Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230714121859
A. Prabhakar, Deepti Verma, Nimisha Roy, Abhipsha Khadanga, Amar Dhwaj
The world is fighting a pandemic so grave that perhaps it has never been witnessed before; COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of August 31st, 2022, the WHO declared the total number of confirmed cases was 599,825,400, with 6,469,458 confirmed deaths from 223 countries under the scourge of this deadly virus. The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is an enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus. It is a close relative of the SARS and MERS viruses and has probably entered humans through bats. Human-to-human transmission is very rapid. People in contact with the patient or even the carriers became infected, leading to a widespread chain of contamination. We are presenting a mini-review on the role of biosensors in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors have been used for a very long time for viral detection and can be utilized for the prompt detection of the novel coronavirus. This article aims to provide a mini-review on the application of biosensors for the detection of the novel coronavirus with a focus on cost-effective paper-based sensors, nanobiosensors, Field effect transistors (FETs), and lab-on-chip integrated platforms.
{"title":"The Role Of Biosensors In Detection Of SARS-Cov-2: State-Of-The-Art And Future Prospects","authors":"A. Prabhakar, Deepti Verma, Nimisha Roy, Abhipsha Khadanga, Amar Dhwaj","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230714121859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230714121859","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The world is fighting a pandemic so grave that perhaps it has never been witnessed before; COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of August 31st, 2022, the WHO declared the total number of confirmed cases was 599,825,400, with 6,469,458 confirmed deaths from 223 countries under the scourge of this deadly virus. The SARS-CoV-2 is a β-coronavirus, which is an enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus. It is a close relative of the SARS and MERS viruses and has probably entered humans through bats. Human-to-human transmission is very rapid. People in contact with the patient or even the carriers became infected, leading to a widespread chain of contamination. We are presenting a mini-review on the role of biosensors in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Biosensors have been used for a very long time for viral detection and can be utilized for the prompt detection of the novel coronavirus. This article aims to provide a mini-review on the application of biosensors for the detection of the novel coronavirus with a focus on cost-effective paper-based sensors, nanobiosensors, Field effect transistors (FETs), and lab-on-chip integrated platforms.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47780617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230608112014
A. Tavakoli, Malihe Hamidzade, Saeed Motlaghzadeh, P. Khales, Danesh Aminpanah, S. Minaeian, S. M. Hosseini-Hosseinabad
Viral infections remain to be a serious threat to public health on a global scale. Recent outbreaks of viral infections have highlighted the urgent need for novel antiviral treatments. The recent development of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of various pathogenic viruses has received significant attention. There are established mechanisms of action for metal/metal oxide nanoparticles that can occur inside and outside host cells. These mechanisms include the interaction of nanoparticles with viral receptors, interference with viral attachment, interaction with the viral genome, inactivating virus particles prior to cellular entry, and interaction with viral replication factors. In this article, we attempted to present a comprehensive review of all published research on using metal/metal oxide nanoparticles against human infectious diseases and their antiviral modes of action.
{"title":"Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Agents Against Human Infectious Viruses","authors":"A. Tavakoli, Malihe Hamidzade, Saeed Motlaghzadeh, P. Khales, Danesh Aminpanah, S. Minaeian, S. M. Hosseini-Hosseinabad","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230608112014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230608112014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Viral infections remain to be a serious threat to public health on a global scale. Recent outbreaks of viral infections have highlighted the urgent need for novel antiviral treatments. The recent development of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of various pathogenic viruses has received significant attention. There are established mechanisms of action for metal/metal oxide nanoparticles that can occur inside and outside host cells. These mechanisms include the interaction of nanoparticles with viral receptors, interference with viral attachment, interaction with the viral genome, inactivating virus particles prior to cellular entry, and interaction with viral replication factors. In this article, we attempted to present a comprehensive review of all published research on using metal/metal oxide nanoparticles against human infectious diseases and their antiviral modes of action.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42498264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230605120659
Smita D More, Anjali S Wadhokar, Rushali S Bedjawalge
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have several potential uses in research for medicine such as drug discovery and drug delivery, an area at the forefront of evolving area of nanobiotechnology. In general, SLNs were created to address the drawbacks of conventional colloidal carriers, including emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles since they provide various advantages such as favourable release profiles and tailored drug delivery with outstanding physical-chemical stability. Solid lipid nanoparticles are spherical solid lipid particles that are distributed in water or an aqueous surfactant solution and are in the nanometer size range. Therefore, SLN is used to deliver hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The review article focuses on various aspects of SLN including the structure, the influence of excipients, the drug incorporation model, the principle of release, the method of preparation, characterization, the route of administration and biodistribution, and the application of SLN.
{"title":"A Review on Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Nano Drug Delivery Transporters","authors":"Smita D More, Anjali S Wadhokar, Rushali S Bedjawalge","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230605120659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230605120659","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have several potential uses in research for medicine such as drug discovery and drug delivery, an area at the forefront of evolving area of nanobiotechnology. In general, SLNs were created to address the drawbacks of conventional colloidal carriers, including emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles since they provide various advantages such as favourable release profiles and tailored drug delivery with outstanding physical-chemical stability. Solid lipid nanoparticles are spherical solid lipid particles that are distributed in water or an aqueous surfactant solution and are in the nanometer size range. Therefore, SLN is used to deliver hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The review article focuses on various aspects of SLN including the structure, the influence of excipients, the drug incorporation model, the principle of release, the method of preparation, characterization, the route of administration and biodistribution, and the application of SLN.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47959682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-25DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230525093326
Majed M Masadeh, Ayham R. Alnsour, Rawand M. Daghmash, K. Alzoubi, Majd M Masadeh, Nayef H. Batayneh, Hala H. Batayneh, Mustafa S. Al-Ogaidi
According to the WHO, antimicrobial resistance has recently become worrisome and constitutes an international public health crisis. The advent of multidrug-resistant bacteria has been implicated in the rise in morbidity and death caused by microbial diseases. However, the lack of new and effective antibiotics has been associated with the emergence of drug resistance. This has resulted in worldwide endeavors to advance innovative drugs with higher efficiency and more sophisticated drug delivery technologies. In addition, the utilization of nanoparticles as innovative biological substances is considered a worldwide issue of interest. Nanoparticles have the potential to become a vital and viable treatment alternative for treating drug-resistant illnesses. Nanoparticles contain metallic substances and their oxides, which have the highest possibility among all nanoparticles and have piqued the curiosity of numerous experts. Furthermore, using silver nanoparticles in photothermal treatment has attracted much interest. This review includes knowledge about the problems of drug resistance and the mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles. This review comprehensively assesses the current discoveries for using silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial medicines in infections caused by resistant microorganisms. Also being explored as nanomaterials that can react with light (photothermal treatment) to destroy bacteria and promote improved medication administration and release. Furthermore, it focuses on the synergy between nanoparticles with antimicrobial action and other nanoparticles, microbial adaptation mechanisms to nanoparticles, and existing obstacles and future possibilities that were thoroughly examined.
{"title":"The Pharmaceutical Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Treating Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Biofilms","authors":"Majed M Masadeh, Ayham R. Alnsour, Rawand M. Daghmash, K. Alzoubi, Majd M Masadeh, Nayef H. Batayneh, Hala H. Batayneh, Mustafa S. Al-Ogaidi","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230525093326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230525093326","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000According to the WHO, antimicrobial resistance has recently become worrisome and constitutes an international public health crisis. The advent of multidrug-resistant bacteria has been implicated in the rise in morbidity and death caused by microbial diseases. However, the lack of new and effective antibiotics has been associated with the emergence of drug resistance. This has resulted in worldwide endeavors to advance innovative drugs with higher efficiency and more sophisticated drug delivery technologies. In addition, the utilization of nanoparticles as innovative biological substances is considered a worldwide issue of interest. \u0000Nanoparticles have the potential to become a vital and viable treatment alternative for treating drug-resistant illnesses. Nanoparticles contain metallic substances and their oxides, which have the highest possibility among all nanoparticles and have piqued the curiosity of numerous experts. Furthermore, using silver nanoparticles in photothermal treatment has attracted much interest.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review includes knowledge about the problems of drug resistance and the mechanism of action of silver nanoparticles.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This review comprehensively assesses the current discoveries for using silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial medicines in infections caused by resistant microorganisms. Also being explored as nanomaterials that can react with light (photothermal treatment) to destroy bacteria and promote improved medication administration and release. Furthermore, it focuses on the synergy between nanoparticles with antimicrobial action and other nanoparticles, microbial adaptation mechanisms to nanoparticles, and existing obstacles and future possibilities that were thoroughly examined.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48284376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230518123226
T. Thirugnanasambandan, S. Gopinath
Plant nanobionics is an interdisciplinary field of science with the concepts of plant biology and nanotechnology applied. The field is in the developing stage with various applications, including photosynthesis enhancement, light-emitting plants, sensors, and energy harvesting from plant organelles. For instance, advanced nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes are inserted in plant tissues to achieve various functions. The photosynthesis process can be enhanced by improving light absorption using single-walled carbon nanotubes that are impregnated in the leaves of plants. Plants are able to emit light when various nanostructures are encapsulated inside. Plant fuel cells can be constructed by embedding nanomaterials in the plant organelles for energy generation. On the other hand, various sensing devices have been developed for agriculture using plant nanobionics, which detect pollutants, toxic chemicals, and soil moisture. These devices are expected to be superior to the conventional sensors used in agriculture. Apart from that, microorganisms can be used as catalysts for energy generation and wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells. In this study, microbial nanobionics are discussed for the nanomaterials coated on the electrodes of a microbial fuel cell to improve electron transfer and biofilm formation.
{"title":"An Insight into Enhanced Roles of Plant and Microbial Nanobionics","authors":"T. Thirugnanasambandan, S. Gopinath","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230518123226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230518123226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Plant nanobionics is an interdisciplinary field of science with the concepts of plant biology and nanotechnology applied. The field is in the developing stage with various applications, including photosynthesis enhancement, light-emitting plants, sensors, and energy harvesting from plant organelles. For instance, advanced nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes are inserted in plant tissues to achieve various functions. The photosynthesis process can be enhanced by improving light absorption using single-walled carbon nanotubes that are impregnated in the leaves of plants. Plants are able to emit light when various nanostructures are encapsulated inside. Plant fuel cells can be constructed by embedding nanomaterials in the plant organelles for energy generation. On the other hand, various sensing devices have been developed for agriculture using plant nanobionics, which detect pollutants, toxic chemicals, and soil moisture. These devices are expected to be superior to the conventional sensors used in agriculture. Apart from that, microorganisms can be used as catalysts for energy generation and wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells. In this study, microbial nanobionics are discussed for the nanomaterials coated on the electrodes of a microbial fuel cell to improve electron transfer and biofilm formation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46440895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-17DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230517111856
Pranjal Singh, Smita Singh, Kapil Sachan, Vikrant Verma, S. Garg
Nanoscale semiconductors known as quantum dots (QDs) are essential for drug testing because they bridge the gap between nanotechnology and the testing of drugs. QDs are a valuable tool in theranostics and treatment because of their unique physicochemical features. Due to their photoluminescence and electronic properties, including broad and continuous absorption spectra, narrow emission spectra from visible to near-infrared wavelengths, and long-lasting and high brightness, they are suitable probe materials for use in (bio)sensing (immunological) platforms. Several studies use QDs due to their optical, magnetic, electrical, photochemical, and biological features that allow them to be employed in various scientific domains. When utilized in drug delivery systems, fluorescent markers, such as QDs, can track the metabolism of drugs in the human body. Many medicinal applications, such as disease diagnosis and medication research, can benefit from these fluorescent tests. In this review article, the application of QD in drug delivery and immunoassay sensing has been described in detail.
{"title":"Recent Development and Advancement in Quantum Dots in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Fields for the Delivery of Drugs","authors":"Pranjal Singh, Smita Singh, Kapil Sachan, Vikrant Verma, S. Garg","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230517111856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230517111856","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanoscale semiconductors known as quantum dots (QDs) are essential for drug testing because they bridge the gap between nanotechnology and the testing of drugs. QDs are a valuable tool in theranostics and treatment because of their unique physicochemical features. Due to their photoluminescence and electronic properties, including broad and continuous absorption spectra, narrow emission spectra from visible to near-infrared wavelengths, and long-lasting and high brightness, they are suitable probe materials for use in (bio)sensing (immunological) platforms. Several studies use QDs due to their optical, magnetic, electrical, photochemical, and biological features that allow them to be employed in various scientific domains. When utilized in drug delivery systems, fluorescent markers, such as QDs, can track the metabolism of drugs in the human body. Many medicinal applications, such as disease diagnosis and medication research, can benefit from these fluorescent tests. In this review article, the application of QD in drug delivery and immunoassay sensing has been described in detail.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48934604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230516151142
Chandra Sekhar Dash, S. Panda, Chinmayee Dora
Recently memristors have emerged as a form of nonvolatile memory that is based on the principle of ion transport in solid electrolytes under the impact of an external electric field. It is perceived as one of the key elements to building next-generation computing systems owing to its peculiar resistive switching characteristics. The switching mechanism in a memristor is mainly governed by filamentary conduction. Further, it can be employed as a memory as well as a logic element, which makes it an ideal candidate for building innovative computer architecture. Moreover, it is capable of mimicking the characteristics of biological synapses, which makes it an ideal candidate for developing a Neuromorphic system. In this review to begin with the switching mechanism of the memristor, primarily focusing on filamentary conduction, is discussed. Few SPICE models of memristor are reviewed, and their critical comparison is performed, which are widely used to build computing systems. An in-depth study on the various crossbar memory architecture augmented with memristors is reviewed. Finally, the application of memristors in neuromorphic computing and hardware implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) employing memristors is discussed.
{"title":"Recent Trends in Application of Memristor in Neuromorphic Computing: A Review","authors":"Chandra Sekhar Dash, S. Panda, Chinmayee Dora","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230516151142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230516151142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Recently memristors have emerged as a form of nonvolatile memory that is based on the principle of ion transport in solid electrolytes under the impact of an external electric field. It is perceived as one of the key elements to building next-generation computing systems owing to its peculiar resistive switching characteristics. The switching mechanism in a memristor is mainly governed by filamentary conduction. Further, it can be employed as a memory as well as a logic element, which makes it an ideal candidate for building innovative computer architecture. Moreover, it is capable of mimicking the characteristics of biological synapses, which makes it an ideal candidate for developing a Neuromorphic system. In this review to begin with the switching mechanism of the memristor, primarily focusing on filamentary conduction, is discussed. Few SPICE models of memristor are reviewed, and their critical comparison is performed, which are widely used to build computing systems. An in-depth study on the various crossbar memory architecture augmented with memristors is reviewed. Finally, the application of memristors in neuromorphic computing and hardware implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) employing memristors is discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48503890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230511145554
D. Subbulekshmi, S. Gayathri
The reliability and efficacy of sensor-based automated systems have improved due to the proliferation of electric vehicles, renewable sources, and integrated systems in power industries extensively. This has been accomplished by increasing the power density and decreasing the volume of the system. Mathematical estimation and comparative analysis of the physical factors result in massive usage of operational matrices measured using sensors. Magnetic field sensors, used in industries and biomedical applications, have a high level of precision in the evaluation of measurements. In order to extract the measured parameters such as sensitivity, accuracy, operating cost, the linear range of operation, and power utilisation, these sensors adhere to the physical constraints during their nominal working conditions. The characteristics of the aforementioned sensors are enumerated in detail in this article. This objective is highly focused on providing a comprehensive overview of classification and the properties of Hall-Effect, anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR), giant magnetoresistive (GMR), and tunnelling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors. The dissertation on its properties concludes that TMR is more reliable and sensitive in variable operating conditions. The methods for selecting the sensors for an application are confined to voltage fluctuations and sensitivity. A three-layered TMR sensor with two magnetic layers and an insulator in between is proposed as a significant advancement compared to the literature. The micromagnetic simulation is carried out at room temperature for a three-layered TMR made up of neodymium alloy, magnesium oxide, and cobalt platinum alloy. Based on the studies executed, it is determined that TMR is more sensitive than both conventional and MR sensors. The proposed schematic claims that the higher free layer thickness offers maximum sensitivity with 77% negative magnetoresistance. The reduced coercivity of 1.9Oe is achieved in this combination at a specified temperature range.
{"title":"An extensive review of MR sensors with design and characteristic evaluation of Three-Layered TMR sensor","authors":"D. Subbulekshmi, S. Gayathri","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230511145554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230511145554","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The reliability and efficacy of sensor-based automated systems have improved due to the proliferation of electric vehicles, renewable sources, and integrated systems in power industries extensively. This has been accomplished by increasing the power density and decreasing the volume of the system.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Mathematical estimation and comparative analysis of the physical factors result in massive usage of operational matrices measured using sensors. Magnetic field sensors, used in industries and biomedical applications, have a high level of precision in the evaluation of measurements. In order to extract the measured parameters such as sensitivity, accuracy, operating cost, the linear range of operation, and power utilisation, these sensors adhere to the physical constraints during their nominal working conditions. The characteristics of the aforementioned sensors are enumerated in detail in this article.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This objective is highly focused on providing a comprehensive overview of classification and the properties of Hall-Effect, anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR), giant magnetoresistive (GMR), and tunnelling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors. The dissertation on its properties concludes that TMR is more reliable and sensitive in variable operating conditions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The methods for selecting the sensors for an application are confined to voltage fluctuations and sensitivity. A three-layered TMR sensor with two magnetic layers and an insulator in between is proposed as a significant advancement compared to the literature. The micromagnetic simulation is carried out at room temperature for a three-layered TMR made up of neodymium alloy, magnesium oxide, and cobalt platinum alloy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Based on the studies executed, it is determined that TMR is more sensitive than both conventional and MR sensors. The proposed schematic claims that the higher free layer thickness offers maximum sensitivity with 77% negative magnetoresistance. The reduced coercivity of 1.9Oe is achieved in this combination at a specified temperature range.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46412101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-10DOI: 10.2174/1573413719666230510101913
V.K. Sharma, M. Maqbool
The need for high performance, small size, low delay, low power consumption, and long battery backup of portable systems is increasing with the advancement of technology. Many features of portable systems can be improved using scaling methods. In the scaling process, reducing the size of devices causes serious difficulties, including the short channel effect (SCE) and leakage current, which degenerates the characteristics of the systems. In this review paper, a trending carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology is discussed in detail. CNTFET can replace the conventional metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) technology to overcome the SCE problems in the nanoscale regime and also meet the requirements of portable systems. The CNTFET is an extremely good nanoscale technology due to its one-dimension band structure, high transconductance, high electron mobility, superior control over channel formation, and better threshold voltage. This technology is used to construct high-performance and low-power circuits by replacing the MOSFET technology. CNTFET in comparison to MOSFET takes the carbon nanotube (CNT) as a channel region. The value of threshold voltage in CNTFET changes with the diameter of CNT. The threshold voltage of the devices controls many parameters at the circuit-level design. Hence, the detailed operation and the characteristics of CNTFET devices are presented in this review paper. The existing CNTFET-based ternary full adder (TFA) circuits are also described in this review paper for the performance evaluation of different parameters. CNTFET technology is the possible solution for the SCE in the nanoscale regime and is capable to design efficient logic circuits. The circuits using the CNTFET technology can provide better performance and various advantages, including fast speed, small area, and low power consumption, in comparison to the MOSFET circuits. Thus, CNTFET technology is the best choice for circuit designs at the nanoscale.
{"title":"Review on Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor for Nanoscale Regime","authors":"V.K. Sharma, M. Maqbool","doi":"10.2174/1573413719666230510101913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1573413719666230510101913","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The need for high performance, small size, low delay, low power consumption, and long battery backup of portable systems is increasing with the advancement of technology. Many features of portable systems can be improved using scaling methods. In the scaling process, reducing the size of devices causes serious difficulties, including the short channel effect (SCE) and leakage current, which degenerates the characteristics of the systems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this review paper, a trending carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology is discussed in detail. CNTFET can replace the conventional metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) technology to overcome the SCE problems in the nanoscale regime and also meet the requirements of portable systems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The CNTFET is an extremely good nanoscale technology due to its one-dimension band structure, high transconductance, high electron mobility, superior control over channel formation, and better threshold voltage. This technology is used to construct high-performance and low-power circuits by replacing the MOSFET technology. CNTFET in comparison to MOSFET takes the carbon nanotube (CNT) as a channel region.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The value of threshold voltage in CNTFET changes with the diameter of CNT. The threshold voltage of the devices controls many parameters at the circuit-level design. Hence, the detailed operation and the characteristics of CNTFET devices are presented in this review paper. The existing CNTFET-based ternary full adder (TFA) circuits are also described in this review paper for the performance evaluation of different parameters.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CNTFET technology is the possible solution for the SCE in the nanoscale regime and is capable to design efficient logic circuits. The circuits using the CNTFET technology can provide better performance and various advantages, including fast speed, small area, and low power consumption, in comparison to the MOSFET circuits. Thus, CNTFET technology is the best choice for circuit designs at the nanoscale.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10827,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanoscience","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41571675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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