Background: Since the mid-20th century, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have emerged as one of the foremost anthropogenic organic pollutants in aquatic environments. Microphytobenthic algae of the genus Cylindrotheca have been recurrently employed in laboratory experiments to assess sediment toxicity. Recently, a novel strain of benthic diatoms belonging to the genus Cylindrotheca has been identified and characterized from PCB-contaminated sediments in the coastal region of Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea). This species of algae has high biomass productivity, the ability to synthesize fucoxanthin, and a variety of fatty acids. Cylindrotheca closterium is capable of metabolizing organic pollutants in bottom sediments. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of PCBs on the growth patterns and physiological responses of C. closterium through a 9-day experiment, subjecting the microalgae to varying concentrations of PCBs ranging from 0.0003 to 100 mg/L. Results: The experiments revealed that C. closterium could grow in environments containing concentrations of PCBs ranging from 0.0003 to 10 mg/L, indicating its resilience to moderate levels of PCB exposure. Additionally, adaptive biochemical processes were observed in C. closterium under PCB exposure. Notably, on the sixth day of the experiment, the culture transitioned into a stationary growth phase, accompanied by significant increases in total lipid content by 1.6 times and fucoxanthin by 4.6 times compared to the control. However, a pronounced decrease in culture growth was observed at a PCB concentration of 100 mg/L, coinciding with reductions in total lipid and fucoxanthin content, suggesting a tolerance threshold of C. closterium between 10 and 100 mg/L PCB concentrations. Furthermore, alterations in the fatty acid profile of C. closterium were noted, characterized by a decrease in polyene content and an increase in monoene fatty acids, under PCB exposure. Conclusion: The study underscores the resilience of C. closterium to moderate PCB concentrations and highlights the complex physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms initiated in response to PCB exposure. The findings contribute to understanding the toxic effects of PCBs on C. closterium and provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying these effects.
背景：自 20 世纪中期以来，多氯联苯（PCBs）已成为水生环境中最主要的人为有机污染物之一。在评估沉积物毒性的实验室实验中，经常使用 Cylindrotheca 属微囊底栖藻类。最近，从塞瓦斯托波尔湾（黑海）沿海地区受多氯联苯污染的沉积物中发现了一种属于 Cylindrotheca 属的新型底栖硅藻。这种藻类具有很高的生物量生产率，能够合成岩藻黄素和多种脂肪酸。Cylindrotheca closterium 能够代谢底层沉积物中的有机污染物。研究目的本研究旨在通过为期 9 天的实验，研究多氯联苯对 C. closterium 的生长模式和生理反应的影响，实验中将微藻置于 0.0003 至 100 毫克/升不同浓度的多氯联苯中。结果显示实验结果表明，C. closterium 可以在多氯联苯浓度为 0.0003 至 10 毫克/升的环境中生长，这表明它对中等程度的多氯联苯暴露具有适应能力。此外，还观察到 C. closterium 在多氯联苯暴露下的适应性生化过程。值得注意的是，在实验的第六天，培养物进入静止生长阶段，与对照组相比，总脂质含量显著增加了 1.6 倍，岩藻黄素增加了 4.6 倍。然而，当多氯联苯浓度为 100 毫克/升时，培养物的生长速度明显下降，同时总脂质和岩藻黄质的含量也有所减少，这表明 C. closterium 对 10 至 100 毫克/升浓度的多氯联苯有一定的耐受阈值。此外，在接触多氯联苯的情况下，还注意到克氏螯虾的脂肪酸谱发生了变化，其特点是多烯脂肪酸含量减少，单烯脂肪酸含量增加。结论这项研究强调了 C. closterium 对中等浓度多氯联苯的适应能力，并突出说明了在接触多氯联苯后产生的复杂生理反应和适应机制。研究结果有助于了解多氯联苯对 C. closterium 的毒性影响，并为这些影响的潜在机制提供了见解。
{"title":"Effect of PCBs on Production Characteristics and Fucoxanthin / Fatty Acid Content of Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Lewin Diatom Enrichment Culture","authors":"Malakhova Ludmila, Gevorgiz Ruslan, Svetlana Zheleznova","doi":"10.2174/0115734110315375240628051809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110315375240628051809","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Since the mid-20th century, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have emerged as one of the foremost anthropogenic organic pollutants in aquatic environments. Microphytobenthic algae of the genus Cylindrotheca have been recurrently employed in laboratory experiments to assess sediment toxicity. Recently, a novel strain of benthic diatoms belonging to the genus Cylindrotheca has been identified and characterized from PCB-contaminated sediments in the coastal region of Sevastopol Bay (Black Sea). This species of algae has high biomass productivity, the ability to synthesize fucoxanthin, and a variety of fatty acids. Cylindrotheca closterium is capable of metabolizing organic pollutants in bottom sediments. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of PCBs on the growth patterns and physiological responses of C. closterium through a 9-day experiment, subjecting the microalgae to varying concentrations of PCBs ranging from 0.0003 to 100 mg/L. Results: The experiments revealed that C. closterium could grow in environments containing concentrations of PCBs ranging from 0.0003 to 10 mg/L, indicating its resilience to moderate levels of PCB exposure. Additionally, adaptive biochemical processes were observed in C. closterium under PCB exposure. Notably, on the sixth day of the experiment, the culture transitioned into a stationary growth phase, accompanied by significant increases in total lipid content by 1.6 times and fucoxanthin by 4.6 times compared to the control. However, a pronounced decrease in culture growth was observed at a PCB concentration of 100 mg/L, coinciding with reductions in total lipid and fucoxanthin content, suggesting a tolerance threshold of C. closterium between 10 and 100 mg/L PCB concentrations. Furthermore, alterations in the fatty acid profile of C. closterium were noted, characterized by a decrease in polyene content and an increase in monoene fatty acids, under PCB exposure. Conclusion: The study underscores the resilience of C. closterium to moderate PCB concentrations and highlights the complex physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms initiated in response to PCB exposure. The findings contribute to understanding the toxic effects of PCBs on C. closterium and provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying these effects.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.2174/0115734110320008240628090739
Hetvi Pandya, Dev Devaliya, Akshi Shah, Rajendra Kotadiya
Pharmaceutical analysis is critical in ensuring the quality and safety of drug substances and formulations. High-performance thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry due to its numerous advantages, including high separation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of sample preparation. One of its variants, Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC), has gained immense popularity for analyzing nonpolar and slightly polar compounds, including drugs and their metabolites. This review paper draws attention to history and the recent developments in RP-HPTLC for pharmaceutical analysis. It highlights the advantages and limitations of RP-HPTLC, discussing its applications in drug analysis, impurity determination, stability-indicating assays, and more. In this study, recent advances in RP-HPTLC instrumentation and techniques were reviewed, including hyphenated methods, such as Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Through this comprehensive analysis, the authors aim to underscore the potential of RP-HPTLC as a reliable and efficient analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry and shed light on future trends in this field.
{"title":"Chromatography Chronicles: Unveiling the Power of Reversed-phase High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis","authors":"Hetvi Pandya, Dev Devaliya, Akshi Shah, Rajendra Kotadiya","doi":"10.2174/0115734110320008240628090739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110320008240628090739","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical analysis is critical in ensuring the quality and safety of drug substances and formulations. High-performance thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry due to its numerous advantages, including high separation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of sample preparation. One of its variants, Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC), has gained immense popularity for analyzing nonpolar and slightly polar compounds, including drugs and their metabolites. This review paper draws attention to history and the recent developments in RP-HPTLC for pharmaceutical analysis. It highlights the advantages and limitations of RP-HPTLC, discussing its applications in drug analysis, impurity determination, stability-indicating assays, and more. In this study, recent advances in RP-HPTLC instrumentation and techniques were reviewed, including hyphenated methods, such as Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Through this comprehensive analysis, the authors aim to underscore the potential of RP-HPTLC as a reliable and efficient analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry and shed light on future trends in this field.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.2174/0115734110309252240627041126
Omale Aminu, Ekere Nwachukwu Romanus, Omale Jamila Audu, Ihedioha Janefrances Ngozi, Negedu Ramatu Asabe, Egu Samuel Attah
Background: Environmental contamination of the air, water, soil, and food has become a threat to the continued existence of many plant and animal communities in the ecosystem. The chemically activated stem bark of Anonna senegalensis was examined for equilibrium sorption. Methods: This study aimed to assess the adsorption of Cr6+ and Cu2+ onto Annona senegalensis carbon (ASC) according to the following parameters: pH, solution temperature, starting metal ion concentration, agitation duration, dose of adsorbent, particle size, and carbonization temperature using a simultaneous batch adsorption method. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion kinetic, Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were all fitted using the equilibrium sorption data that were produced. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption studies were also evaluated. Results: The physicochemical analysis of ASC showed ash content of 7.21 ± 0.02%, moisture content of 11.73 ± 0.29%, and porosity of 0.99 ± 0.08 with bulk density of 0.18 g/cm3. The heavy metalloaded scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph showed a filled pit, and the XRD diffractogram, as well as FTIR spectra, revealed peaks that were different from the raw spectra, implying functionalization. The sorption data gave optimum conditions of the adsorption process to be pH of 6, agitation time of 88 minutes, adsorbent dose of 2.5 g/g, initial metal ion concentration of 5 mg/L, temperature of 30°C, particle size of 0.154 mm and carbonization temperature of 400°C. Conclusion: The Langmuir isotherm was found to give the best-fit conformation of all the models based on superior R2 (R2 ≥0.99). Dubinin-Radushkevich proved the mechanism to be physisorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fits the data with R2 of 0.998 and 0.986 for Cr6+ and Cu2+. Thermodynamic results of the study revealed that ΔHᵒ for Cr6+ and Cu2+ were 32.78 and 27.14 KJ/mol and are all positive, implying an endothermic process and confirming the physisorption mechanism. The entropy change, ΔSᵒ, was also positive, revealing a high degree of disorderliness at the sorbate/sorbent interphase. The standard Gibbs free energy, ΔGᵒ, were all negative, showing spontaneity and feasibility.
{"title":"Assessment of the Detoxification Potential of Modified Biochar from Annona senegalensis Stem Bark on Cr6+ and Cu2+ in Aqueous Solution: An Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies","authors":"Omale Aminu, Ekere Nwachukwu Romanus, Omale Jamila Audu, Ihedioha Janefrances Ngozi, Negedu Ramatu Asabe, Egu Samuel Attah","doi":"10.2174/0115734110309252240627041126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110309252240627041126","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Environmental contamination of the air, water, soil, and food has become a threat to the continued existence of many plant and animal communities in the ecosystem. The chemically activated stem bark of Anonna senegalensis was examined for equilibrium sorption. Methods: This study aimed to assess the adsorption of Cr6+ and Cu2+ onto Annona senegalensis carbon (ASC) according to the following parameters: pH, solution temperature, starting metal ion concentration, agitation duration, dose of adsorbent, particle size, and carbonization temperature using a simultaneous batch adsorption method. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion kinetic, Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were all fitted using the equilibrium sorption data that were produced. Thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption studies were also evaluated. Results: The physicochemical analysis of ASC showed ash content of 7.21 ± 0.02%, moisture content of 11.73 ± 0.29%, and porosity of 0.99 ± 0.08 with bulk density of 0.18 g/cm3. The heavy metalloaded scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph showed a filled pit, and the XRD diffractogram, as well as FTIR spectra, revealed peaks that were different from the raw spectra, implying functionalization. The sorption data gave optimum conditions of the adsorption process to be pH of 6, agitation time of 88 minutes, adsorbent dose of 2.5 g/g, initial metal ion concentration of 5 mg/L, temperature of 30°C, particle size of 0.154 mm and carbonization temperature of 400°C. Conclusion: The Langmuir isotherm was found to give the best-fit conformation of all the models based on superior R2 (R2 ≥0.99). Dubinin-Radushkevich proved the mechanism to be physisorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fits the data with R2 of 0.998 and 0.986 for Cr6+ and Cu2+. Thermodynamic results of the study revealed that ΔHᵒ for Cr6+ and Cu2+ were 32.78 and 27.14 KJ/mol and are all positive, implying an endothermic process and confirming the physisorption mechanism. The entropy change, ΔSᵒ, was also positive, revealing a high degree of disorderliness at the sorbate/sorbent interphase. The standard Gibbs free energy, ΔGᵒ, were all negative, showing spontaneity and feasibility.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.2174/0115734110309623240628071103
Zhe Jiang, Jinlei Zhao, Xing Wang, Jianzhong Lu, Gang Chen
Background: Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose are important biomarkers in human sweat because their contents can reflect physiological status and health conditions. It is of high importance to determine them in sweat for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, physical training, etc. Aim: The aim of this work is to develop a method based on capillary electrophoresis and amperometric detection for the simultaneous determination of glycerol and carbohydrates in sweat. Objective: A capillary electrophoretic method based on pipette-tip-based detection electrodes and micro-injectors was developed for the simultaneous determination of glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose in sweat samples Method: Sweat samples diluted in the background electrolyte of 75 mM NaOH aqueous solution were electrokinetically introduced into a piece of separation capillary via pipette tip-based microinjectors. Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose were determined by capillary electrophoresis in combination with a pipette-tip-based copper electrode. Results: At a DC voltage of 12 kV, the capillary electrophoretic separation of the five analytes could be achieved in less than 11 min in a piece of 40 cm long fused silica capillary containing 75 mM NaOH aqueous solution. Linearity was observed between the currents and concentrations, with the limits of detection ranging from 0.21 to 0.72 µM at a detection potential of 0.65 V. Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose in sweat samples were positively identified and accurately measured. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of glycerol and carbohydrates in sweat samples with satisfactory assay results. It will find a wide range of applications in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, and drug and food analysis.
背景：甘油、蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖是人体汗液中重要的生物标志物，因为它们的含量可以反映生理状态和健康状况。测定汗液中甘油、蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量对健康监测、疾病诊断、体育训练等具有重要意义。目的：本研究旨在开发一种基于毛细管电泳和安培检测的方法，用于同时测定汗液中的甘油和碳水化合物。目标：采用毛细管电泳和安培检测法同时测定汗液中的甘油和碳水化合物：开发了一种基于吸管吸头检测电极和微型注射器的毛细管电泳方法，用于同时测定汗液样品中的甘油、蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖：将在 75 mM NaOH 水溶液的背景电解质中稀释的汗液样品通过移液管吸头式微注射器以电动方式导入分离毛细管。甘油、蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖通过毛细管电泳结合移液管吸头铜电极进行测定。结果：在直流电压为 12 kV 时，在含有 75 mM NaOH 水溶液的 40 cm 长熔融石英毛细管中，五种分析物的毛细管电泳分离可在 11 分钟内完成。电流与浓度之间呈线性关系，在检测电位为 0.65 V 时，检测限为 0.21 至 0.72 µM。对汗液样本中的甘油、蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖进行了正面识别和精确测量。结论该方法成功地应用于同时测定汗液样本中的甘油和碳水化合物，测定结果令人满意。该方法可广泛应用于临床诊断、健康监测、药物和食品分析等领域。
{"title":"Simultaneous Determination of Glycerol and Carbohydrates in Sweat by Capillary Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection","authors":"Zhe Jiang, Jinlei Zhao, Xing Wang, Jianzhong Lu, Gang Chen","doi":"10.2174/0115734110309623240628071103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110309623240628071103","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose are important biomarkers in human sweat because their contents can reflect physiological status and health conditions. It is of high importance to determine them in sweat for health monitoring, disease diagnosis, physical training, etc. Aim: The aim of this work is to develop a method based on capillary electrophoresis and amperometric detection for the simultaneous determination of glycerol and carbohydrates in sweat. Objective: A capillary electrophoretic method based on pipette-tip-based detection electrodes and micro-injectors was developed for the simultaneous determination of glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose in sweat samples Method: Sweat samples diluted in the background electrolyte of 75 mM NaOH aqueous solution were electrokinetically introduced into a piece of separation capillary via pipette tip-based microinjectors. Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose were determined by capillary electrophoresis in combination with a pipette-tip-based copper electrode. Results: At a DC voltage of 12 kV, the capillary electrophoretic separation of the five analytes could be achieved in less than 11 min in a piece of 40 cm long fused silica capillary containing 75 mM NaOH aqueous solution. Linearity was observed between the currents and concentrations, with the limits of detection ranging from 0.21 to 0.72 µM at a detection potential of 0.65 V. Glycerol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, and fructose in sweat samples were positively identified and accurately measured. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of glycerol and carbohydrates in sweat samples with satisfactory assay results. It will find a wide range of applications in clinical diagnosis, health monitoring, and drug and food analysis.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.2174/0115734110317876240628133351
Pegah Vosoughi, Seyed Morteza Naghib, M. R. Mozafari
: This extensive review highlights the different techniques used to extract chitosan, its antibacterial characteristics, and its wide range of applications across various industries. Thanks to its exceptional solubility and notable chemical and biological properties, it has been used in several applications. It is biodegradable, and biocompatible, and has numerous reactive amino side groups that enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Several academic publications have extensively covered many characteristics of chitosan and its applications in different industries, such as medicine. Chitosan can impart different functions in multiple fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. Chitosan has various applications across various industries. Due to its exceptional solubility and significant chemical and biological properties, it has been utilized in numerous applications. Chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible, and its multiple reactive amino side groups enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Chitosan can provide different functions in numerous fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. This review primarily focuses on chitosan's sources and extraction methods, providing an up-to-date overview of its properties. Additionally, the review highlights the diverse applications of chitosan, whether in its original state or modified and incorporated into nanocomposites, in various fields, making it a highly versatile and commonly used material in the biomedical industry.
{"title":"Progresses and Developments in Chitosan-based Materials and its Derivatives for Biomedical and Biosensing Applications","authors":"Pegah Vosoughi, Seyed Morteza Naghib, M. R. Mozafari","doi":"10.2174/0115734110317876240628133351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110317876240628133351","url":null,"abstract":": This extensive review highlights the different techniques used to extract chitosan, its antibacterial characteristics, and its wide range of applications across various industries. Thanks to its exceptional solubility and notable chemical and biological properties, it has been used in several applications. It is biodegradable, and biocompatible, and has numerous reactive amino side groups that enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Several academic publications have extensively covered many characteristics of chitosan and its applications in different industries, such as medicine. Chitosan can impart different functions in multiple fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. Chitosan has various applications across various industries. Due to its exceptional solubility and significant chemical and biological properties, it has been utilized in numerous applications. Chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible, and its multiple reactive amino side groups enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Chitosan can provide different functions in numerous fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. This review primarily focuses on chitosan's sources and extraction methods, providing an up-to-date overview of its properties. Additionally, the review highlights the diverse applications of chitosan, whether in its original state or modified and incorporated into nanocomposites, in various fields, making it a highly versatile and commonly used material in the biomedical industry.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.2174/0115734110315090240624050950
Berreghioua Abdelaziz, Bennaceur Said, Ziane Laid
Introduction: The continuously growing number of commercial Lawsonia inermis (henna) powders and the wide variability of their quality necessitate verifying as well as controlling their level of lawsone, the main active ingredient. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of drying on the level of lawsone. Method: The leaves of henna were dried at different temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) with both modes (air and ulrasons). We extracted lawsone from leaves by a Soxhlet extractor using methanol and water as solvents, respectively. This natural pigment was isolated, purified, and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometer. Result: The drying temperature highly affected the extraction yield (Re). Therefore, drying henna leaves at low temperatures allows for a higher yield of lawsone extracts. Conclusion: We recommend ultrasonically assisted drying of henna leaves to facilitate both the reduction of drying temperatures in order to conserve energy as well as the increase of the yield of lawsone extraction.
{"title":"Lawsonia inermis from the Algerian Sahara: Quantitative Analysis of Lawsone in Leaves with Special Attention to their Drying Conditions","authors":"Berreghioua Abdelaziz, Bennaceur Said, Ziane Laid","doi":"10.2174/0115734110315090240624050950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110315090240624050950","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The continuously growing number of commercial Lawsonia inermis (henna) powders and the wide variability of their quality necessitate verifying as well as controlling their level of lawsone, the main active ingredient. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of drying on the level of lawsone. Method: The leaves of henna were dried at different temperatures (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) with both modes (air and ulrasons). We extracted lawsone from leaves by a Soxhlet extractor using methanol and water as solvents, respectively. This natural pigment was isolated, purified, and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometer. Result: The drying temperature highly affected the extraction yield (Re). Therefore, drying henna leaves at low temperatures allows for a higher yield of lawsone extracts. Conclusion: We recommend ultrasonically assisted drying of henna leaves to facilitate both the reduction of drying temperatures in order to conserve energy as well as the increase of the yield of lawsone extraction.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.2174/0115734110313735240624074507
Ekandem Joachim J., Udourioh Godwin A., Obi Leonard K., Moses M. Solomon
Background: It is well-known that essential oils are a rich source of bioactive components and are traditionally used as one of the alternatives to conventional medicines for treating various diseases and symptoms. Like other natural products, they are safe but should be used with care since all substances have potential toxicity depending on the conditions of exposure, the dose, and the route of administration. Method: This manuscript studies the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oil derived from D. tripetala. The essential oil was extracted from fresh D. tripetala fruits using steam distillation and subsequently subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization detection (GC-FID) analyses. The antimicrobial potential of the essential oil was evaluated against a panel of microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Results: The GC-FID analysis unveiled a diverse array of compounds within the essential oil, with the notable constituents being linalool, benzyl nitrile, benzene (2-nitroethyl), bicyclo(4.2.0)octa1,3,5-triene, 1,3,7-Octatrien-5-yne, styrene, butylated hydroxytoluene, and Nerolidol 2. D. tripetala essential oil significantly inhibits the microbial activities of all the tested organisms. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli at a MIC value of 12.5%, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a MIC value of 25%, Candida albicans at a MIC value of 50%, and Aspergillus niger at MIC value 25%. The strongest inhibition of the oil is against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a MIC value of 3.12%. Conclusion: This research posits that the ethnomedicinal value ascribed to the essential oil of D. tripetala can be attributed to the presence of the identified compounds, some of which are already recognized for their biological activities. The essential oil presents promising potential as a source of lead compounds for developing anti-infective drugs, particularly those targeted against Klebsiella pneumoniae
背景：众所周知，精油含有丰富的生物活性成分，传统上被用作治疗各种疾病和症状的传统药物替代品之一。与其他天然产品一样，精油是安全的，但在使用时应小心谨慎，因为所有物质都有潜在的毒性，这取决于接触的条件、剂量和给药途径。研究方法本手稿研究了从 D. tripetala 提取的精油的化学成分和抗菌特性。精油采用蒸汽蒸馏法从新鲜的三叶木果中提取，然后进行傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和气相色谱-火焰离子化检测（GC-FID）分析。评估了精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、绿脓杆菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉等微生物的抗菌潜力。结果GC-FID 分析揭示了精油中的多种化合物，主要成分有芳樟醇、苄基腈、苯（2-硝基乙基）、双环（4.2.0）辛-1,3,5-三烯、1,3,7-辛三烯-5-炔、苯乙烯、丁基羟基甲苯和橙花叔醇 2。三叶草精油对所有受测微生物的活性都有明显的抑制作用。它对枯草杆菌和大肠杆菌的抑制活性为 MIC 值的 12.5%，对金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌的抑制活性为 MIC 值的 25%，对白色念珠菌的抑制活性为 MIC 值的 50%，对黑曲霉的抑制活性为 MIC 值的 25%。该精油对肺炎克雷伯菌的抑制作用最强，其 MIC 值为 3.12%。结论这项研究认为，D. tripetala 精油的民族药用价值可归因于其中已确定的化合物，其中一些化合物的生物活性已得到认可。该精油有望成为开发抗感染药物的先导化合物来源，尤其是针对肺炎克雷伯氏菌的药物。
{"title":"Chemical Compositions, Antimicrobial and Therapeutic Properties of Essential Oils of Dennettia Tripetala","authors":"Ekandem Joachim J., Udourioh Godwin A., Obi Leonard K., Moses M. Solomon","doi":"10.2174/0115734110313735240624074507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110313735240624074507","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is well-known that essential oils are a rich source of bioactive components and are traditionally used as one of the alternatives to conventional medicines for treating various diseases and symptoms. Like other natural products, they are safe but should be used with care since all substances have potential toxicity depending on the conditions of exposure, the dose, and the route of administration. Method: This manuscript studies the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oil derived from D. tripetala. The essential oil was extracted from fresh D. tripetala fruits using steam distillation and subsequently subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization detection (GC-FID) analyses. The antimicrobial potential of the essential oil was evaluated against a panel of microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Results: The GC-FID analysis unveiled a diverse array of compounds within the essential oil, with the notable constituents being linalool, benzyl nitrile, benzene (2-nitroethyl), bicyclo(4.2.0)octa1,3,5-triene, 1,3,7-Octatrien-5-yne, styrene, butylated hydroxytoluene, and Nerolidol 2. D. tripetala essential oil significantly inhibits the microbial activities of all the tested organisms. It exhibits inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli at a MIC value of 12.5%, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a MIC value of 25%, Candida albicans at a MIC value of 50%, and Aspergillus niger at MIC value 25%. The strongest inhibition of the oil is against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a MIC value of 3.12%. Conclusion: This research posits that the ethnomedicinal value ascribed to the essential oil of D. tripetala can be attributed to the presence of the identified compounds, some of which are already recognized for their biological activities. The essential oil presents promising potential as a source of lead compounds for developing anti-infective drugs, particularly those targeted against Klebsiella pneumoniae","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.2174/0115734110314921240622111849
Gamze Ergin Kizilçay, Sena Çağlar Andaç, Sıdıka Ertürk Toker
Background: Vitamins are needed for the healthy functioning of the body. When these vitamins are not in sufficient amounts in the body, they are usually taken externally with pharmaceutical preparations. Taking vitamins into the body in the right amounts is possible by analyzing the amounts in pharmaceutical preparations with validated methods. Methods: In this study, a fast, simple, easily applicable, and selective normal-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of fat-soluble A, D3, E, and K1 vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations from syrup and tablets. Separation of the vitamins was carried out on a Zorbax CN column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a mixture of hexane-isopropyl alcohol (98:2, v/v) at 30°C column temperature and 1 ml/min flow rate. The detection wavelength is 280 nm. The developed method has been validated according to ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1) rules. Results: Calibration graphs are linear over the range of 10-1000 µg ml-1 , 1-50 µg ml-1 , 10-2000 µg ml-1 , 0.5-20 µg ml-1, and the limit of detection values were found to be 1.496, 0.280, 1.388 and 0.040 µg ml-1 for A, D3, E and K1 vitamins, respectively. Relative standard deviation values, which express within-day and between-day repeatability, were found below 2.54%. Average recovery values were also found at about 100.28, 101.46, 100.65, and 100.29% for A, D3, E, and K1 vitamins, respectively Conclusion: The developed and validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of fat-soluble vitamins A, D3, E, and K1 in pharmaceutical preparations in syrup and tablet form.
{"title":"Fast Determination of Fat-soluble Vitamins in Pharmaceutical Preparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography","authors":"Gamze Ergin Kizilçay, Sena Çağlar Andaç, Sıdıka Ertürk Toker","doi":"10.2174/0115734110314921240622111849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110314921240622111849","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vitamins are needed for the healthy functioning of the body. When these vitamins are not in sufficient amounts in the body, they are usually taken externally with pharmaceutical preparations. Taking vitamins into the body in the right amounts is possible by analyzing the amounts in pharmaceutical preparations with validated methods. Methods: In this study, a fast, simple, easily applicable, and selective normal-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of fat-soluble A, D3, E, and K1 vitamins in pharmaceutical preparations from syrup and tablets. Separation of the vitamins was carried out on a Zorbax CN column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) using a mixture of hexane-isopropyl alcohol (98:2, v/v) at 30°C column temperature and 1 ml/min flow rate. The detection wavelength is 280 nm. The developed method has been validated according to ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1) rules. Results: Calibration graphs are linear over the range of 10-1000 µg ml-1 , 1-50 µg ml-1 , 10-2000 µg ml-1 , 0.5-20 µg ml-1, and the limit of detection values were found to be 1.496, 0.280, 1.388 and 0.040 µg ml-1 for A, D3, E and K1 vitamins, respectively. Relative standard deviation values, which express within-day and between-day repeatability, were found below 2.54%. Average recovery values were also found at about 100.28, 101.46, 100.65, and 100.29% for A, D3, E, and K1 vitamins, respectively Conclusion: The developed and validated method was successfully applied to the simultaneous analysis of fat-soluble vitamins A, D3, E, and K1 in pharmaceutical preparations in syrup and tablet form.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.2174/0115734110306958240620073537
Niharika Das, Manoj kumar Praharaj, Subhraraj Panda
To comprehensively understand molecular processes, it is essential to analyze how thermodynamic parameters change with temperature and composition, providing valuable insights into molecular interactions. The industry's demand for precise information on the physical and chemical characteristics of different liquid combinations underscores the importance of such research. Researchers employ an ultrasonic interferometer for measuring ultrasonic wave velocity, a specific gravity bottle for liquid density determination, and an Ostwald viscometer for viscosity measurements. The propagation of ultrasonic waves can affect the physical properties of a medium, providing insights into the physics of liquids and solutions. Research has explored how frequency and temperature can impact thermoacoustic characteristics. Scientists have identified the nature of the forces between molecules, including hydrogen bonds, charge transfer complexes, and the breaking and formation of such bonds through their investigations. By measuring ultrasonic wave velocity, liquid density, and viscosity, researchers can analyze a range of acoustic and thermodynamic properties, thus significantly advancing our understanding of molecular interactions within each sample. Additionally, a comprehensive explanation of the measured parameters is provided to offer detailed insights into the studied phenomena, enhancing the overall understanding of molecular processes in liquid mixtures.
{"title":"Understanding Ultrasonic Wave Behavior in Liquid Media: A Comprehensive Overview","authors":"Niharika Das, Manoj kumar Praharaj, Subhraraj Panda","doi":"10.2174/0115734110306958240620073537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110306958240620073537","url":null,"abstract":"To comprehensively understand molecular processes, it is essential to analyze how thermodynamic parameters change with temperature and composition, providing valuable insights into molecular interactions. The industry's demand for precise information on the physical and chemical characteristics of different liquid combinations underscores the importance of such research. Researchers employ an ultrasonic interferometer for measuring ultrasonic wave velocity, a specific gravity bottle for liquid density determination, and an Ostwald viscometer for viscosity measurements. The propagation of ultrasonic waves can affect the physical properties of a medium, providing insights into the physics of liquids and solutions. Research has explored how frequency and temperature can impact thermoacoustic characteristics. Scientists have identified the nature of the forces between molecules, including hydrogen bonds, charge transfer complexes, and the breaking and formation of such bonds through their investigations. By measuring ultrasonic wave velocity, liquid density, and viscosity, researchers can analyze a range of acoustic and thermodynamic properties, thus significantly advancing our understanding of molecular interactions within each sample. Additionally, a comprehensive explanation of the measured parameters is provided to offer detailed insights into the studied phenomena, enhancing the overall understanding of molecular processes in liquid mixtures.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-24DOI: 10.2174/0115734110326202240614081410
Mostafa Gouda
: The recent advances in plant and animal biosystems of hydrocolloids have led scientists to find analytical techniques to explore the scientific principles of these molecules for their functional principles, precursors of essential pathways, and other physical and chemical processes. The current editorial highlights the importance of applying advanced physicochemical theories and practical examples to sustain this important innovation approach further.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Food Hydrocolloidal System Physiochemistry","authors":"Mostafa Gouda","doi":"10.2174/0115734110326202240614081410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734110326202240614081410","url":null,"abstract":": The recent advances in plant and animal biosystems of hydrocolloids have led scientists to find analytical techniques to explore the scientific principles of these molecules for their functional principles, precursors of essential pathways, and other physical and chemical processes. The current editorial highlights the importance of applying advanced physicochemical theories and practical examples to sustain this important innovation approach further.","PeriodicalId":10742,"journal":{"name":"Current Analytical Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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