Pub Date : 2024-02-12DOI: 10.2174/0115734110298646240206061830
Amani Alhalwani
Background: In biological systems, lactoferrin (LF) is a crucial protein for protecting the body against diseases and pathogens that can affect both humans and animals. LF is a multifunction protein that binds to different surface receptors to stimulate the innate immune system. In diabetes, lactoferrin has a direct association with inflammation. The effects of inflammation interaction are unknown but reasonably could include changes in LF, a body protein whose changed concentration correlates with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The LF content in plasma has been used as a disease biomarker, and there is a need for convenient and reliable assays. Method: An innovative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied to measure circulating lactoferrin levels as an inflammation marker in human samples, including healthy and type 2 diabetes. Results: Under optimized conditions, the proposed indirect ELISA was evaluated and linearly responded to LF standards in a 0.05–0.5 µgmL−1 range. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 µgmL−1, and a reliable limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.240 µgmL−1 . Conclusion: The developed assay showed both specificity and reproducibility, indicating the utility of this indirect ELISA in LF monitoring. This study provides a definitive indirect ELISA protocol to detect various lactoferrin antigens with accurate, reliable, and reproducible data, and it could be applied for diagnosing lactoferrin-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Our innovative approach provides a relatively cost-effective, sensitive, and precise way to assess LF in various human plasmas.
{"title":"Development of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Lactoferrin in Type 2 Diabetes Plasma: A Novel Approach","authors":"Amani Alhalwani","doi":"10.2174/0115734110298646240206061830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110298646240206061830","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In biological systems, lactoferrin (LF) is a crucial protein for protecting the body against diseases and pathogens that can affect both humans and animals. LF is a multifunction protein that binds to different surface receptors to stimulate the innate immune system. In diabetes, lactoferrin has a direct association with inflammation. The effects of inflammation interaction are unknown but reasonably could include changes in LF, a body protein whose changed concentration correlates with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The LF content in plasma has been used as a disease biomarker, and there is a need for convenient and reliable assays. Method: An innovative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and applied to measure circulating lactoferrin levels as an inflammation marker in human samples, including healthy and type 2 diabetes. Results: Under optimized conditions, the proposed indirect ELISA was evaluated and linearly responded to LF standards in a 0.05–0.5 µgmL−1 range. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 µgmL−1, and a reliable limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.240 µgmL−1 . Conclusion: The developed assay showed both specificity and reproducibility, indicating the utility of this indirect ELISA in LF monitoring. This study provides a definitive indirect ELISA protocol to detect various lactoferrin antigens with accurate, reliable, and reproducible data, and it could be applied for diagnosing lactoferrin-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Our innovative approach provides a relatively cost-effective, sensitive, and precise way to assess LF in various human plasmas.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139762091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.2174/0115734110288673240201055400
Yi Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Xiaoyi Xie, Dong Li, Yuxiu Fan, Bin Huang, Xiupei Yang
: Aflatoxin B1 is highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic and is a class I carcinogen. Peanuts, cotton, and corn may be affected by AFB1 during cultivation, which can seriously jeopardize human health. Developing a simple, sensitive, and selective method for detecting AFB1 is imminent. Aptamers are obtained through in vitro screening of ligands by single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) through exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. As emerging highly selective recognition molecules, they have the advantages of strong affinity, good stability, and strong specificity. Because it does not have the function of signal conversion, it cannot produce physicochemical signals that can be detected in the process of specific binding with target molecules, so it is necessary to convert the process of specific binding of aptamers to target molecules into a process of easily detectable physicochemical signal changes. According to different conversion methods, aptamer biosensors are divided into electrochemical aptamer sensors, fluorescent aptamer sensors, colorimetric aptamer sensors, surface Raman-enhanced aptamer sensors, and so on. Herein, the recent progress and application of aflatoxin B1 detection by nucleic acid aptamer biosensors based on the above signals are reviewed, and the future development prospects and challenges of this kind of biosensor are summarized.
{"title":"Research Progress in the Detection of Aflatoxin B1 Based on Aptamers","authors":"Yi Zhang, Xiaofang Chen, Xiaoyi Xie, Dong Li, Yuxiu Fan, Bin Huang, Xiupei Yang","doi":"10.2174/0115734110288673240201055400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110288673240201055400","url":null,"abstract":": Aflatoxin B1 is highly toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic and is a class I carcinogen. Peanuts, cotton, and corn may be affected by AFB1 during cultivation, which can seriously jeopardize human health. Developing a simple, sensitive, and selective method for detecting AFB1 is imminent. Aptamers are obtained through in vitro screening of ligands by single-stranded oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) through exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. As emerging highly selective recognition molecules, they have the advantages of strong affinity, good stability, and strong specificity. Because it does not have the function of signal conversion, it cannot produce physicochemical signals that can be detected in the process of specific binding with target molecules, so it is necessary to convert the process of specific binding of aptamers to target molecules into a process of easily detectable physicochemical signal changes. According to different conversion methods, aptamer biosensors are divided into electrochemical aptamer sensors, fluorescent aptamer sensors, colorimetric aptamer sensors, surface Raman-enhanced aptamer sensors, and so on. Herein, the recent progress and application of aflatoxin B1 detection by nucleic acid aptamer biosensors based on the above signals are reviewed, and the future development prospects and challenges of this kind of biosensor are summarized.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139762093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.2174/0115734110278516240129174949
Jie C. Chow, Bontha Venkata Subrahmanya Lokesh, Gabriel A. Akowuah
Background: Amikacin belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics used in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections. It is resistant to the aminoglycosides modifying enzymes, making it a clinically effective drug in multidrug-resistant infections. Method: In this study, a simple Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used for the quantification of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injection. The infrared spectra were generated in the spectral range of 4000–667 cm-1. The calibration curve was computed through TQ Analyst Pro edition software, and the partial least square regression analysis found the linearity in the range of 10-60% w/w. objective: This study described a simple and non-destructive Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the determination of amikacin in amikacin sulphate for injection. Results: The best calibration results were obtained in the spectral region from 1040 to 1020 cm-1 with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 1.000. The residual mean standard error (RMSEC) value was 0.00235. The percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 8.0. The percent relative error (%RE) values were calculated and found in between the range of 0.52 to 5.60. The percent recovery of the amikacin estimation was 113.09 ± 4.27(n=3). method: The pure amikacin was diluted using pure and dried potassium bromide to make serial concentrations of 1-100 %w/w. All samples were scanned between the wavenumber range of 4000-667cm-1 using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. All the spectra were processed using TQ Analyst Pro Software using the PLS algorithm for obtaining a calibration curve. The specific spectral bands were taken in the finger-print region especially 1500-667 cm-1. The best calibration was showed between 1040-1020cm-1. Conclusion: This validated method is considered a green method, which is suitable for the routine analysis of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injections. conclusion: This calibrated and validated green method is suitable for the routine analysis of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injection and other pharmaceutical formulations.
{"title":"Quantitative Applications of ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy with Chemometrics for the Estimation of Amikacin in Amikacin Sulphate Injections","authors":"Jie C. Chow, Bontha Venkata Subrahmanya Lokesh, Gabriel A. Akowuah","doi":"10.2174/0115734110278516240129174949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110278516240129174949","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Amikacin belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics used in the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections. It is resistant to the aminoglycosides modifying enzymes, making it a clinically effective drug in multidrug-resistant infections. Method: In this study, a simple Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used for the quantification of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injection. The infrared spectra were generated in the spectral range of 4000–667 cm-1. The calibration curve was computed through TQ Analyst Pro edition software, and the partial least square regression analysis found the linearity in the range of 10-60% w/w. objective: This study described a simple and non-destructive Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the determination of amikacin in amikacin sulphate for injection. Results: The best calibration results were obtained in the spectral region from 1040 to 1020 cm-1 with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 1.000. The residual mean standard error (RMSEC) value was 0.00235. The percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 8.0. The percent relative error (%RE) values were calculated and found in between the range of 0.52 to 5.60. The percent recovery of the amikacin estimation was 113.09 ± 4.27(n=3). method: The pure amikacin was diluted using pure and dried potassium bromide to make serial concentrations of 1-100 %w/w. All samples were scanned between the wavenumber range of 4000-667cm-1 using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. All the spectra were processed using TQ Analyst Pro Software using the PLS algorithm for obtaining a calibration curve. The specific spectral bands were taken in the finger-print region especially 1500-667 cm-1. The best calibration was showed between 1040-1020cm-1. Conclusion: This validated method is considered a green method, which is suitable for the routine analysis of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injections. conclusion: This calibrated and validated green method is suitable for the routine analysis of amikacin in amikacin sulphate injection and other pharmaceutical formulations.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139762349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background:: Scutellariae Radix, one of the most widely used herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine, exhibits various biological activities due to its chemical components, which stand out for a number of flavonoids. In this study, Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UAATPE) was employed for the first time to obtain a high extraction rate and high purity of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix. Methods:: The Box-Behnken response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize the extraction conditions with the application of the new aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of ethanol and ammonium sulfate. The major influence factors, including ethanol concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, sonication time, and extraction temperature, were investigated by the single-factor experiment. The compositional characterization of flavonoids was characterized with HPLC-UV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to research the surface morphology of raw material. Furthermore, the bioactivities of the extract obtained by UA-ATPE were studied in vitro. Results:: The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the ethanol content was 26.12% (w/w), the ammonium sulfate content was 20.02% (w/w), the liquid-to-solid ratio was 40 mL/g, the sonication time was 5 min with the ultrasonic power of 250 W, and the operating process was performed at room temperature. Compared with the traditional extraction methods, UA-ATPE exhibited higher extraction efficiency and better extraction selectivity. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests showed that enriched products possessed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusion:: The study confirmed that the developed method of UA-ATPE could be used as an efficient, eco-friendly, and low-consumption method for the extraction and purification of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix.
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction of Flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix and Evaluation of their Bioactivities In Vitro","authors":"Zhenkai Ge, Yongheng Zhao, Xu Ling, Chenpan Zhu, Xincai Hao","doi":"10.2174/0115734110285441240119060535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110285441240119060535","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: Scutellariae Radix, one of the most widely used herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine, exhibits various biological activities due to its chemical components, which stand out for a number of flavonoids. In this study, Ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UAATPE) was employed for the first time to obtain a high extraction rate and high purity of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix. Methods:: The Box-Behnken response surface method (RSM) was utilized to optimize the extraction conditions with the application of the new aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of ethanol and ammonium sulfate. The major influence factors, including ethanol concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, sonication time, and extraction temperature, were investigated by the single-factor experiment. The compositional characterization of flavonoids was characterized with HPLC-UV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to research the surface morphology of raw material. Furthermore, the bioactivities of the extract obtained by UA-ATPE were studied in vitro. Results:: The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the ethanol content was 26.12% (w/w), the ammonium sulfate content was 20.02% (w/w), the liquid-to-solid ratio was 40 mL/g, the sonication time was 5 min with the ultrasonic power of 250 W, and the operating process was performed at room temperature. Compared with the traditional extraction methods, UA-ATPE exhibited higher extraction efficiency and better extraction selectivity. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests showed that enriched products possessed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusion:: The study confirmed that the developed method of UA-ATPE could be used as an efficient, eco-friendly, and low-consumption method for the extraction and purification of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139665259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.2174/0115734110289769240125115919
Yan Yang, Yuying Jian, Bin Liu
Background:: Ganoderma is known for its pharmaceutical, nutritional, and functional benefits. Its primary bioactive components are ganoderic acids. However, previous quantification methods only analyzed an individual or limited number of ganoderic acids. This study aims to develop a reliable method for simultaneously quantifying the major ganoderic acids to enhance Ganoderma quality control and study its active ingredients. Methods:: We developed a rapid quality assessment method to simultaneously determine the eleven ganoderic acids in Ganoderma using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The sample extraction method, along with mass spectrometric detection and chromatographic separation conditions was optimized. The separation was carried out using the ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometry utilized negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI-), with quantitative analysis being carried out in the MRM mode. Results:: The calibration curves showed good correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.998). The recovery range was 89.1–114.0%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) were below 6.8% (n = 6) and 8.1% (n = 6), respectively. Furthermore, the detection and quantification limits were 0.66–6.55 μg/kg and 2.20–21.84 μg/kg, respectively. All 11 ganoderic acids in the sample solution remained stable at room temperature for 72 hours. A total of 11 ganoderic acids were quantified in the 13 Ganoderma samples. The levels of ganoderic acids were higher in Ganoderma lucidum than in Ganoderma sinense Conclusion:: The method developed in this study can quantify ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum, thus establishing a technical foundation for evaluating the Ganoderma quality.
{"title":"Rapid Determination of Diverse Ganoderic Acids in Ganoderma Using UPLC–MS/MS","authors":"Yan Yang, Yuying Jian, Bin Liu","doi":"10.2174/0115734110289769240125115919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110289769240125115919","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: Ganoderma is known for its pharmaceutical, nutritional, and functional benefits. Its primary bioactive components are ganoderic acids. However, previous quantification methods only analyzed an individual or limited number of ganoderic acids. This study aims to develop a reliable method for simultaneously quantifying the major ganoderic acids to enhance Ganoderma quality control and study its active ingredients. Methods:: We developed a rapid quality assessment method to simultaneously determine the eleven ganoderic acids in Ganoderma using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The sample extraction method, along with mass spectrometric detection and chromatographic separation conditions was optimized. The separation was carried out using the ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometry utilized negative mode electrospray ionization (ESI-), with quantitative analysis being carried out in the MRM mode. Results:: The calibration curves showed good correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.998). The recovery range was 89.1–114.0%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) were below 6.8% (n = 6) and 8.1% (n = 6), respectively. Furthermore, the detection and quantification limits were 0.66–6.55 μg/kg and 2.20–21.84 μg/kg, respectively. All 11 ganoderic acids in the sample solution remained stable at room temperature for 72 hours. A total of 11 ganoderic acids were quantified in the 13 Ganoderma samples. The levels of ganoderic acids were higher in Ganoderma lucidum than in Ganoderma sinense Conclusion:: The method developed in this study can quantify ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum, thus establishing a technical foundation for evaluating the Ganoderma quality.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139665269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.2174/0115734110283961240111045656
Maroof Ali, Ajmal Khan, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Liaqat Ali, Rabia Maqsood, Amjad Hussain, Hamida Al Rabani, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Farah Jabeen, Fazal Mabood, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Javid Hussain
Background: Rutin is a natural flavonol that showed excellent antiglycation activity with an IC50 value of 294.5 ± 1.5 μM. In the current study, three selected plant species of Euphorbia, i.e., Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia larica, and Euphorbia wallichii, were analyzed for the quantification of rutin. Methods: The quantification was done through a newly developed method of Emission spectroscopy coupled with Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) and UV-visible spectroscopy as a parallel cross-validation method Results: The spectroscopic results indicated the highest rutin concentration in the roots of E. helioscopia (11.25 mg/100 g) followed by roots of E. wallichii (9.93 mg/100 g), leaves of E. helioscopia and the whole plant of E. larica (9.41 mg/100 g). The leaves of E. wallichii (8.66 mg/100 g) were found to contain the lowest concentration of rutin among all the tested samples Conclusion: The present method is one of the simple, robust, and non-destructive methods to carry out the quantitative estimation of rutin in plants.
{"title":"Quantification of Rutin, an Anti-glycating Drug, in Selected Euphorbia Species by Florescence Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression Analysis","authors":"Maroof Ali, Ajmal Khan, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Liaqat Ali, Rabia Maqsood, Amjad Hussain, Hamida Al Rabani, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Farah Jabeen, Fazal Mabood, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Javid Hussain","doi":"10.2174/0115734110283961240111045656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110283961240111045656","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rutin is a natural flavonol that showed excellent antiglycation activity with an IC50 value of 294.5 ± 1.5 μM. In the current study, three selected plant species of Euphorbia, i.e., Euphorbia helioscopia, Euphorbia larica, and Euphorbia wallichii, were analyzed for the quantification of rutin. Methods: The quantification was done through a newly developed method of Emission spectroscopy coupled with Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) and UV-visible spectroscopy as a parallel cross-validation method Results: The spectroscopic results indicated the highest rutin concentration in the roots of E. helioscopia (11.25 mg/100 g) followed by roots of E. wallichii (9.93 mg/100 g), leaves of E. helioscopia and the whole plant of E. larica (9.41 mg/100 g). The leaves of E. wallichii (8.66 mg/100 g) were found to contain the lowest concentration of rutin among all the tested samples Conclusion: The present method is one of the simple, robust, and non-destructive methods to carry out the quantitative estimation of rutin in plants.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139664996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.2174/0115734110282582240116111759
Abdulhussein Abdulameer Alkufi, Mohanad Hussain Oleiwi, Ali Abid Abojassim
Background:: The analysis of heavy metals in the blood serum can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals Method:: In this study, performed in Al-Najaf during 2023, concentrations of three heavy metals - cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) – were investigated in two groups: cigarette smokers, and non-smokers (the control group) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Participants in this experiment were categorized into five age groups: 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61- 70. Results:: The results showed that smokers displayed significantly higher blood serum concentrations of all heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) compared to non-smokers Furthermore, it is found that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb for smokers were 0.873±0.619 ppm, 1.957±0.883 ppm, and 0.043±0.021 ppm, respectively. For non-smokers, they were 0.197±0.165 ppm, 0.159±0.105 ppm, and 0.031±0.016 ppm, respectively. These differences were statistically significant. Overall, the mean heavy metal levels displayed a descending order in the present study, i.e. Cd > Cr > Pb." Conclusion:: The concentrations of Cd and Cr in all samples of the present study were higher than the biological limit according to ACGIH. Therefore, Cd and Cr were the most critical metals accumulated in the blood of cigarette smokers. Additionally, the findings have indicated that the analysis of blood serum samples can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals.
{"title":"Heavy Metals in Blood Serum of Smokers and Non-smoking Controls","authors":"Abdulhussein Abdulameer Alkufi, Mohanad Hussain Oleiwi, Ali Abid Abojassim","doi":"10.2174/0115734110282582240116111759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110282582240116111759","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: The analysis of heavy metals in the blood serum can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals Method:: In this study, performed in Al-Najaf during 2023, concentrations of three heavy metals - cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) – were investigated in two groups: cigarette smokers, and non-smokers (the control group) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Participants in this experiment were categorized into five age groups: 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, and 61- 70. Results:: The results showed that smokers displayed significantly higher blood serum concentrations of all heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) compared to non-smokers Furthermore, it is found that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb for smokers were 0.873±0.619 ppm, 1.957±0.883 ppm, and 0.043±0.021 ppm, respectively. For non-smokers, they were 0.197±0.165 ppm, 0.159±0.105 ppm, and 0.031±0.016 ppm, respectively. These differences were statistically significant. Overall, the mean heavy metal levels displayed a descending order in the present study, i.e. Cd > Cr > Pb.\" Conclusion:: The concentrations of Cd and Cr in all samples of the present study were higher than the biological limit according to ACGIH. Therefore, Cd and Cr were the most critical metals accumulated in the blood of cigarette smokers. Additionally, the findings have indicated that the analysis of blood serum samples can serve as a reliable indicator for establishing the association between cigarette smoking and the presence of heavy metals.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139583076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.2174/0115734110292025240119112208
Yue Ma, Xuqiao Liu, Kai Yan, Jingdong Zhang
Background: 17β-estradiol (E2) is a steroid hormone that has the potential to disrupt the endocrine system, leading to adverse effects on both humans and ecosystems, even when present in low concentrations. The quantitative determination of E2 is of great practical significance. Hypothesis: Electrochemical methods offer several advantages, including low cost, ease of operation, and potential for miniaturization, which makes them suitable for on-field detection applications. Methods: This research developed a miniaturized electrochemical sensor utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) assembled on an AuNPs/ITO film electrode for sensitive voltammetric detection of a steroid hormone, E2. Results: Compared with AuNPs/ITO electrodes, the g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO exhibits higher sensitivity for voltammetric detection of E2. Under optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetric response on the g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO electrode was proportional to E2 concentration in the 25 ~ 600 µmol/L range, with a detection limit of 6.5 µmol/L. Conclusion: The proposed g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO electrode exhibited a wide linear range, good selectivity, and practical applicability for determining E2 in environmental water samples with acceptable recovery.
{"title":"Construction of a Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensor for Voltammetric Detection of 17β-Estradiol using a g-C3N4-Decorated Gold Nanoparticles Electrode","authors":"Yue Ma, Xuqiao Liu, Kai Yan, Jingdong Zhang","doi":"10.2174/0115734110292025240119112208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110292025240119112208","url":null,"abstract":"Background: 17β-estradiol (E2) is a steroid hormone that has the potential to disrupt the endocrine system, leading to adverse effects on both humans and ecosystems, even when present in low concentrations. The quantitative determination of E2 is of great practical significance. Hypothesis: Electrochemical methods offer several advantages, including low cost, ease of operation, and potential for miniaturization, which makes them suitable for on-field detection applications. Methods: This research developed a miniaturized electrochemical sensor utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) assembled on an AuNPs/ITO film electrode for sensitive voltammetric detection of a steroid hormone, E2. Results: Compared with AuNPs/ITO electrodes, the g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO exhibits higher sensitivity for voltammetric detection of E2. Under optimal conditions, the differential pulse voltammetric response on the g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO electrode was proportional to E2 concentration in the 25 ~ 600 µmol/L range, with a detection limit of 6.5 µmol/L. Conclusion: The proposed g-C3N4/AuNPs/ITO electrode exhibited a wide linear range, good selectivity, and practical applicability for determining E2 in environmental water samples with acceptable recovery.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139582867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction:: Cherry-red tobacco is a flue-cured variant that possesses a distinctive “sticky rice” flavor, which is highly valued by the tobacco industry. However, the value of cherryred tobacco is dubious due to the possible health risks associated with tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Objective:: This study aimed to investigate the chemical origin of the “sticky rice” flavor and to assess the potential health hazards of TSNAs. Method:: An optimized untargeted analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a targeted analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted Result:: Over one hundred compounds were identified and quantified. Cherry-red tobacco and the normal control showed significant differences in forty-three of these compounds. Pyridine alkaloids and their derivatives constituted the main difference. Nornicotine, a demethylated product of nicotine in cherry-red tobacco, was confirmed to be pyrolyzed to 3-ethylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, and other homologues, and transferred to the smoke during smoking. The smoke of cherry-red tobacco was found to contain much higher levels of N’-nitrosonornicotine, a TSNA derived from nornicotine, than that of normal flue-cured tobacco, while the levels of the other detected TSNAs were lower. The two types of tobacco had similar total amounts of the four TSNAs. Conclusion:: The pyrolysis of nornicotine into 3-ethylpyridine and its homologues during smoking may be the main cause of the “sticky rice” flavor of cherry-red tobacco. The level of TSNAs does not reflect the difference in health risk between cherry-red tobacco and the control.
{"title":"Study on the Chemical Composition of the Mainstream Cherry-red Tobacco Smoke","authors":"Yong Li, Tao Pang, Yihan Zhang, Junli Shi, Zhongbang Song, Zhaoli Xu","doi":"10.2174/0115734110280007240110042158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110280007240110042158","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:: Cherry-red tobacco is a flue-cured variant that possesses a distinctive “sticky rice” flavor, which is highly valued by the tobacco industry. However, the value of cherryred tobacco is dubious due to the possible health risks associated with tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Objective:: This study aimed to investigate the chemical origin of the “sticky rice” flavor and to assess the potential health hazards of TSNAs. Method:: An optimized untargeted analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a targeted analysis with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were conducted Result:: Over one hundred compounds were identified and quantified. Cherry-red tobacco and the normal control showed significant differences in forty-three of these compounds. Pyridine alkaloids and their derivatives constituted the main difference. Nornicotine, a demethylated product of nicotine in cherry-red tobacco, was confirmed to be pyrolyzed to 3-ethylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, and other homologues, and transferred to the smoke during smoking. The smoke of cherry-red tobacco was found to contain much higher levels of N’-nitrosonornicotine, a TSNA derived from nornicotine, than that of normal flue-cured tobacco, while the levels of the other detected TSNAs were lower. The two types of tobacco had similar total amounts of the four TSNAs. Conclusion:: The pyrolysis of nornicotine into 3-ethylpyridine and its homologues during smoking may be the main cause of the “sticky rice” flavor of cherry-red tobacco. The level of TSNAs does not reflect the difference in health risk between cherry-red tobacco and the control.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"336 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139583327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.2174/0115734110297844240119062857
Nimisha Jadon, Bhupinder Kour, Bilal Ahmad Bhat, Harendra Kumar Sharma
aims: The present study aims to prepareFe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite by using Mangifera indica leaf extract as a reducing agent to understand the complete mechanism of photocatalytic activity against methyl orange as it is more toxic and widely distributed in aqueous streams. background: Over the years, a number of green synthesized metal-oxide based nanocomposites viz Ag/RGO/Fe3O4, CuO/ZnO, CuO/C,rGO-Ag/ZnO, Ag/TiO2, Ag/Fe3O4 etc. have been reported. They are proved to be excellent photocatalytic, anti-bacterial and antioxidant agents. objective: The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated for degradation of methyl orange dye using visible LED light. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were also studied to validate the study. method: The synthesized nanomaterials were successfully characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometer, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy and operational conditions was optimized to get the best degradation efficiency of organic dye. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were also evaluated. result: The photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite reaches to about 91.07 conclusion: In the present study, we have successfully synthesized Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite by a facile, efficient and green root technique via co-precipitation method. The method involved the use of Mangifera indica plant leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. There was monolayer adsorption of MO dye molecules on the surface of synthesized catalyst as revealed by adsorption isotherm studies. Also, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model in this study. other: Thus the obtained data of this study may be useful in designing and fabricating economical waste water treatment materials and can significantly contribute to the decontamination of a variety of pollutants and dyes from aqueous environments.
目的本研究旨在使用芒果叶提取物作为还原剂制备 Fe2O3/ZnO 纳米复合材料，以了解针对甲基橙的光催化活性的完整机制，因为甲基橙毒性较大，且广泛分布于水流中。 背景：多年来，许多基于金属氧化物的绿色合成纳米复合材料（如 Ag/RGO/Fe3O4、CuO/ZnO、CuO/C、rGO-Ag/ZnO、Ag/TiO2、Ag/Fe3O4 等）已被报道。它们被证明是优良的光催化、抗菌和抗氧化剂：利用可见光 LED 光对合成的纳米复合材料降解甲基橙染料的光催化效率进行了评估。同时还对吸附等温线和动力学研究进行了验证：通过 X 射线衍射、紫外可见分光光度计、光致发光光谱和透射电子显微镜对合成的纳米材料进行了表征，并对操作条件进行了优化，以获得最佳的有机染料降解效率。此外，还对吸附等温线和动力学模型进行了评估：Fe2O3/ZnO 纳米复合材料的光催化活性达到约 91.07：在本研究中，我们通过共沉淀法，采用简便、高效、绿色的根式技术成功合成了 Fe2O3/ZnO 纳米复合材料。该方法使用芒果叶提取物作为天然还原剂。吸附等温线研究表明，MO 染料分子在合成催化剂表面存在单层吸附。此外，本研究中的吸附过程遵循伪二阶动力学模型：因此，本研究获得的数据可能有助于设计和制造经济的废水处理材料，并能极大地促进水环境中各种污染物和染料的净化。
{"title":"Green Synthesis Derived Novel Fe2O3/ZnO Nanocomposite for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Dye","authors":"Nimisha Jadon, Bhupinder Kour, Bilal Ahmad Bhat, Harendra Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115734110297844240119062857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110297844240119062857","url":null,"abstract":"aims: The present study aims to prepareFe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite by using Mangifera indica leaf extract as a reducing agent to understand the complete mechanism of photocatalytic activity against methyl orange as it is more toxic and widely distributed in aqueous streams. background: Over the years, a number of green synthesized metal-oxide based nanocomposites viz Ag/RGO/Fe3O4, CuO/ZnO, CuO/C,rGO-Ag/ZnO, Ag/TiO2, Ag/Fe3O4 etc. have been reported. They are proved to be excellent photocatalytic, anti-bacterial and antioxidant agents. objective: The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated for degradation of methyl orange dye using visible LED light. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were also studied to validate the study. method: The synthesized nanomaterials were successfully characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectrophotometer, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and Transmission electron microscopy and operational conditions was optimized to get the best degradation efficiency of organic dye. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were also evaluated. result: The photocatalytic activity of Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite reaches to about 91.07 conclusion: In the present study, we have successfully synthesized Fe2O3/ZnO nanocomposite by a facile, efficient and green root technique via co-precipitation method. The method involved the use of Mangifera indica plant leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. There was monolayer adsorption of MO dye molecules on the surface of synthesized catalyst as revealed by adsorption isotherm studies. Also, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model in this study. other: Thus the obtained data of this study may be useful in designing and fabricating economical waste water treatment materials and can significantly contribute to the decontamination of a variety of pollutants and dyes from aqueous environments.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139582868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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