Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344593
Li Li, Sentai Liao, Weiming Li, D. Xing, Guoqing Luo, Qingrong Li, Mingqiang Ye, Yang Xiao, Qiong Yang
ABSTRACT Composting can convert silkworm excrement (SE) into good fertilizer, but the popularization of this practice is greatly hampered due to the strong odor produced. Determining the gas pollutants, the potential native aerogenic microorganisms and deodorant microorganism communities will lay foundations for developing good strategies to deal with malodor pollution from SE composting. This study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the exhaust gas and the microbial diversity. With a combination of solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology and other methods of Chinese national standards, 43 odor pollutants from SE composting were identified and quantified. Ammonia, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were the three major pollutants among the volatile inorganic compounds, with concentrations far exceeding the permissible standards for workplaces in China. 5-Ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-5-methyl-heptane and 5-isobutyl-nonane accounted for 46.58% of volatile organic compounds. Using analysis of ribosome DNA sequences with Illumina Miseq PE 2 * 250, a next generation high-throughput sequencing technology, more than 694 bacteria (and actinomycetes) and more than 136 fungi were annotated, including groups of native aerogenic microorganisms and deodorant microorganisms. This study indicated a serious malodor problem and abundant microorganisms from SE composting and provided basic data not only for odor pollution control but also for future functional microorganism studies.
堆肥可以将蚕粪转化为良好的肥料，但由于产生的强烈气味，这种做法的推广受到了极大的阻碍。确定气体污染物、潜在的天然产气微生物和除臭剂微生物群落，将为制定处理SE堆肥恶臭污染的良好策略奠定基础。本研究对废气和微生物多样性进行了定性和定量分析。将固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱技术与中国国家标准的其他方法相结合，对SE堆肥产生的43种气味污染物进行了鉴定和定量。氨、二氧化硫和硫化氢是挥发性无机物中的三大污染物，其浓度远远超过中国工作场所的允许标准。5-乙基-2,2,3-三甲基庚烷、2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷和5-异丁基壬烯占挥发性有机物的46.58%。使用下一代高通量测序技术Illumina Miseq PE 2*250对核糖体DNA序列进行分析，对694多种细菌（和放线菌）和136多种真菌进行了注释，包括天然产气微生物和除臭剂微生物。本研究表明SE堆肥存在严重的恶臭问题和丰富的微生物，不仅为恶臭污染控制提供了基础数据，也为未来的功能微生物研究提供了基础资料。
{"title":"Fingerprint of Exhaust Gases and Database of Microbial Diversity During Silkworm Excrement Composting","authors":"Li Li, Sentai Liao, Weiming Li, D. Xing, Guoqing Luo, Qingrong Li, Mingqiang Ye, Yang Xiao, Qiong Yang","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344593","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Composting can convert silkworm excrement (SE) into good fertilizer, but the popularization of this practice is greatly hampered due to the strong odor produced. Determining the gas pollutants, the potential native aerogenic microorganisms and deodorant microorganism communities will lay foundations for developing good strategies to deal with malodor pollution from SE composting. This study qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed the exhaust gas and the microbial diversity. With a combination of solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technology and other methods of Chinese national standards, 43 odor pollutants from SE composting were identified and quantified. Ammonia, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were the three major pollutants among the volatile inorganic compounds, with concentrations far exceeding the permissible standards for workplaces in China. 5-Ethyl-2,2,3-trimethyl-heptane, 2,2,4,6,6-5-methyl-heptane and 5-isobutyl-nonane accounted for 46.58% of volatile organic compounds. Using analysis of ribosome DNA sequences with Illumina Miseq PE 2 * 250, a next generation high-throughput sequencing technology, more than 694 bacteria (and actinomycetes) and more than 136 fungi were annotated, including groups of native aerogenic microorganisms and deodorant microorganisms. This study indicated a serious malodor problem and abundant microorganisms from SE composting and provided basic data not only for odor pollution control but also for future functional microorganism studies.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"40 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43900065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344594
Ha Duy Truong, Chong Wang, T. Kien
ABSTRACT Effects of VC application on tomato production and media properties can last for the third successive season, which was verified in this study to evaluate effects of VC application on growth, productivity and fruit quality of cherry tomato for the third season. Six treatments were designed similarly in the first and second seasons (unchanged design compared to the previous season), including: VC with rice husk ash (RHS) and coconut fiber (CF) 0% VC+ 50% RHS +50% CF (T1- control), respectively. 20%VC + 40% RHS + 40% CF(T2), 40% VC+ 30% RHS + 30% CF(T3), 60% VC + 20% RHS + 20% CF(T4), 80% VC + 10% RHS + 10% CF(T5), and 100% VC(T6). The results showed that the pH, EC, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg available in media were increased with the addition of VC. This finding revealed that the addition of VC significantly improved the physic-chemical media properties, increasing the EC and also increasing the macronutrients in the media resulting in substantial increased the yield and quality of tomato fruits. It is concluded that EC of VC was the key factor for the positive increase of the productivity and quality of tomato and the salinity (EC at 3.52 dS/m) causing restriction of water to fruits that resulted in the increase of the total soluble solids in tomato fruit and without affecting yield reduction.
{"title":"Effect of Vermicompost in Media on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Cherry Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentun Mill.) Under Net House Conditions","authors":"Ha Duy Truong, Chong Wang, T. Kien","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344594","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Effects of VC application on tomato production and media properties can last for the third successive season, which was verified in this study to evaluate effects of VC application on growth, productivity and fruit quality of cherry tomato for the third season. Six treatments were designed similarly in the first and second seasons (unchanged design compared to the previous season), including: VC with rice husk ash (RHS) and coconut fiber (CF) 0% VC+ 50% RHS +50% CF (T1- control), respectively. 20%VC + 40% RHS + 40% CF(T2), 40% VC+ 30% RHS + 30% CF(T3), 60% VC + 20% RHS + 20% CF(T4), 80% VC + 10% RHS + 10% CF(T5), and 100% VC(T6). The results showed that the pH, EC, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg available in media were increased with the addition of VC. This finding revealed that the addition of VC significantly improved the physic-chemical media properties, increasing the EC and also increasing the macronutrients in the media resulting in substantial increased the yield and quality of tomato fruits. It is concluded that EC of VC was the key factor for the positive increase of the productivity and quality of tomato and the salinity (EC at 3.52 dS/m) causing restriction of water to fruits that resulted in the increase of the total soluble solids in tomato fruit and without affecting yield reduction.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"52 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1344594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46111780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106
Jim J. Miller, P. Hazendonk, C. Drury
ABSTRACT Feedlots in southern Alberta apply composted (CM) or stockpiled (SM) manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding to cropland, but few studies have examined the effect of manure type and bedding material on carbon composition of these feedlot amendments prior to land application using solid-state 13C NMR-DPMAS (nuclear magnetic resonance-direct polarization, magic angle spinning). The particulate organic matter fraction was extracted from four amendment treatments (CM-ST, CM-WD, SM-ST, SM-WD) to avoid possible paramagnetic interference from considerable mineral soil in the manure from the unpaved feedlot. The hypothesis was that O-alkyl C of POM should be lower for more decomposed manure types (CM than SM) and bedding materials (ST than WD), and that alkyl C, aromatic C, carboxyl C, aromaticity, and alkyl:O-alkyl (A:O-A) ratio should be greater for the more decomposed amendments. The C composition of all feedlot amendments was dominated by aromatic C (8%–14%) and O-alkyl (7%–14%) C and had considerable less contribution from carboxyl (2%–4%) and alkyl C (1%–3%). The manure type hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C (but not for the other three C groups), aromaticity, but not the A:O-A ratio. The bedding hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C, aromaticity, and A:O-A ratio, but not for alkyl C, aromatic C, and carboxyl C. A decrease in O-alkyl C, increase in aromaticity, and increase in A:O-A ratio (bedding only) with more decomposed manure types or bedding materials suggested that these 13C NMR parameters may have potential to evaluate the maturity and stability of composted feedlot manures.
{"title":"Influence of Manure Type and Bedding Material on Carbon Content of Particulate Organic Matter in Feedlot Amendments Using 13C NMR-DPMAS","authors":"Jim J. Miller, P. Hazendonk, C. Drury","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Feedlots in southern Alberta apply composted (CM) or stockpiled (SM) manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding to cropland, but few studies have examined the effect of manure type and bedding material on carbon composition of these feedlot amendments prior to land application using solid-state 13C NMR-DPMAS (nuclear magnetic resonance-direct polarization, magic angle spinning). The particulate organic matter fraction was extracted from four amendment treatments (CM-ST, CM-WD, SM-ST, SM-WD) to avoid possible paramagnetic interference from considerable mineral soil in the manure from the unpaved feedlot. The hypothesis was that O-alkyl C of POM should be lower for more decomposed manure types (CM than SM) and bedding materials (ST than WD), and that alkyl C, aromatic C, carboxyl C, aromaticity, and alkyl:O-alkyl (A:O-A) ratio should be greater for the more decomposed amendments. The C composition of all feedlot amendments was dominated by aromatic C (8%–14%) and O-alkyl (7%–14%) C and had considerable less contribution from carboxyl (2%–4%) and alkyl C (1%–3%). The manure type hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C (but not for the other three C groups), aromaticity, but not the A:O-A ratio. The bedding hypothesis was supported for O-alkyl C, aromaticity, and A:O-A ratio, but not for alkyl C, aromatic C, and carboxyl C. A decrease in O-alkyl C, increase in aromaticity, and increase in A:O-A ratio (bedding only) with more decomposed manure types or bedding materials suggested that these 13C NMR parameters may have potential to evaluate the maturity and stability of composted feedlot manures.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"26 1","pages":"27 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1342106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42317729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-15DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786
Hui Han, Yan-hang Teng, He-fa Yang, Ji Li
ABSTRACT This study was based on a long-term field trial of three different greenhouse vegetable growing systems which were started in March 2002. Fertilizer nitrogen and organic carbon inputs in three treatments in the spring of 2015 were as follows: (1) conventional system (CON): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 146 kg N ha−1 and 1483 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 525 kg N ha−1); (2) low-input system (LOW): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 325 kg N ha−1 and 3160 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 263 kg N ha−1); and (3) organic system (ORG): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 651 kg N ha−1 and 5456 kg C ha−1). N2O and CO2 fluxes were monitored in the growing season of 2015 (from March to August) using static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that: (1) The N2O and CO2 fluxes in three treatments all reached their peaks within 4 days and 8 days after irrigation, respectively. N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil temperature, soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and NO3−-N contents, while strong association between CO2 emissions and soil temperature was observed. (2) Lower cumulative N2O emission and direct emission factor (p < 0.05) were observed in ORG than that from LOW and CON. (3) No significant differences of cumulative CO2 emissions were observed in three treatments, but CO2 emissions proportion of fertilizer carbon inputs and soil organic carbon stock in ORG was significantly lower (p < 0.05).
本研究是基于2002年3月开始的三种不同温室蔬菜种植系统的长期田间试验。2015年春季3个处理的肥料氮和有机碳投入量为:(1)常规系统:牛粪和干鸡粪堆肥(N ha - 1约146 kg, C ha - 1约1483 kg)和尿素(N ha - 1约525 kg);(2)低投入系统(LOW):牛粪和干鸡粪堆肥(约325 kg N ha - 1和3160 kg C ha - 1)和尿素(约263 kg N ha - 1);(3)有机系统(ORG):牛粪和干鸡粪堆肥(约651 kg N ha - 1和5456 kg C ha - 1)。在2015年3 - 8月的生长季节，采用静态室和气相色谱技术对N2O和CO2通量进行了监测。结果表明:(1)3个处理的N2O和CO2通量均在灌后4 d和8 d达到峰值。N2O排放量与土壤温度、土壤充水孔隙空间(WFPS)和NO3−-N含量呈正相关，CO2排放量与土壤温度呈显著正相关。(2) ORG处理的累积N2O排放量和直接排放因子低于LOW处理和con处理(p < 0.05)。(3)3个处理的累积CO2排放量差异不显著，但ORG处理的肥料碳输入和土壤有机碳储量的CO2排放比例显著低于LOW处理(p < 0.05)。
{"title":"Effects of Long-Term Use of Compost on N2O and CO2 Fluxes in Greenhouse Vegetable Systems","authors":"Hui Han, Yan-hang Teng, He-fa Yang, Ji Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was based on a long-term field trial of three different greenhouse vegetable growing systems which were started in March 2002. Fertilizer nitrogen and organic carbon inputs in three treatments in the spring of 2015 were as follows: (1) conventional system (CON): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 146 kg N ha−1 and 1483 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 525 kg N ha−1); (2) low-input system (LOW): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 325 kg N ha−1 and 3160 kg C ha−1) and urea (about 263 kg N ha−1); and (3) organic system (ORG): cow manure and dry chicken manure composts (about 651 kg N ha−1 and 5456 kg C ha−1). N2O and CO2 fluxes were monitored in the growing season of 2015 (from March to August) using static chamber and gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that: (1) The N2O and CO2 fluxes in three treatments all reached their peaks within 4 days and 8 days after irrigation, respectively. N2O emissions were positively correlated with soil temperature, soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), and NO3−-N contents, while strong association between CO2 emissions and soil temperature was observed. (2) Lower cumulative N2O emission and direct emission factor (p < 0.05) were observed in ORG than that from LOW and CON. (3) No significant differences of cumulative CO2 emissions were observed in three treatments, but CO2 emissions proportion of fertilizer carbon inputs and soil organic carbon stock in ORG was significantly lower (p < 0.05).","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S61 - S69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238786","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44611958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-15DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787
Elahe Kazemi Jeznabadi, M. Jafarpour, S. Eghbalsaied, M. Pessarakli
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the possible use of prominent agricultural wastes, including wheat and barley straw, maize stem residue, wood chips, sugar beet pulp, and sawdust as basal substrates, as well as wheat and rice bran, soybean powder, and their combinations as food supplements on king oyster mushroom production. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The highest yield (2363.2 g kg−1), biological efficiency (236.32%), production rate (225.96 kg day−1), and the shortest pinhead formation stage (10 days) were observed in sugar beet pulp mixed with rice bran. The shortest time for primary fruit body phase (3.66 days) and complete fruit body phase (4.5 days) were observed in wheat straw combined with soybean powder as well as barley straw mixed with some supplements, respectively. Different substrate compositions had significant effects on the growth period, yield, production rate, and biological efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes.
摘要本研究旨在研究主要农业废弃物，包括小麦和大麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、木屑、甜菜浆和锯末作为基础基质，以及小麦和米糠、大豆粉及其组合作为牡蛎王菇生产的食品补充剂的可能用途。在完全随机的设计中进行了四次重复的析因实验。甜菜浆与米糠混合后产量最高（2363.2 g kg−1），生物效率最高（236.32%），生产率最高（225.96 kg day−1）。小麦秸秆与大豆粉的配合使用和大麦秸秆与一些补充剂的配合使用分别观察到初级果体期最短的时间（3.66天）和完全果体期（4.5天）。不同基质成分对广泛用于营养和药用目的的杏鲍菇的生长期、产量、生产率和生物效率有显著影响。
{"title":"Effects of Various Substrates and Supplements on King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii)","authors":"Elahe Kazemi Jeznabadi, M. Jafarpour, S. Eghbalsaied, M. Pessarakli","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the possible use of prominent agricultural wastes, including wheat and barley straw, maize stem residue, wood chips, sugar beet pulp, and sawdust as basal substrates, as well as wheat and rice bran, soybean powder, and their combinations as food supplements on king oyster mushroom production. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The highest yield (2363.2 g kg−1), biological efficiency (236.32%), production rate (225.96 kg day−1), and the shortest pinhead formation stage (10 days) were observed in sugar beet pulp mixed with rice bran. The shortest time for primary fruit body phase (3.66 days) and complete fruit body phase (4.5 days) were observed in wheat straw combined with soybean powder as well as barley straw mixed with some supplements, respectively. Different substrate compositions had significant effects on the growth period, yield, production rate, and biological efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii widely used for nutritional and medicinal purposes.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S1 - S10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1238787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45511333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-15DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082
Matthew M. Smith, J. Aber, Robert Rynk
ABSTRACT It has long been recognized that composting yields a large quantity of thermal energy, which is normally lost to the surrounding environment as heat. Efforts to recover this heat using compost heat recovery systems (CHRSs) have been sporadic. Literature on the subject is also disjointed. To summarize the research that has been conducted, the authors performed an extensive literature review, covering publications in scientific journals, trade magazines, books, theses, and published reports. A focus on CHRS design and heat recovery rates is presented. The review covers 45 CHRSs in 16 different countries, ranging from simple hotbeds used in China 2000 years ago, to advanced super-thermal conductor heat pipe systems in 2016. Heat recovery rates varied significantly, with no predictable trend among the 45 systems. Recovery rates averaged 1895 kJ/hr (1159 kJ/kg DM) for lab-scale systems, 20,035 kJ/hr (4302 kJ/kg DM) for pilot-scale systems, and 204,907 kJ/hr (7084 kJ/kg DM) for commercial systems.
{"title":"Heat Recovery from Composting: A Comprehensive Review of System Design, Recovery Rate, and Utilization","authors":"Matthew M. Smith, J. Aber, Robert Rynk","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It has long been recognized that composting yields a large quantity of thermal energy, which is normally lost to the surrounding environment as heat. Efforts to recover this heat using compost heat recovery systems (CHRSs) have been sporadic. Literature on the subject is also disjointed. To summarize the research that has been conducted, the authors performed an extensive literature review, covering publications in scientific journals, trade magazines, books, theses, and published reports. A focus on CHRS design and heat recovery rates is presented. The review covers 45 CHRSs in 16 different countries, ranging from simple hotbeds used in China 2000 years ago, to advanced super-thermal conductor heat pipe systems in 2016. Heat recovery rates varied significantly, with no predictable trend among the 45 systems. Recovery rates averaged 1895 kJ/hr (1159 kJ/kg DM) for lab-scale systems, 20,035 kJ/hr (4302 kJ/kg DM) for pilot-scale systems, and 204,907 kJ/hr (7084 kJ/kg DM) for commercial systems.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S11 - S22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1233082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42091767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716
A. Schüch, Gert Morscheck, A. Lemke, M. Nelles
ABSTRACT German biodegradable waste is collected separately, recycled and ecologically and economically sound used. Around the world biodegradable waste in landfills is the main factor for greenhouse gas emissions. This environmental impact can be significantly reduced by the separate collection and use of organic waste. The separate collection of bio-waste is also a precondition for reutilizing of organic matter and nutrients. Only from separately collected bio-waste it is possible to produce high-quality compost and digestate, which are suitable for agricultural or horticultural use. The separate collection of bio-waste from households affects the amount and composition of the residual waste. By separating bio-waste, the remaining amount of waste is reduced up to a third. At the same time the residual waste contains less wet ingredients, which facilitate the waste sorting and makes the treatment in waste incineration plants more effective or even possible. Both, the recycling of compost and digestate on soils, as well as the energy recovery of bio-waste, contribute to climate protection and resource conservation. The operation of the treatment plants determines how much of the greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia is released during the process. Some plant operators need to be awakened and their awareness of climate-relevant emissions from their bio-waste treatment plants has to be raised. Also the amount of collected organic waste should be further reinforced. In Germany since 2015 the separate collection of bio-waste has to improve!
{"title":"Bio-Waste Recycling in Germany – Further Challenges","authors":"A. Schüch, Gert Morscheck, A. Lemke, M. Nelles","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT German biodegradable waste is collected separately, recycled and ecologically and economically sound used. Around the world biodegradable waste in landfills is the main factor for greenhouse gas emissions. This environmental impact can be significantly reduced by the separate collection and use of organic waste. The separate collection of bio-waste is also a precondition for reutilizing of organic matter and nutrients. Only from separately collected bio-waste it is possible to produce high-quality compost and digestate, which are suitable for agricultural or horticultural use. The separate collection of bio-waste from households affects the amount and composition of the residual waste. By separating bio-waste, the remaining amount of waste is reduced up to a third. At the same time the residual waste contains less wet ingredients, which facilitate the waste sorting and makes the treatment in waste incineration plants more effective or even possible. Both, the recycling of compost and digestate on soils, as well as the energy recovery of bio-waste, contribute to climate protection and resource conservation. The operation of the treatment plants determines how much of the greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia is released during the process. Some plant operators need to be awakened and their awareness of climate-relevant emissions from their bio-waste treatment plants has to be raised. Also the amount of collected organic waste should be further reinforced. In Germany since 2015 the separate collection of bio-waste has to improve!","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S53 - S60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1395716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46336998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674
S. Mishima, A. Leon, S. Eguchi, Y. Shirato
ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to quantify life cycle of nutrient elements for soil and crops, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and carbon (C), from feed of livestock to potential of manure production via livestock waste, a potentially sustainable application of manure for farmland soils in Japan in 1980 and 2010. We also estimated real application to farmland from a questionnaire by setting several hypotheses to collect real proportion of farm households, because the questionnaire was intended for full-time farms, the proportion of which is minor within all farms. The questionnaire survey was conducted five times, from 1979 to 2003 for 5-year intervals, and one time from 2008 to 2013. These data were set for the years 1980 and 2010. As a result, the livestock feed became lower in P and K input, livestock got better nutrient use efficiency for livestock products, and waste production was reduced in 2010 than 1980. Potential of manure production was decreased in 2010 from what it was in 1980; however, estimated application of manure was also reduced from full to half of potential of manure production. Application level of manure in 1980 was higher than the amount that farmland received sustainably. This might be allowed for enhancing soil fertility; as such activity was also needed at that time. On the other hand, in 2010, application of manure was estimated to be less than half of that in 1980 and had not reached sustainable application level. From 1980 to 2010, manure application had been decreased, even though trends of manure application for crops per area were different in each crop. Although lack or surplus of manure might not always explain trend of soil fertility, we need continues survey of soil fertilities to check and monitor to grasp the trend of soil fertility indicated by total C and N, available N, P, and K, as well as estimate application of manure to farmland.
{"title":"Livestock Waste, Potential Manure Production and Its Use in Japan in 1980 and 2010","authors":"S. Mishima, A. Leon, S. Eguchi, Y. Shirato","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to quantify life cycle of nutrient elements for soil and crops, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and carbon (C), from feed of livestock to potential of manure production via livestock waste, a potentially sustainable application of manure for farmland soils in Japan in 1980 and 2010. We also estimated real application to farmland from a questionnaire by setting several hypotheses to collect real proportion of farm households, because the questionnaire was intended for full-time farms, the proportion of which is minor within all farms. The questionnaire survey was conducted five times, from 1979 to 2003 for 5-year intervals, and one time from 2008 to 2013. These data were set for the years 1980 and 2010. As a result, the livestock feed became lower in P and K input, livestock got better nutrient use efficiency for livestock products, and waste production was reduced in 2010 than 1980. Potential of manure production was decreased in 2010 from what it was in 1980; however, estimated application of manure was also reduced from full to half of potential of manure production. Application level of manure in 1980 was higher than the amount that farmland received sustainably. This might be allowed for enhancing soil fertility; as such activity was also needed at that time. On the other hand, in 2010, application of manure was estimated to be less than half of that in 1980 and had not reached sustainable application level. From 1980 to 2010, manure application had been decreased, even though trends of manure application for crops per area were different in each crop. Although lack or surplus of manure might not always explain trend of soil fertility, we need continues survey of soil fertilities to check and monitor to grasp the trend of soil fertility indicated by total C and N, available N, P, and K, as well as estimate application of manure to farmland.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S43 - S52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44214316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430
R. Chang, F. Michel, J. Gan, Q. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Li
ABSTRACT Compost is frequently used in vegetable production in China, however the feedstocks used for these composts come from a variety of sources, some of which could contain herbicide residues. To evaluate the risk of herbicides on compost products used as growth substrates, we chose three sensitive vegetable crops: green bean, tomato, and cucumber, and grew them in compost without herbicide (CK), with Clopyralid (C1, 0.001 μg/g), Trifluralin (C2, 0.05 μg/g), Imprelis (C3, 0.01 μg/g), and mixed-herbicides (CM). In the CM treatment, all of the herbicides were added at 1/10 the concentration of the single treatments. The media were amended with the composts at 0, 5, 10, and 20%. Emergence rate, Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) and various growth indexes (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass) were determined after 45 days. The results indicated that: compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%. Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops. The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean. The inhibition of growth index was greater in CM-20 than the other treatments, even though lower concentrations of each herbicide were used. Compost containing Trifluralin had the most inhibitory effect among the three single herbicides. However, the inhibitory effects varied in the different treatments. In conclusion, compost can increase the emergence rate and plant growth index (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass), but composts polluted by herbicides had negative impacts on plant growth, especially at higher compost amendment ratios of 20%. Therefore, the utilization of compost made from agricultural wastes, especially in vegetable fields, should be closely monitored.
{"title":"Effect of Single and Combined Herbicides in Compost on Growth of Sensitive Crops: Green Bean, Cucumber, and Tomato","authors":"R. Chang, F. Michel, J. Gan, Q. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Li","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Compost is frequently used in vegetable production in China, however the feedstocks used for these composts come from a variety of sources, some of which could contain herbicide residues. To evaluate the risk of herbicides on compost products used as growth substrates, we chose three sensitive vegetable crops: green bean, tomato, and cucumber, and grew them in compost without herbicide (CK), with Clopyralid (C1, 0.001 μg/g), Trifluralin (C2, 0.05 μg/g), Imprelis (C3, 0.01 μg/g), and mixed-herbicides (CM). In the CM treatment, all of the herbicides were added at 1/10 the concentration of the single treatments. The media were amended with the composts at 0, 5, 10, and 20%. Emergence rate, Seedling Vigor Index (SVI) and various growth indexes (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass) were determined after 45 days. The results indicated that: compost without herbicides (CK) had a positive influence on plant emergence (except green bean), VSI, and growth. The influence increased with each addition up to 20%. Contaminated composts significantly reduced the emergence rate of tomato and cucumber, especially cucumber; the VSI of tomato and cucumber, especially for tomato; and some of the grown indexes of the three crops. The inhibition was more obvious for tomato and cucumber than for green bean. The inhibition of growth index was greater in CM-20 than the other treatments, even though lower concentrations of each herbicide were used. Compost containing Trifluralin had the most inhibitory effect among the three single herbicides. However, the inhibitory effects varied in the different treatments. In conclusion, compost can increase the emergence rate and plant growth index (shoot height, stem diameter, leaf area, root dry weight, and plant biomass), but composts polluted by herbicides had negative impacts on plant growth, especially at higher compost amendment ratios of 20%. Therefore, the utilization of compost made from agricultural wastes, especially in vegetable fields, should be closely monitored.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S23 - S30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1385430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45819697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673
J. Castellanos, P. Cano-Rios, Edgar M García-Carrillo, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, P. Preciado-Rangel, Juan Luis Ríos-Plaza, J. L. García-Hernández
ABSTRACT Many greenhouse-vegetable growers cannot participate in the organic market due to the scarcity of organic fertilizers, which are able both to (a) satisfy the crop's nutritional needs similarly to when using a nutrient solution, and (b) be regarded as biological, ecological, or in general terms “sustainable.” Four different fertilization regimes using three different hot pepper genotypes were applied under greenhouse conditions in arid land of Mexico. The three genotypes were of the “Serrano” variety and were obtained from different arid lands in northern Mexico. The entire crop management was 100% organic according to United States organic standards. We found that vermicompost—obtained from the metabolism of Eisenia fetida feed with cow manure plus maize waste—was able to supply the needed nutrients to the cultivars to obtain a growth and yield similar to the plants supplied with nutrient solution. The most productive genotype (Don Diego) showed the following fresh yield values: 1.98, 1.84, 1.24, and 1.11 kg plant−1 for treatments with conventional nutrient solution, vermicompost, solarized cow manure, and solarized poultry manure, respectively. The fertilization with poultry manure resulted in lower values in every growth and yield variable measured. However, this same treatment showed the highest values in ascorbic acid with 328.6 and 327.4 mg 100 mL−1 for genotypes Don Ramón and Don Vicente, respectively. The overall results suggest that organic sources of nutrients may be able to supply the needs of greenhouse hot peppers as alternative for organic farmers. Treatment with vermicompost showed the general best behavior in all of the plants.
{"title":"Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality Using Organic Sources of Nutrients","authors":"J. Castellanos, P. Cano-Rios, Edgar M García-Carrillo, Víctor Olalde-Portugal, P. Preciado-Rangel, Juan Luis Ríos-Plaza, J. L. García-Hernández","doi":"10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many greenhouse-vegetable growers cannot participate in the organic market due to the scarcity of organic fertilizers, which are able both to (a) satisfy the crop's nutritional needs similarly to when using a nutrient solution, and (b) be regarded as biological, ecological, or in general terms “sustainable.” Four different fertilization regimes using three different hot pepper genotypes were applied under greenhouse conditions in arid land of Mexico. The three genotypes were of the “Serrano” variety and were obtained from different arid lands in northern Mexico. The entire crop management was 100% organic according to United States organic standards. We found that vermicompost—obtained from the metabolism of Eisenia fetida feed with cow manure plus maize waste—was able to supply the needed nutrients to the cultivars to obtain a growth and yield similar to the plants supplied with nutrient solution. The most productive genotype (Don Diego) showed the following fresh yield values: 1.98, 1.84, 1.24, and 1.11 kg plant−1 for treatments with conventional nutrient solution, vermicompost, solarized cow manure, and solarized poultry manure, respectively. The fertilization with poultry manure resulted in lower values in every growth and yield variable measured. However, this same treatment showed the highest values in ascorbic acid with 328.6 and 327.4 mg 100 mL−1 for genotypes Don Ramón and Don Vicente, respectively. The overall results suggest that organic sources of nutrients may be able to supply the needs of greenhouse hot peppers as alternative for organic farmers. Treatment with vermicompost showed the general best behavior in all of the plants.","PeriodicalId":10714,"journal":{"name":"Compost Science & Utilization","volume":"25 1","pages":"S70 - S77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/1065657X.2017.1362673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49276618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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