Critical reviews in analytical chemistry最新文献

Aroma is one of the important indexes to evaluate food quality. The formation of food aroma is based on the interaction of complex substances. The accurate quantification of aroma substances in food has significance in the analysis of aroma substances in food. In this review, the basic principle and significance of stable isotope dilution analysis is introduced, general steps for flavor analysis and its historical progress in food flavor analysis is discussed. Additionally, the application progress of stable isotope dilution analysis in food flavor analysis from 2019 to 2023 has been described in detail, which is also categorized by food. Finally, the accuracy and superiority of stable isotope dilution analysis as an accurate quantitative analysis method were discussed.

Psychoactive substances pose significant challenges and dangers to society due to their impact on perception, mood, and behavior, leading to health and life disturbances. The consumption of these substances is largely influenced by their legal status, cultural norms, and religious beliefs. Continuous development and chemical modifications of psychoactive substances complicate their control, detection, and determination in the human body. This paper addresses the terminological distinctions between psychoactive and psychotropic substances and drugs. It provides a comprehensive review of analytical methods used to identify and quantify 25 psychoactive substances in various biological matrices, including blood, urine, saliva, hair, and nails. The analysis categorizes these substances into four primary groups: stimulants, neuroleptics, depressants, and hallucinogens. The study specifically focuses on chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, as well as other novel analytical techniques. Methodology includes a review of scientific articles containing validation studies of these methods and innovative approaches to psychoactive substance determination. Articles were sourced from the PubMed database, with most research originating from the twenty first century. The paper discusses the limits of detection and quantitation for each method, along with current trends and challenges in the analytical determination of evolving psychoactive substances.

This review highlights recent advancements and challenges in fluorescence-based chemical sensors for selective and sensitive detection of perchlorate, a persistent environmental pollutant and global concern due to its health and safety implications. Perchlorate is a highly persistent inorganic pollutant found in drinking water, soil, and air, with known endocrine-disruptive properties due to its interference with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland. Human exposure mainly occurs through contaminated water and food. Additionally, perchlorates are prevalent in improvised explosives, causing numerous civilian casualties, making their detection important in a worldwide aspect. Fluorescence-based chemical sensors provide a valuable tool for the selective detection of perchlorate ions due to their simplicity and applicability across various fields, including biology, pharmacology, military, and environmental science. This review article overviews perchlorate chemistry, occurrence, and remediation strategies, compares regulatory limits, and examines fluorescence-based detection mechanisms. It systematically summarizes recent advancements in designing at least a dozen fluorescence-based chemical materials for detecting perchlorate in the environment over the past decade. Key focus areas include the design and molecular architecture of synthetic chemical chromophores for perchlorate sensing and the photochemistry mechanisms driving their effectiveness. The main findings indicate that there has been significant progress in the development of reliable and robust fluorescence-based sensors with higher selectivity and sensitivity for perchlorate detection. However, several challenges remain, such as improving detection limits and sensor stability. The review outlines potential future research directions, emphasizing the need for further innovation in sensor design and development. It aims to enhance understanding and spur advances that could create more efficient and robust chemical scaffolds for perchlorate sensing. By addressing current limitations and identifying opportunities for improvement, the review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers working to develop better detection methods for this significant environmental pollutant.

Organic residue analyses have long been the primary focus and challenge in the fields of scientific archaeology and cultural heritage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has emerged as a valuable method for detecting organic residues owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. Organic components have been observed within four categories of archaeological artifacts: mortars, adhesives, animal and plant remains, and daily use artifacts. Therefore, in this article, we critically analyzed the advantages and limitations of ELISA in detecting organic residues by tracking its recent application in the abovementioned categories. The current focus of ELISA applications is on the preparation of customized antibodies, development of multicomponent detection methods, and meeting on-site identification demands. Additionally, understanding organic residue degradation mechanisms and the proper handling of archaeological samples are also key factors in these applications. Integration of ELISA with biomolecular science and electrochemistry has allowed the development of comprehensive detection and analyses. In the future, ELISA will be capable of handling more complex and diverse analyses, revealing highly intricate information from archaeological samples.

Mass spectrometry (MS) enables precise identification and quantification of molecules, particularly when combined with chromatography. The advent of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques allowed the efficient coupling of liquid chromatography with MS (LC-MS), extending analyses to nonvolatile and thermolabile compounds. API techniques present limitations such as low informative capacity and reproducibility of mass spectra, increasing instrument complexity and costs. Other challenges include analyzing poorly polar molecules and matrix effects (ME), which negatively impact quantitative analyses, necessitating extensive sample purification or using expensive labeled standards. These limitations prompted the exploration of alternative solutions, leading to the development of the Liquid Electron Ionization (LEI) interface. The system has demonstrated excellent robustness and reproducibility. LEI has been employed to analyze various compounds, including pesticides, drugs of abuse, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, and many others. Its versatility has been validated with single quadrupole, triple quadrupole, and QToF detectors, operating in electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI) modes and with both reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC). LEI has also been successfully integrated with the Microfluidic Open Interface (MOI), Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS), and Microfluidic Water-Assisted Trap Focusing (M-WATF), broadening its application scope and consistently demonstrating promising results in terms of sensitivity and identification power. The most recent advancement is the development of Extractive-Liquid Sampling Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (E-LEI-MS), a surface sampling and real-time analysis technique based on the LEI concept. This review article offers a comprehensive and up-to-date picture of the potential of LEI.

The extensive use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in agriculture has significantly contributed to enhanced crop yield and pest control. However, their persistence and high toxicity have raised serious environmental and public health concerns, including neurological disorders, endocrine disruption, and long-term ecological damage. This necessitates the development of rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective detection methods for monitoring OP residues in food, water, and soil. In recent years, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained considerable attention as smart sensing platforms for OP detection, owing to their remarkable optical properties, tunable surface chemistry, and excellent biocompatibility. This review highlights recent progress in AuNPs-based colorimetric and fluorometric sensors specifically tailored for detecting a broad range of OPs. The fundamental detection mechanisms, such as enzyme inhibition, aptamer binding, and aggregation-induced plasmonic shifts are thoroughly discussed to provide insights into sensor design strategies. By integrating nanotechnology with environmental and food safety frameworks, AuNP-based smart sensors represent a transformative approach for real-time, user-friendly detection of OPs. The innovations summarized in this review aim to support the development of accessible analytical tools that can be used by both professionals and non-specialists, ultimately contributing to safer agricultural practices and improved public health outcomes.

In this era of emerging pathogenic diseases, prompt and accurate detection of pathogens is crucial. Disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety all rely heavily on the identification of pathogens. Peptide-based electrochemical sensors due to their rapid response times, specificity and sensitivity have emerged as promising tools in the identification of pathogens. This review emphasizes the importance of peptides in detection of pathogens and different peptide-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of pathogens. Peptides offer several advantages including strong binding affinity to a diverse array of pathogens including bacteria, viruses and fungi, tunable specificity and simple synthesis. Peptide-based electrochemical sensors employ different electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The efficacy of peptide-based biosensors in detecting low concentrations of pathogens is highlighted, demonstrating the promising applications of these biosensors in early diagnosis and real-time monitoring. In addition, the review also addresses the current challenges in the field such as peptide stability, sensor reproducibility and interference from complex biological matrices. This review suggests potential resolutions and avenues for progress such as the development of multiplexed detection systems that can concurrently identify multiple pathogens and developments in peptide design and sensor miniaturization. In summary, this review highlights the substantial advancements and potential possibilities of peptide-based electrochemical biosensors in the realm of pathogen detection, thereby facilitating the development of safer and more effective diagnostic tools.

Nearly 10 million deaths from cancer occurred in 2020, making it a major cause of death globally, according to the WHO and other important statistics. Given that lung cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer, it accounts for around 25% of all deaths from cancer-related causes. The two forms of lung cancer that are treated and characterized differently are small-cell and non-small-cell lung cancer. To identify malignant cells, several techniques have been used in recent decades, including MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography scans), and PET (positron emission tomography). The standard detection threshold of conventional assays is insufficient for early-stage detection. As a result, numerous detection techniques have been used to identify lung cancer early. The stages of lung cancer are indicated by the amounts of these biomarkers. As a result, lung cancer screening and clinical diagnosis can be accomplished by the identification of biomarkers. EGFR, CEA, CYFRA 21-1, ENO1, NSE, CA 19-9, CA 125, and VEGF are among the many biomarkers for lung cancer. To identify lung cancer disease biomarkers, an organized summary of several biosensing platforms is given in this article. In particular, it addresses the most recent advancements in optical and electrochemical biosensors, the analytical capabilities of various biosensors, the challenges, and potential directions for future study in regular clinical analysis. Therefore, this study reviews the latest developments and enhancements (2011-2025) in biosensors for the identification of biomarkers for lung cancer.

The analysis of recognized biomarkers associated with certain diseases typically occurs in centralized laboratories, leading to considerable delays and elevated expenses. This is particularly concerning for cancer, which continues to be a major global public health issue with high mortality rates. In response, oncological biomarker screening assays have garnered considerable interest as a cost-effective tool for real-time diagnosis, particularly for early detection applications. To address these challenges, the miniaturization of sensor devices has facilitated improved integration with monitoring systems. Label-free biosensors have recently gained popularity as an alternative for quantifying biomolecules owing to their notable advantages, including high sensitivity, rapid analysis, ease of use, minimal handling, simple pretreatment, and low cost. This study provides a thorough assessment of label-free biosensing platforms for cancer biomarkers based on the promising results reported in scientific literature. It emphasizes the application of various materials for each sensor and contrasts existing challenges, providing insights for future investigations into label-free sensing.