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Exploring Ripple Waves in the Human Brain. 探索人类大脑中的波纹波。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211034371
Shunsuke Takagi

Ripples are brief (<150 ms) high-frequency oscillatory neural activities in the brain with a range of 140 to 200 Hz in rodents and 80 to 140 Hz in humans. Ripples are regarded as playing an essential role in several aspects of memory function, mainly in the hippocampus. This type of ripple generally occurs with sharp waves and is called a sharp-wave ripple (SPW-R). Extensive research of SPW-Rs in the rodent brain while actively awake has also linked the function of these SPW-Rs to navigation and decision making. Although many studies with rodents unveiled SPW-R function, research in humans on this subject is still sparse. Therefore, unveiling SPW-R function in the human hippocampus is warranted. A certain type of ripples may also be a biomarker of epilepsy. This type of ripple is called a pathological ripple (p-ripple). p-ripples have a wider range of frequency (80-500 Hz) than SPW-Rs, and the range of frequency is especially higher in brain regions that are intrinsically linked to epilepsy onset. Brain regions producing ripples are too small for scalp electrode recording, and intracranial recording is typically needed to detect ripples. In addition, SPW-Rs in the human hippocampus have been recorded from patients with epilepsy who may have p-ripples. Differentiating SPW-Rs and p-ripples is often not easy. We need to develop more sophisticated methods to record SPW-Rs to differentiate them from p-ripples. This paper reviews the general features and roles of ripple waves.

波纹很短(
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引用次数: 3
Association Study Between White Matter Microstructure and Intelligence Decline in Schizophrenia. 精神分裂症患者白质微结构与智力下降的相关性研究。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-10 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211063314
Junya Matsumoto, Kenichiro Miura, Masaki Fukunaga, Kiyotaka Nemoto, Daisuke Koshiyama, Naohiro Okada, Kentaro Morita, Hidenaga Yamamori, Yuka Yasuda, Michiko Fujimoto, Satsuki Ito, Naomi Hasegawa, Yoshiyuki Watanabe, Kiyoto Kasai, Ryota Hashimoto
Patients with schizophrenia can exhibit intelligence decline, which is an important element of cognitive impairment. Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia have altered gray matter structures and functional connectivity associated with intelligence decline defined by a difference between premorbid and current intelligence quotients (IQs). However, it has remained unclear whether white matter microstructures are related to intelligence decline. In the present study, the indices of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) obtained from 138 patients with schizophrenia and 554 healthy controls were analyzed. The patients were classified into three subgroups based on intelligence decline: deteriorated (94 patients), preserved (42 patients), and compromised IQ (2 patients) groups. Given that the DTI of each subject was acquired using either one of two different MRI scanners, we analyzed DTI indices separately for each scanner group. In the comparison between the deteriorated IQ group and the healthy controls, differences in some DTI indices were noted in three regions of interest irrespective of the MRI scanners, whereas differences in only one region of interest were noted between the preserved IQ group and the healthy controls. However, the comparisons between the deteriorated and preserved IQ groups did not show any reproducible differences. Together with the previous findings, it is thought that gray matter structures and functional connectivity are more promising as markers of intelligence decline in schizophrenia than white matter microstructures.
精神分裂症患者可能表现出智力下降,这是认知障碍的一个重要因素。先前的磁共振成像(MRI)研究表明,精神分裂症患者改变了与智力下降相关的灰质结构和功能连接,智力下降是由患病前和当前智力商(IQ)之间的差异定义的。然而,目前尚不清楚白质微观结构是否与智力下降有关。在本研究中,对138名精神分裂症患者和554名健康对照者的弥散张量成像(DTI)指标进行了分析。根据智力下降将患者分为三个亚组:恶化组(94名患者)、保留组(42名患者)和智商受损组(2名患者)。考虑到每个受试者的DTI是使用两种不同MRI扫描仪中的任何一种获得的,我们分别分析了每个扫描仪组的DTI指数。在智商下降组和健康对照组之间的比较中,无论MRI扫描仪如何,在三个感兴趣的区域中都注意到一些DTI指数的差异,而在智商保持组和健康控制组之间只注意到一个感兴趣区域的差异。然而,智商下降组和智商保持组之间的比较没有显示出任何可重复的差异。结合之前的研究结果,人们认为灰质结构和功能连接比白质微观结构更有希望作为精神分裂症智力下降的标志。
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引用次数: 3
Preclinical Evidence for the Mechanisms of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders; A Systematic Review. 经颅直流电刺激治疗精神疾病机制的临床前证据;系统回顾。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211066151
Yuji Yamada, Tomiki Sumiyoshi

Backgrounds. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique for the treatment of several psychiatric disorders, eg, mood disorders and schizophrenia. Although tDCS provides a promising approach, its neurobiological mechanisms remain to be explored. Objectives. To provide a systematic review of animal studies, and consider how tDCS ameliorates psychiatric conditions. Methods. A literature search was conducted on English articles identified by PubMed. We defined the inclusion criteria as follows: (1) articles published from the original data; (2) experimental studies in animals; (3) studies delivering direct current transcranially, ie, positioning electrodes onto the skull. Results. 138 papers met the inclusion criteria. 62 papers deal with model animals without any dysfunctions, followed by 52 papers for neurological disorder models, and 12 for psychiatric disorder models. The most studied category of functional areas is neurocognition, followed by motor functions and pain. These studies overall suggest the role for the late long-term potentiation (LTP) via anodal stimulation in the therapeutic effects of tDCS. Conclusions. tDCS Anodal stimulation may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to particularly enhance neurocognition in psychiatric disorders. Its mechanisms are likely to involve facilitation of the late LTP.

背景。经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)是一种非侵入性脑刺激技术,用于治疗几种精神疾病,如情绪障碍和精神分裂症。尽管tDCS提供了一种有前景的方法,但其神经生物学机制仍有待探索。目标。提供动物研究的系统综述,并考虑tDCS如何改善精神状况。方法。对PubMed鉴定的英文文章进行了文献检索。我们将纳入标准定义为:(1)根据原始数据发表的文章;(2) 动物实验研究;(3) 经颅输送直流电的研究(将电极定位在颅骨上)。后果138篇论文符合入选标准。62篇论文涉及没有任何功能障碍的模型动物,其次是52篇关于神经障碍模型的论文,12篇关于精神障碍模型的文章。研究最多的功能领域是神经认知,其次是运动功能和疼痛。这些研究总体上表明了通过阳极刺激的晚期长时程增强(LTP)在tDCS治疗效果中的作用。结论。tDCS肛门刺激可能提供一种新的治疗策略,特别是增强精神疾病的神经认知。其机制可能涉及促进晚期LTP。
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引用次数: 5
What Can We Tell About the Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on the Human Hippocampus? 关于电休克治疗对人类海马的影响,我们能说些什么?
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-21 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211044066
Akihiro Takamiya, Taishiro Kishimoto, Masaru Mimura

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective antidepressant treatment, although its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Since 2010, several structural magnetic resonance imaging studies based on a neuroplastic hypothesis have consistently reported increases in the hippocampal volume following ECT. Moreover, volume increases in the human dentate gyrus, where neurogenesis occurs, have also been reported. These results are in line with the preclinical findings of ECT-induced neuroplastic changes, including neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis, in rodents and nonhuman primates. Despite this robust evidence of an effect of ECT on hippocampal plasticity, the clinical relevance of these human hippocampal changes continues to be questioned. This narrative review summarizes recent findings regarding ECT-induced hippocampal volume changes. Furthermore, this review also discusses methodological considerations and future directions in this field.

电休克疗法(ECT)是最有效的抗抑郁治疗方法,尽管其作用机制尚不清楚。自2010年以来,几项基于神经可塑性假说的结构磁共振成像研究一直报告ECT后海马体积增加。此外,神经发生的人类齿状回体积增加也有报道。这些结果与ECT诱导的啮齿类动物和非人类灵长类动物的神经可塑性变化的临床前发现一致,包括神经发生、胶质发生、突触发生和血管生成。尽管有强有力的证据表明ECT对海马可塑性有影响,但这些人类海马变化的临床相关性仍受到质疑。这篇叙述性综述总结了ECT诱导的海马体积变化的最新发现。此外,本综述还讨论了该领域的方法考虑因素和未来方向。
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引用次数: 1
Diagnostic Yield of Five Minutes Compared to Three Minutes Hyperventilation During Electroencephalography in Children. 儿童脑电图中5分钟与3分钟过度通气的诊断率比较。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211058266
Nivetha Vasudevan, Ranjith Kumar Manokaran, Saji James

Purpose: To investigate whether hyperventilation (HV) for 5 minutes increases the diagnostic yield of electroencephalography (EEG) compared to 3 minutes HV and to determine whether performing HV for 5 minutes is feasible and safe in children. Methods: Data were evaluated from 579 children aged less than 18 years, referred to EEG for epilepsy evaluation. Occurrence of seizures, HV induced interictal epileptiform discharges precipitation and potentiation and adverse events if any were noted during the first 3 minutes and last 2 minutes of HV separately. Results: 398 children (68.7%) completed 5 minutes HV. Seizures were precipitated during the first 3 minutes of HV in 2 children, and during the last 2 minutes in one more child. Inter-ictal EEG abnormalities were precipitated in the first 3 minutes of HV in 31 children, and during the last 2 min in 4 more children. All 398 children completed HV during the last 2 minutes successfully and no adverse events occurred during the last 2 minutes of HV. Conclusion: 33.33% of seizures and 11.5% of inter-ictal EEG abnormalities triggered by HV occurred during the last 2 min of HV. This finding supports the utility of prolonged hyperventilation for 5 minutes. Prolonged HV for 5 minutes increases the diagnostic yield of EEG in paediatric population and it is safe and feasible.

目的:探讨5分钟的过度通气(HV)与3分钟的过度通气(HV)相比是否能提高脑电图(EEG)的诊断率,并确定5分钟的过度通气对儿童是否可行和安全。方法:对579例18岁以下儿童进行数据评估,参照脑电图进行癫痫评估。在HV发作的前3分钟和最后2分钟分别记录癫痫发作的发生、HV引起的间歇癫痫样放电的沉淀和增强以及不良事件(如果有的话)。结果:398例患儿(68.7%)完成5分钟HV。2例儿童在感染HV的前3分钟发作,另1例儿童在感染后2分钟发作。31例患儿在HV发作前3分钟出现脑电图间期异常,4例患儿在发作后2分钟出现脑电图间期异常。所有398名儿童在最后2分钟内成功完成了HV,在最后2分钟内没有发生不良事件。结论:33.33%的癫痫发作和11.5%的间期脑电图异常发生在HV发作的最后2min。这一发现支持延长5分钟过度通气的效用。延长HV 5分钟可提高小儿脑电图的诊断率,是安全可行的。
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引用次数: 0
Frontal Alpha Asymmetry in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Group Differences Among Individuals With and Without PTSD During an Inhibitory Control Task. 创伤后应激障碍的额叶α不对称:抑制控制任务中创伤后应激障碍和非创伤后应激障碍个体的组差异。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-16 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211046703
Teresa López-Castro, Laura Martin, Sean Nickley, Tanya C Saraiya, Robert D Melara

The current study examined frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) as a marker of approach- and avoidance-related prefrontal activity in participants with and without trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We investigated FAA in an inhibitory control paradigm (threatening vs nonthreatening cues) under 2 levels of cognitive demand (baseline: images constant within a block of trials; vs filtering: images varied randomly within a block) in 3 groups of participants: individuals with PTSD (n = 16), exposed to trauma but without PTSD (n = 14), and a control group without PTSD or trauma exposure (n = 15). Under low demand (baseline), both PTSD and trauma-exposed participants exhibited significantly greater relative left than right frontal brain activity (approach) to threatening than to nonthreatening images. Under high demand (filtering), no FAA differences were found between threatening and nonthreatening images, but PTSD participants revealed more relative left than right FAA, whereas trauma-exposed participants showed reduced left relative right FAA. In all conditions, healthy controls exhibited reduced left relative to right FAA and no differences between threatening and nonthreatening images. Study findings suggest dysfunctional prefrontal mechanisms of emotion regulation in PTSD, but adaptive prefrontal regulation in trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD.

目前的研究检查了在有或没有创伤暴露和创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的参与者中,额叶α不对称(FAA)作为接近和回避相关的前额叶活动的标志。我们在两种认知需求水平下研究了抑制控制范式(威胁性与非威胁性线索)下的FAA(基线:一组试验中的图像恒定;对比过滤:三组参与者的图像在一个区域内随机变化:有创伤后应激障碍的个体(n = 16),暴露于创伤但没有创伤后应激障碍(n = 14),和没有创伤后应激障碍或创伤暴露的对照组(n = 15)。在低需求(基线)条件下,PTSD和创伤暴露的受试者对威胁性图像的相对左额叶活动明显大于右额叶活动(接近)。在高要求(过滤)条件下,威胁性和非威胁性图像之间没有FAA差异,但创伤后应激障碍参与者的相对左侧FAA多于右侧FAA,而创伤暴露参与者的相对左侧FAA减少。在所有条件下,健康对照组表现出相对于右FAA减少,威胁和非威胁图像之间没有差异。研究结果表明,创伤后应激障碍患者存在功能失调的前额叶情绪调节机制,而非创伤后应激障碍患者存在适应性的前额叶情绪调节机制。
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引用次数: 2
A Potential Multimodal Test for Clinical Assessment of Visual Attention in Neurological Disorders. 神经系统疾病患者视觉注意临床评估的潜在多模态试验。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221129962
Valentina Barone, Johannes P van Dijk, Mariette H J A Debeij-van Hall, Michel J A M van Putten

Attention is an important aspect of human brain function and often affected in neurological disorders. Objective assessment of attention may assist in patient care, both for diagnostics and prognostication. We present a compact test using a combination of a choice reaction time task, eye-tracking and EEG for assessment of visual attention in the clinic. The system quantifies reaction time, parameters of eye movements (i.e. saccade metrics and fixations) and event related potentials (ERPs) in a single and fast (15 min) experimental design. We present pilot data from controls, patients with mild traumatic brain injury and epilepsy, to illustrate its potential use in assessing attention in neurological patients. Reaction times and eye metrics such as fixation duration, saccade duration and latency show significant differences (p < .05) between neurological patients and controls. Late ERP components (200-800 ms) can be detected in the central line channels for all subjects, but no significant group differences could be found in the peak latencies and mean amplitudes. Our system has potential to assess key features of visual attention in the clinic. Pilot data show significant differences in reaction times and eye metrics between controls and patients, illustrating its promising use for diagnostics and prognostication.

注意力是人类大脑功能的一个重要方面,经常受到神经系统疾病的影响。客观的注意力评估有助于病人的诊断和预测。我们提出了一种紧凑的测试,结合了选择反应时间任务,眼动追踪和脑电图来评估临床中的视觉注意。该系统在一次快速(15分钟)的实验设计中量化反应时间、眼球运动参数(即扫视指标和注视)和事件相关电位(erp)。我们提供了来自对照组、轻度创伤性脑损伤患者和癫痫患者的试点数据,以说明其在评估神经系统患者注意力方面的潜在用途。反应时间和眼睛指标,如注视时间,扫视时间和潜伏期显示显著差异(p
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引用次数: 1
Ictal Blinking: Reappraisal of the Lateralization and Localization Value in Focal Seizures. 突发性眨眼:对局灶性癫痫的偏侧和定位价值的重新评价。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211070800
Ayse Nur Ozdag Acarli, Ayse Deniz Elmali, Nermin Gorkem Sirin, Betul Baykan, Nerses Bebek

Introduction. Although ictal blinking is significantly more frequent in generalized epilepsy, it has been reported as a rare but useful lateralizing sign in focal seizures when it is not associated with facial clonic twitching. This study aimed to raise awareness of eye blinking as a semiological lateralizing sign. Method. Our database over an 11-year period reviewed retrospectively to assess patients who had ictal blinking associated with focal seizures. Results. Among 632 patients, 14 (2.2%), who had 3 to 13 (7 ± 3) seizures during video-EEG monitoring, were included. Twenty-five percent of all 92 seizures displayed ictal blinking and each patient had one to five seizures with ictal blinking. Ictal blinking was unilateral in 17%, asymmetrical in 22% and symmetrical in 61%. The blinking appeared with a mean latency of 6.3 s (range 0-39) after the clinical seizure-onset, localized most often to fronto-temporal, then in frontal or occipital regions. Blinking was ipsilateral to ictal scalp EEG lateralization side in 83% (5/6) of the patients with unilateral/asymmetrical blinking. The exact lateralization and localization of ictal activity could not have been determined via EEG in most of the patients with symmetrical blinking, remarkably. Conclusions. Unilateral/asymmetrical blinking is one of the early components of the seizures and appears as a useful lateralizing sign, often associated with fronto-temporal seizure-onset. Symmetrical blinking, on the other hand, did not seem to be valuable in lateralization and localization of focal seizures. Future studies using invasive recordings and periocular electrodes are needed to evaluate the value of blinking in lateralization and localization.

介绍。虽然发作性眨眼在全身性癫痫中更为常见,但在局灶性癫痫中,当它与面部阵挛性抽搐不相关时,它是一种罕见但有用的偏侧体征。本研究旨在提高人们对眨眼作为一种符号学上的偏侧标志的认识。方法。我们回顾性回顾了11年的数据库,以评估与局灶性癫痫发作相关的临界眨眼患者。结果。632例患者中,有14例(2.2%)在视频脑电图监测期间出现3 ~ 13(7±3)次癫痫发作。在所有92次癫痫发作中,有25%的患者出现了发作性眨眼,每个患者都有1到5次发作性眨眼。17%的人单侧眨眼,22%的人不对称眨眼,61%的人对称眨眼。在临床癫痫发作后,眨眼的平均潜伏期为6.3 s(范围0-39),最常发生在额颞区,其次是额部或枕部。83%(5/6)的单侧/不对称眨眼患者的眨眼与头侧脑电图侧侧同侧。在大多数对称眨眼患者中,脑电图不能准确地确定其脑活动的偏侧和定位。结论。单侧/不对称眨眼是癫痫发作的早期症状之一,是一种有用的偏侧症状,通常与额颞叶癫痫发作有关。另一方面,对称眨眼在局灶性癫痫的偏侧和定位中似乎没有价值。未来的研究需要使用有创记录和眼周电极来评估眨眼在偏侧和定位中的价值。
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引用次数: 2
Region-Wise Brain Response Classification of ASD Children Using EEG and BiLSTM RNN. 基于脑电和BiLSTM RNN的ASD儿童脑反应区域分类。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/15500594211054990
Thanga Aarthy Manoharan, Menaka Radhakrishnan

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in sensory modulation. These sensory modulation deficits would ultimately lead them to difficulties in adaptive behavior and intellectual functioning. The purpose of this study was to observe changes in the nervous system with responses to auditory/visual and only audio stimuli in children with autism and typically developing (TD) through electroencephalography (EEG). In this study, 20 children with ASD and 20 children with TD were considered to investigate the difference in the neural dynamics. The neural dynamics could be understood by non-linear analysis of the EEG signal. In this research to reveal the underlying nonlinear EEG dynamics, recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) is applied. RQA measures were analyzed using various parameter changes in RQA computations. In this research, the cosine distance metric was considered due to its capability of information retrieval and the other distance metrics parameters are compared for identifying the best biomarker. Each computational combination of the RQA measure and the responding channel was analyzed and discussed. To classify ASD and TD, the resulting features from RQA were fed to the designed BiLSTM (bi-long short-term memory) network. The classification accuracy was tested channel-wise for each combination. T3 and T5 channels with neighborhood selection as FAN (fixed amount of nearest neighbors) and distance metric as cosine is considered as the best-suited combination to discriminate between ASD and TD with the classification accuracy of 91.86%, respectively.

摘要自闭症谱系障碍是一种以感觉调节功能障碍为特征的神经发育障碍。这些感觉调节缺陷最终会导致他们在适应行为和智力功能方面出现困难。本研究目的是通过脑电图(EEG)观察自闭症和典型发育(TD)儿童在听觉/视觉和仅听觉刺激下神经系统的变化。本研究以20名ASD患儿和20名TD患儿为研究对象,探讨其神经动力学的差异。通过对脑电信号的非线性分析,可以理解脑电信号的神经动力学。在本研究中,应用递归量化分析(RQA)来揭示潜在的非线性脑电动力学。利用RQA计算中的各种参数变化对RQA度量进行了分析。在本研究中,考虑余弦距离度量,因为它的信息检索能力和其他距离度量参数进行比较,以确定最佳的生物标志物。对RQA度量和响应信道的各种计算组合进行了分析和讨论。为了对ASD和TD进行分类,RQA得到的特征被输入到设计的BiLSTM(双长短期记忆)网络中。对每个组合的分类精度进行了通道测试。以邻域选择为FAN (fixed amount of nearest neighbors),距离度量为余弦的T3和T5通道被认为是区分ASD和TD的最合适组合,分类准确率分别为91.86%。
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引用次数: 6
Effect of Sleep on Epileptic Discharges in Patients with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy. 睡眠对特发性全身性癫痫患者癫痫放电的影响。
IF 2 4区 医学 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221083256
Mustafa Emir Tavşanlı, Demet Kınay

Background. It is known that sleep and sleep deprivation affect the EEG findings, onset, frequency and semiology of the seizures. Generalized spike and wave discharges were found more common in drowsiness and sleep states, especially in childhood and juvenile absence epilepsy syndromes. Aim. In this study we aimed to show the effects of short sleep on the interictal and ictal discharges of the patients with genetic generalized epileptic seizures and to show the effects of treatment on the discharges during awake and sleep states. Method. 37 patients (29 females and 8 males) with a diagnosis of genetic generalized epilepsy syndrome were included. All the patients were investigated with video-EEG recording during awake, sleep and post sleep states. Epileptic discharges were counted manually. Discharge numbers and their relation with triggers were analyzed to see the difference between different vigilance states. Results. Number of ictal discharges is found to be increased after sleep. There was no difference in the control EEGs, which were taken under treatment. Conclusion. Sleep is a trigger of epileptic discharges in ictal nature, but an effective antiepileptic treatment prevents this effect.

背景。众所周知,睡眠和睡眠剥夺会影响脑电图结果、发作、频率和癫痫发作的符号学。广泛性尖峰和波放电在困倦和睡眠状态下更为常见,特别是在儿童和青少年无癫痫综合征中。的目标。本研究旨在探讨短睡眠对遗传性广泛性癫痫发作患者发作间期和发作初期放电的影响,以及治疗对清醒和睡眠状态下放电的影响。方法:37例确诊为遗传性全身性癫痫综合征的患者,其中女性29例,男性8例。对所有患者进行清醒、睡眠和睡眠后状态的视频脑电图记录。手工统计癫痫放电。分析放电次数及其与触发因素的关系,观察不同警戒状态之间的差异。结果。睡眠后,脑电波放电次数增加。对照组的脑电图在治疗过程中没有差异。结论。睡眠是癫痫放电的触发因素,但有效的抗癫痫治疗可以防止这种影响。
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引用次数: 3
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Clinical EEG and Neuroscience
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