Pub Date : 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.006
Jason J.S. Barton , Moritz Feil
The term prosopagnosia was coined 78 years ago, in 1947. At that time few reports of a specific disorder of face recognition existed, the three most detailed being those of Wilbrand (1892), Hoff and Pötzl (1937), and Bodamer (1947). These laid the basis for much of our current thought about the manifestations of prosopagnosia, its associations, its structural basis, and theories about its functional mechanisms. However, since they were written in German and few current researchers are fluent in that language, these early works are relatively neglected today. In this review we discuss their highly detailed case descriptions, the prescient inductions they made from their clinical material, as well as their less successful speculations, with full translations provided as appendices. Familiarity with these older studies provides a perspective on the ongoing work in prosopagnosia.
{"title":"Foundations of prosopagnosia: The three classic Austro-German reports","authors":"Jason J.S. Barton , Moritz Feil","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The term prosopagnosia was coined 78 years ago, in 1947. At that time few reports of a specific disorder of face recognition existed, the three most detailed being those of Wilbrand (1892), Hoff and Pötzl (1937), and Bodamer (1947). These laid the basis for much of our current thought about the manifestations of prosopagnosia, its associations, its structural basis, and theories about its functional mechanisms. However, since they were written in German and few current researchers are fluent in that language, these early works are relatively neglected today. In this review we discuss their highly detailed case descriptions, the prescient inductions they made from their clinical material, as well as their less successful speculations, with full translations provided as appendices. Familiarity with these older studies provides a perspective on the ongoing work in prosopagnosia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"193 ","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.007
Qiming Yuan , Daniel R. Lametti , Izara Williams , Hui Zhu , Kate E. Watkins
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability and when applied in combination with a cognitive task has potential to enhance performance. In the speech domain, previous work indicated that anodal tDCS over left motor cortex and right cerebellum increased the magnitude of speech adaptation during sensorimotor learning. Here, we aimed to replicate these findings in a pre-registered, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study of a large sample (three groups of N = 30). Participants read words out loud. Speech was recorded and fed back to them either normally or with a 110-Mel increase in the frequency of the first vowel formant. Participants responded to altered feedback by changing their speech production (adaptation). Participants were randomly allocated to receive 2-mA anodal tDCS over either left speech motor cortex, or right cerebellum, or sham stimulation. We tested for differences in speech adaptation among the three groups using one-way analyses of variance. We also explored the relationship between speech adaptation and measures of speech perception. All groups showed significant adaptation while receiving altered auditory feedback. Contrary to the previous study, we found no impact of anodal tDCS on the magnitude of the speech adaptation. In conclusion, speech adaptation was unaffected by anodal tDCS over speech motor cortex or cerebellum. This study is another example of the inconsistent effects of tDCS on task performance particularly when participants are young and healthy. Even larger samples may be needed to detect small effects and to avoid spurious results arising from individual differences in task performance.
{"title":"Failure to replicate enhancement of speech adaptation using tDCS over motor cortex and cerebellum","authors":"Qiming Yuan , Daniel R. Lametti , Izara Williams , Hui Zhu , Kate E. Watkins","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical excitability and when applied in combination with a cognitive task has potential to enhance performance. In the speech domain, previous work indicated that anodal tDCS over left motor cortex and right cerebellum increased the magnitude of speech adaptation during sensorimotor learning. Here, we aimed to replicate these findings in a pre-registered, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study of a large sample (three groups of <em>N</em> = 30). Participants read words out loud. Speech was recorded and fed back to them either normally or with a 110-Mel increase in the frequency of the first vowel formant. Participants responded to altered feedback by changing their speech production (adaptation). Participants were randomly allocated to receive 2-mA anodal tDCS over either left speech motor cortex, or right cerebellum, or sham stimulation. We tested for differences in speech adaptation among the three groups using one-way analyses of variance. We also explored the relationship between speech adaptation and measures of speech perception. All groups showed significant adaptation while receiving altered auditory feedback. Contrary to the previous study, we found no impact of anodal tDCS on the magnitude of the speech adaptation. In conclusion, speech adaptation was unaffected by anodal tDCS over speech motor cortex or cerebellum. This study is another example of the inconsistent effects of tDCS on task performance particularly when participants are young and healthy. Even larger samples may be needed to detect small effects and to avoid spurious results arising from individual differences in task performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 152-164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.004
Sergio Della Sala , Marco Catani , Luciano Mecacci
The association between the hippocampus and memory has been largely shaped by the landmark case of patient HM in the mid-20th century. However, this manuscript revisits an overlooked and historically significant case reported by Russian neurologist Vladimir M. Bekhterev in 1899, predating HM by five decades. Bekhterev documented a patient with profound amnesia and bilateral hippocampal damage, which he presented in Russian and German abstracts and later summarized in his 1907 work. Despite the anatomical specificity and clinical relevance of the case, highlighting the involvement of the hippocampus in memory and possibly the amygdala in apathy, its theoretical implications remained underappreciated due to contextual, theoretical, and political factors. Bekhterev's reluctance to endorse strict localization of cognitive functions, the dominance of associationist theories in Russian neuroscience, and his politically motivated erasure during Stalin's regime contributed to the case's historical neglect. This paper reconstructs Bekhterev's original reports, revaluates their relevance, and situates them in the broader context of early hippocampal research.
海马体和记忆之间的联系在很大程度上是由20世纪中期具有里程碑意义的HM患者病例形成的。然而，这份手稿回顾了1899年俄罗斯神经学家Vladimir M. Bekhterev报告的一个被忽视的历史上重要的病例，比HM早了50年。别赫捷列夫记录了一位患有严重健忘症和双侧海马体损伤的病人，他在俄语和德语中提出了这一情况，后来在他1907年的著作中进行了总结。尽管该病例具有解剖学特异性和临床相关性，强调海马参与记忆，杏仁核可能参与冷漠，但由于环境、理论和政治因素，其理论意义仍未得到充分重视。别赫捷列夫不愿支持认知功能的严格定位，联想主义理论在俄罗斯神经科学中的主导地位，以及他在斯大林政权期间出于政治动机的抹去，这些都导致了这个案例的历史忽视。本文重构了Bekhterev的原始报告，重新评估了它们的相关性，并将它们置于早期海马研究的更广泛背景中。
{"title":"Bekhterev’s case: Amnesia due to bi-hippocampal damage 50 years before HM","authors":"Sergio Della Sala , Marco Catani , Luciano Mecacci","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The association between the hippocampus and memory has been largely shaped by the landmark case of patient HM in the mid-20th century. However, this manuscript revisits an overlooked and historically significant case reported by Russian neurologist Vladimir M. Bekhterev in 1899, predating HM by five decades. Bekhterev documented a patient with profound amnesia and bilateral hippocampal damage, which he presented in Russian and German abstracts and later summarized in his 1907 work. Despite the anatomical specificity and clinical relevance of the case, highlighting the involvement of the hippocampus in memory and possibly the amygdala in apathy, its theoretical implications remained underappreciated due to contextual, theoretical, and political factors. Bekhterev's reluctance to endorse strict localization of cognitive functions, the dominance of associationist theories in Russian neuroscience, and his politically motivated erasure during Stalin's regime contributed to the case's historical neglect. This paper reconstructs Bekhterev's original reports, revaluates their relevance, and situates them in the broader context of early hippocampal research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 165-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.003
Bryan Bin Yuan Yeo , Junhong Yu
Graphene-colour synaesthesia is a phenomenon where individuals associate specific graphemes with particular colours, with two common subtypes: projector and associator. This study investigates the association between resting-state regional homogeneity (ReHo) and projector- and associator-type synaesthesia, and the behavioural significance of these ReHo abnormalities. 75 synaesthetes with varying projector and associator scores completed a diverse range of psychological measures and underwent resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) scans. Cortical ReHo images were extracted from preprocessed rsfMRI scans and analysed using the VertexWiseR R package. Vertex-wise ReHo analysis revealed that ReHo scores of the left caudal middle frontal negatively associated with associator-type synaesthesia scores, while ReHo scores of the left superior parietal, left superior frontal, left pars orbitalis and right precuneus negatively associated with projector scores. These ReHo clusters correlated with domains of emotional and tactile imagery (Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire) across both subtypes. Projector-score associated clusters were associated with auditory, gustatory, and visual imagery, as well as heightened avoidance behaviours. Meta-analytical image decoding analyses suggested that the clusters associated with both projector- and associator scores were associated with memory and executive function. Overall, our analyses revealed that projector and associator synaesthesia are supported by distinct yet overlapping patterns of ReHo within higher-order cognitive and perceptual brain regions.
{"title":"Atypical cortical regional homogeneity observed in graphene-colour synaesthesia and its subtypes","authors":"Bryan Bin Yuan Yeo , Junhong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphene-colour synaesthesia is a phenomenon where individuals associate specific graphemes with particular colours, with two common subtypes: projector and associator. This study investigates the association between resting-state regional homogeneity (ReHo) and projector- and associator-type synaesthesia, and the behavioural significance of these ReHo abnormalities. 75 synaesthetes with varying projector and associator scores completed a diverse range of psychological measures and underwent resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) scans. Cortical ReHo images were extracted from preprocessed rsfMRI scans and analysed using the VertexWiseR R package. Vertex-wise ReHo analysis revealed that ReHo scores of the left caudal middle frontal negatively associated with associator-type synaesthesia scores, while ReHo scores of the left superior parietal, left superior frontal, left pars orbitalis and right precuneus negatively associated with projector scores. These ReHo clusters correlated with domains of emotional and tactile imagery (Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire) across both subtypes. Projector-score associated clusters were associated with auditory, gustatory, and visual imagery, as well as heightened avoidance behaviours. Meta-analytical image decoding analyses suggested that the clusters associated with both projector- and associator scores were associated with memory and executive function. Overall, our analyses revealed that projector and associator synaesthesia are supported by distinct yet overlapping patterns of ReHo within higher-order cognitive and perceptual brain regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 135-151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.07.016
Eleonora Grande , Marco Ciavarro , Giuseppina Bevacqua , Antonello Baldassarre , Giorgia Committeri , Vincenzo Esposito
Introduction
Supplementary Motor Area syndrome (SMAs), a severe but transient syndrome inducing contralateral akinesia and language deficits, typically arises from lesion involving the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA). Through a functional and structural disconnection approach, we investigated whether lesion-related neuropsychological symptoms could be explained in terms of hodotopical loss of integrity across the whole-brain connectome.
Method
We report a case of a 53-year-old man who underwent resection of the left lateral inferior frontal gyrus, as well as the middle and superior frontal gyri for a low-grade glioma recurrence. Although without SMA lesion, he developed SMA syndrome symptoms, including speech arrest and perseverations, the patient recovered quickly but partially. The resection cavities from the first and second surgery were used as seeds to investigate structurally and functionally disconnected circuits in a Lesion Network Mapping (LNM) analysis. As a control, SMA-complex region was included in LNM analysis.
Results
Structural disconnection analysis revealed common disconnections between second surgery resection cavity and SMA region, at the level of the Cingulate and Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus. Also, functional analysis showed greater second surgery induced disconnection in critical hubs of the Fronto-Parietal and Default Mode Networks, as well as functional disconnection involving the spared SMA complex.
Discussion
Here the SMA syndrome, emerged despite no SMA lesion, appears to results from an alteration of structural and functional brain circuits, according to the hodotopical theory. We can speculate that disruption of interconnected networks may underlie symptom manifestation in SMA syndrome and may offer a potential framework for studying disconnection-related mechanisms.
{"title":"SMA-like syndrome without SMA lesion: Patterns of structural and functional disconnection in a relapsing low grade glioma","authors":"Eleonora Grande , Marco Ciavarro , Giuseppina Bevacqua , Antonello Baldassarre , Giorgia Committeri , Vincenzo Esposito","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.07.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.07.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Supplementary Motor Area syndrome (SMAs), a severe but transient syndrome inducing contralateral akinesia and language deficits, typically arises from lesion involving the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA). Through a functional and structural disconnection approach, we investigated whether lesion-related neuropsychological symptoms could be explained in terms of hodotopical loss of integrity across the whole-brain connectome.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We report a case of a 53-year-old man who underwent resection of the left lateral inferior frontal gyrus, as well as the middle and superior frontal gyri for a low-grade glioma recurrence. Although without SMA lesion, he developed SMA syndrome symptoms, including speech arrest and perseverations, the patient recovered quickly but partially. The resection cavities from the first and second surgery were used as seeds to investigate structurally and functionally disconnected circuits in a Lesion Network Mapping (LNM) analysis. As a control, SMA-complex region was included in LNM analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Structural disconnection analysis revealed common disconnections between second surgery resection cavity and SMA region, at the level of the Cingulate and Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus. Also, functional analysis showed greater second surgery induced disconnection in critical hubs of the Fronto-Parietal and Default Mode Networks, as well as functional disconnection involving the spared SMA complex.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Here the SMA syndrome, emerged despite no SMA lesion, appears to results from an alteration of structural and functional brain circuits, according to the hodotopical theory. We can speculate that disruption of interconnected networks may underlie symptom manifestation in SMA syndrome and may offer a potential framework for studying disconnection-related mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 104-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.001
Lisa Raoul , Fabrice R. Sarlegna , Cédric Goulon , Marie-Hélène Grosbras
Does the way we explicitly reflect on our bodily, mental, and social self relate to our implicit bodily self-consciousness? To address this question, we investigated how self-reflection traits and sensory characteristics explain inter-individual variability in experiencing ownership, agency, or referral of touch over a rubber hand or virtual full-body in 70 young girls. The reduction of these embodiment feelings by an experimentally induced asynchrony between the participant's and the virtual body's stimulation (tactile or motor) can be seen as indicative of a robust bodily self-consciousness. In the visuo-motor full-body illusion, asynchrony reduced: agency more strongly in participants with a high tendency to reflect about social-self; ownership more in those with positive reflections towards the bodily self; agency and ownership more in participants with lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy. Overall, we highlight the importance of accounting for embodiment variability during asynchronous stimulation and provide novel insights into how explicit reflections about oneself relate to bodily self-consciousness’ components in girls, underscoring the need for further investigation in other populations.
{"title":"Do explicit self-reflection traits relate to implicit bodily self-consciousness? Insights from asynchronous stimulation in embodiment illusions","authors":"Lisa Raoul , Fabrice R. Sarlegna , Cédric Goulon , Marie-Hélène Grosbras","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Does the way we explicitly reflect on our bodily, mental, and social self relate to our implicit bodily self-consciousness? To address this question, we investigated how self-reflection traits and sensory characteristics explain inter-individual variability in experiencing ownership, agency, or referral of touch over a rubber hand or virtual full-body in 70 young girls. The reduction of these embodiment feelings by an experimentally induced asynchrony between the participant's and the virtual body's stimulation (tactile or motor) can be seen as indicative of a robust bodily self-consciousness. In the visuo-motor full-body illusion, asynchrony reduced: agency more strongly in participants with a high tendency to reflect about social-self; ownership more in those with positive reflections towards the bodily self; agency and ownership more in participants with lower cardiac interoceptive accuracy. Overall, we highlight the importance of accounting for embodiment variability during asynchronous stimulation and provide novel insights into how explicit reflections about oneself relate to bodily self-consciousness’ components in girls, underscoring the need for further investigation in other populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 117-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.011
S. Smaczny , S. Jung , K. Willmes , H.-O. Karnath , E. Klein
In acute stroke patients, arithmetic fact retrieval deficits have been observed due to disrupted white matter connections within a left-hemispheric network centered around the angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus (Smaczny et al., 2023). However, it remains unclear which specific structural disconnections also hinder successful remediation in the chronic stage of stroke. In this study, 92 patients were examined to determine which impairments continue to affect multiplication performance even in the chronic phase after a first-time unilateral left-hemispheric stroke. Our results revealed a strong association between impaired multiplication performance and the disconnection of left long-term memory (para)hippocampal areas from left frontal and right parietal regions. Thus, unlike previous findings in the acute stroke phase, our results in the chronic phase emphasize the importance of (para)hippocampal regions for successful multiplication performance. We suggest that the affected areas and connections in chronic patients with persistent multiplication problems not only indicate areas that are crucial for the relearning of arithmetic facts, but also those crucial for the learning of arithmetic facts in general. More generally, we suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic facts depends on structural integrity of a network centered around the left (para)hippocampus, while the retrieval of consolidated arithmetic facts from memory relies on the integrity of a left-hemispheric network involving angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus.
在急性中风患者中，由于以角回和颞中回为中心的左半球网络中的白质连接中断，观察到算术事实检索缺陷（Smaczny et al., 2023）。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些特定的结构断开也阻碍了中风慢性期的成功修复。在这项研究中，对92名患者进行了检查，以确定在首次单侧左半球中风后的慢性期，哪些损伤继续影响乘法表现。我们的研究结果显示，受损的乘法性能和左长期记忆海马区与左额叶和右顶叶区域的断开有很强的联系。因此，与先前在急性中风期的研究结果不同，我们在慢性期的研究结果强调了海马区对成功增殖表现的重要性。我们认为，慢性持续性乘法问题患者的受影响区域和连接不仅表明了对算术事实的重新学习至关重要的区域，而且也表明了对一般算术事实的学习至关重要的区域。更一般地说，我们认为算术事实的获取依赖于以左海马体为中心的网络结构完整性，而从记忆中检索巩固的算术事实依赖于包括角回和中颞回的左半球网络的完整性。
{"title":"Arithmetic fact retrieval deficits in chronic stroke – A deficit of relearning?","authors":"S. Smaczny , S. Jung , K. Willmes , H.-O. Karnath , E. Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In acute stroke patients, arithmetic fact retrieval deficits have been observed due to disrupted white matter connections within a left-hemispheric network centered around the angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus (Smaczny et al., 2023). However, it remains unclear which specific structural disconnections also hinder successful remediation in the chronic stage of stroke. In this study, 92 patients were examined to determine which impairments continue to affect multiplication performance even in the chronic phase after a first-time unilateral left-hemispheric stroke. Our results revealed a strong association between impaired multiplication performance and the disconnection of left long-term memory (para)hippocampal areas from left frontal and right parietal regions. Thus, unlike previous findings in the acute stroke phase, our results in the chronic phase emphasize the importance of (para)hippocampal regions for successful multiplication performance. We suggest that the affected areas and connections in chronic patients with persistent multiplication problems not only indicate areas that are crucial for the relearning of arithmetic facts, but also those crucial for the learning of arithmetic facts in general. More generally, we suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic facts depends on structural integrity of a network centered around the left (para)hippocampus, while the retrieval of consolidated arithmetic facts from memory relies on the integrity of a left-hemispheric network involving angular gyrus and middle temporal gyrus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 78-89"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.013
Kai Ishida, Tomomi Ishida, Hiroshi Nittono
The human brain predicts various musical features such as harmony, melody, and rhythm during music perception. A previous electroencephalographic (EEG) study showed that the accuracy of pitch decoding during tone omission was greater when the pitch of the melody was highly predictable than when it was less predictable, reflecting that predictive information of a specific pitch is contained in the EEG signal. However, the specificity of prediction for other musical features has not been fully addressed. The present study investigated whether predicted instruments are decoded from the EEG signal during omission to examine the specificity of prediction in the timbre dimension. Thirty-five participants listened to unfamiliar melodies with simple (high predictability) or complex (low predictability) timbre change rules while watching a silent movie. The EEG was recorded when a tone expected to be played by one of four specific timbres (celesta, electric piano, marimba, organ) was omitted. The results showed that the amplitude of an omitted stimulus potential, oN1, did not differ between high and low predictability conditions. However, the support vector machine was able to decode the type of musical timbre during omission better than random chance in the high predictability condition but not in the low predictability condition. These results suggest that EEG signals contain information about which instrument should be played during omission, but this information is not manifested in traditional event-related potentials. The brain may specifically predict not only the pitch but also other musical dimensions, such as the timbre, of the upcoming tone.
{"title":"Which instrument should play here? Decoding predicted musical timbre from EEG signals during omission","authors":"Kai Ishida, Tomomi Ishida, Hiroshi Nittono","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human brain predicts various musical features such as harmony, melody, and rhythm during music perception. A previous electroencephalographic (EEG) study showed that the accuracy of pitch decoding during tone omission was greater when the pitch of the melody was highly predictable than when it was less predictable, reflecting that predictive information of a specific pitch is contained in the EEG signal. However, the specificity of prediction for other musical features has not been fully addressed. The present study investigated whether predicted instruments are decoded from the EEG signal during omission to examine the specificity of prediction in the timbre dimension. Thirty-five participants listened to unfamiliar melodies with simple (high predictability) or complex (low predictability) timbre change rules while watching a silent movie. The EEG was recorded when a tone expected to be played by one of four specific timbres (celesta, electric piano, marimba, organ) was omitted. The results showed that the amplitude of an omitted stimulus potential, oN1, did not differ between high and low predictability conditions. However, the support vector machine was able to decode the type of musical timbre during omission better than random chance in the high predictability condition but not in the low predictability condition. These results suggest that EEG signals contain information about which instrument should be played during omission, but this information is not manifested in traditional event-related potentials. The brain may specifically predict not only the pitch but also other musical dimensions, such as the timbre, of the upcoming tone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 64-77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.012
Antonia Gillmeister , Michal Pieniak , Thomas Hummel
The olfactory experiences vary widely among individuals. Despite having an otherwise normal sense of smell, some people exhibit specific anosmia, i.e., the inability to detect certain odorants. While genetic factors play a key role in this phenomenon, olfactory perception is also influenced by environment, and repeated exposure to odors (olfactory training) can enhance olfactory sensitivity. In this study, we examined whether olfactory training increases sensitivity towards odors participants were specifically anosmic to, and preliminary investigated whether this training-induced change is stable over time. Initially, we screened 335 participants with healthy sense of smell to identify individuals with specific anosmia towards androstenone, benzyl salicylate, bacdanol, or maltol. Subsequently, 77 participants with at least one specific anosmia underwent 2-months long olfactory training with these four odorants. We observed that following the training, participants became more sensitive towards odors they were specifically anosmic to, whereas sensitivity towards odors they were able to perceive at baseline did not change. However, the effects of olfactory training on specific anosmia were transient – 19 months after the training completion, 9 out of 10 followed-up participants became specifically anosmic towards androstenone again. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that the human olfactory system adjusts to novel odorous inputs, but these environmentally driven changes do not appear to be permanent in healthy participants.
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A coherent sense of body ownership and position depends on the integration of top-down and bottom-up sensory signals. Disrupting this coherence through experimental illusions can alter body representation and peripheral physiological states, such as body temperature. To further investigate this link, we developed a novel virtual reality (VR) paradigm that manipulates spatial body representation by virtually repositioning the left hand into the right side of the body during a visuomotor task. Participants (n = 26) engaged in a 15-min immersive VR task using their right hand to manipulate a virtual cube with a stick. In the congruent condition, the virtual hand matched their actual right hand. In the incongruent condition, the right hand was visually replaced by a left hand, shifting the perceived body midline. We recorded left-hand temperature before and during the task, skin conductance responses (SCRs) to electrocutaneous stimulation, proprioceptive drift (PD), and subjective measures (embodiment, agency, altered body perception, and unpleasantness). Results showed a significant decrease in left-hand temperature in the incongruent condition, compared to an increase in the congruent condition. SCR amplitude correlated with temperature: cooling was associated with reduced SCRs, while warming predicted stronger responses. PD revealed a rightward shift in perceived finger position across conditions, likely due to the task's unilateral nature. Subjective ratings were similar across conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that visuomotor manipulations disrupting coherent body reference frames can induce measurable physiological changes, even in the absence of altered subjective experience, highlighting a link between body representation and peripheral bodily signals.
{"title":"Shifting the body midline: The impact of visuomotor modulations in virtual reality on peripheral autonomic activity","authors":"Matteo Girondini , Valentina Saccone , Massimo Montanaro , Alberto Gallace","doi":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cortex.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A coherent sense of body ownership and position depends on the integration of top-down and bottom-up sensory signals. Disrupting this coherence through experimental illusions can alter body representation and peripheral physiological states, such as body temperature. To further investigate this link, we developed a novel virtual reality (VR) paradigm that manipulates spatial body representation by virtually repositioning the left hand into the right side of the body during a visuomotor task. Participants (<em>n</em> = 26) engaged in a 15-min immersive VR task using their right hand to manipulate a virtual cube with a stick. In the congruent condition, the virtual hand matched their actual right hand. In the incongruent condition, the right hand was visually replaced by a left hand, shifting the perceived body midline. We recorded left-hand temperature before and during the task, skin conductance responses (SCRs) to electrocutaneous stimulation, proprioceptive drift (PD), and subjective measures (embodiment, agency, altered body perception, and unpleasantness). Results showed a significant decrease in left-hand temperature in the incongruent condition, compared to an increase in the congruent condition. SCR amplitude correlated with temperature: cooling was associated with reduced SCRs, while warming predicted stronger responses. PD revealed a rightward shift in perceived finger position across conditions, likely due to the task's unilateral nature. Subjective ratings were similar across conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that visuomotor manipulations disrupting coherent body reference frames can induce measurable physiological changes, even in the absence of altered subjective experience, highlighting a link between body representation and peripheral bodily signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10758,"journal":{"name":"Cortex","volume":"192 ","pages":"Pages 90-103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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