), ALI + silymarin, ALI + PEIV (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), and PEIV (100 mg/kg) via oral administration for 14 days. At the end of the experimental study, lung tissues were collected for biochemical (oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and histological assays.
Results
Fourteen distinct biological compounds were identified by the HPLC analysis, with cinnamic acid being the most abundant, at a concentration of 58.99 µg/100 g. The LPS markedly (p < 0.05) increased the tissue arginase activity and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, and IL-6. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) decrease was noted in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST)). However, pretreatment with PEIV protected the rats from LPS-induced ALI by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the arginase activity and MDA levels and elevation (p < 0.05) in the NO level and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, PEIV reduced the levels of cytokines and reversed histological alterations induced by LPS.
Conclusion
The result of this study showed that PEIV protected the rats from LPS-induced ALI by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and, therefore, could be considered a promising anti-inflammatory agent in managing ALI.
{"title":"Polyphenolic-rich extract of Illicium verum fruit modulates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats","authors":"Maryam Adamu , Olusola B. Adewale , Scholastica O. Anadozie","doi":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Acute lung injury (ALI), one of the contributing factors of global mortality (about 40% of hospital deaths), is primarily associated with inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. <em>Illicium verum</em>, commonly called Ba jiao hui xiang <em>(八角茴香)</em> or Chinese star anise, is native to the subtropical provinces of Southwestern China and used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat digestive disorders, insomnia, and colds, and as a spice in Chinese cuisines. This study investigated the protective effect of polyphenolic-rich extract of Illicium verum (PEIV) fruit against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Phytochemicals in the plant was screened using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thirty-five male Wistar rats were grouped into seven as follows: Control, ALI (250 µg/kg LPS via intraperitoneal injection for 5 days), ALI + silymarin, ALI + PEIV (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg), and PEIV (100 mg/kg) via oral administration for 14 days. At the end of the experimental study, lung tissues were collected for biochemical (oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and histological assays.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fourteen distinct biological compounds were identified by the HPLC analysis, with cinnamic acid being the most abundant, at a concentration of 58.99 µg/100 g. The LPS markedly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) increased the tissue arginase activity and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, and IL-6. Also, a significant (<em>p</em> < 0.05) decrease was noted in the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST)). However, pretreatment with PEIV protected the rats from LPS-induced ALI by a significant (<em>p</em> < 0.05) reduction in the arginase activity and MDA levels and elevation (<em>p</em> < 0.05) in the NO level and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, PEIV reduced the levels of cytokines and reversed histological alterations induced by LPS.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The result of this study showed that PEIV protected the rats from LPS-induced ALI by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation and, therefore, could be considered a promising anti-inflammatory agent in managing ALI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101013,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100717"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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