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The dose makes the poison: plant toxin concentrations and herbivore immunity against pathogens and parasitoids 剂量产生毒素:植物毒素浓度和草食动物对病原体和类寄生虫的免疫力。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101405
Paul J Ode , Enakshi Ghosh
Hormesis, the phenomenon in which low doses of toxins promote beneficial biological responses and higher doses compromise these responses, offers an underexplored framework for understanding herbivore eco-immunology. Here, we explore how insect herbivores might exploit plant secondary metabolites to enhance immune function. We propose that herbivores experience a ‘window of enhanced immunity,’ where toxins confer immune benefits at low concentrations, but suppress immune responses at higher concentrations. This concept bridges the interplay between bottom-up (plant defense) and top-down (natural enemy) pressures, providing insights into how herbivores balance challenges posed by exposure to plant toxins and exposure to their natural enemies. We discuss how both generalist and specialist herbivores navigate this balance, highlighting the evolutionary adaptations that influence their strategies. We suggest that the immune systems of specialist and generalist herbivores may both exhibit hormetic responses to plant toxins, although the shape of this relationship likely differs depending on their ability to detoxify and sequester plant toxins.
激效效应,即低剂量毒素促进有益的生物反应而高剂量毒素损害这些反应的现象,为理解草食动物生态免疫学提供了一个尚未被探索的框架。在这里,我们探讨昆虫食草动物如何利用植物次生代谢物来增强免疫功能。我们认为食草动物经历了一个“增强免疫力的窗口期”,即毒素在低浓度下赋予免疫益处,但在高浓度下抑制免疫反应。这个概念连接了自下而上(植物防御)和自上而下(天敌)压力之间的相互作用,为食草动物如何平衡暴露于植物毒素和暴露于天敌所带来的挑战提供了见解。我们讨论了通才食草动物和专才食草动物如何在这种平衡中生存,强调了影响它们策略的进化适应。我们认为,专业食草动物和通才食草动物的免疫系统都可能对植物毒素表现出过敏反应,尽管这种关系的形式可能因其解毒和隔离植物毒素的能力而异。
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引用次数: 0
tRNA expression and modifications as critical components in the biology of blood-feeding arthropods tRNA的表达和修饰是血食性节肢动物生物学的关键组成部分。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101404
Melissa Kelley , Patrick A Limbach , Joshua B Benoit
Alterations to the proteome are necessary for physiological processes in blood-feeding arthropods. To account for this, transfer RNA (tRNA) levels and chemical modifications are utilized for protein synthesis. Here, we discuss an overview of tRNA regulation in blood-feeding systems. This topic expands to host–microbial interactions as tRNA modifications require micronutrients acquired from symbionts and diet. Lastly, modifications are likely involved in the molecular dynamics between vectors and pathogens, which may impact transmission to vertebrate hosts. The tRNA levels and their modifications likely play crucial roles in the tripartite interaction between mosquitoes, their microbiome, and transmissable pathogens, providing a novel target to suppress the spread of mosquito-borne diseases.
蛋白质组的改变是血食性节肢动物生理过程所必需的。为了解释这一点,转移RNA (tRNA)水平和化学修饰被用于蛋白质合成。在这里,我们讨论了tRNA在供血系统中的调控概述。这个主题扩展到宿主-微生物的相互作用,因为修改需要从共生体和饮食中获得微量营养素。最后,修饰可能涉及媒介和病原体之间的分子动力学,这可能影响到脊椎动物宿主的传播。tRNA水平及其修饰可能在蚊子-微生物组-病原体之间的三方相互作用中发挥关键作用,为抑制病原体传播提供了新的靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Crosstalk between environmental factors and sex determination pathway: insights from lepidopteran insects and cladoceran crustaceans 环境因素与性别决定途径之间的串扰:来自鳞翅目昆虫和枝海洋甲壳类动物的启示。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101403
Yasuhiko Kato , Hajime Watanabe
Insects exhibit a remarkable diversity of sex determination systems. Sex determining mechanisms have been extensively analyzed using the genetic model insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster, revealing that insect sex is determined in a cell-autonomous manner. The sexual identity of each cell is governed by the conserved transcription factor Doublesex, while the regulatory mechanisms controlling its expression are species specific. In contrast, our understanding of how environmental factors modulate the sex determination pathway remains limited. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries on the crosstalk between environmental factors and sex determination pathways in the lepidopteran insects and the cladoceran crustaceans, which are closely related to insects. We discuss how the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia hijacks the host WZ/ZZ sex determination pathway in the lepidopteran Ostrinia furnacalis. In addition, we highlight how males that are genetically identical to females are produced in response to environmental stimuli in the cladoceran crustacean Daphnia magna. Based on these findings, we explore the evolutionary, ecological, and applied implications of the molecular mechanisms underlying environmentally influenced sex determination.
昆虫表现出显著的性别决定系统的多样性。性别决定机制已被广泛分析,使用遗传模式昆虫,如黑腹果蝇,揭示昆虫性别是由细胞自主方式决定的。每个细胞的性别身份都是由保守的转录因子double - esex控制的,而控制其表达的调节机制是物种特异性的。相比之下,我们对环境因素如何调节性别决定途径的理解仍然有限。本文综述了鳞翅目昆虫和枝海甲壳类昆虫中环境因子与性别决定途径之间的串扰的最新发现。我们讨论了共生细菌沃尔巴克氏体如何劫持鳞翅目Ostrinia furnacalis的宿主WZ/ZZ性别决定途径。此外,我们强调了在进化纲甲壳类动物大水蚤中,与雌性基因相同的雄性是如何在环境刺激下产生的。基于这些发现,我们探讨了环境影响下性别决定的分子机制的进化、生态和应用意义。
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引用次数: 0
Neuroanatomy of blood-feeding arthropods 血食性节肢动物的神经解剖学。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101402
Jessica A Hearn, Gabriella H Wolff
Hematophagy has evolved independently numerous times across a variety of arthropods. Many of these blood-sucking animals, like kissing bugs or mosquitoes, transmit infectious diseases, resulting in numerous studies describing their sensory systems or ecology. Other species, like bed bugs or head lice, are not considered life-threatening but still elicit concern as a hygiene problem worldwide. Revealing the anatomy of the nervous systems in these arthropods expands our understanding of how they process environmental stimuli and locate hosts. Neural structures and the neuromodulators they express may be putative targets for vector control. In this review, we identify the known neuroanatomy of hematophagous arthropods, focusing on bed bugs, kissing bugs, lice, mosquitoes and other flies, and, finally, ticks. We also describe knowledge gaps and suggest areas of future study.
在各种节肢动物中,噬血行为已经独立进化了无数次。许多这些吸血动物,如接吻虫或蚊子,传播传染病,导致许多研究描述了它们的感觉系统或生态。其他物种,如臭虫或头虱,不被认为是危及生命的,但仍作为卫生问题引起了全世界的关注。揭示这些节肢动物神经系统的解剖结构扩展了我们对它们如何处理环境刺激和定位宿主的理解。神经结构及其表达的神经调节剂可能是病媒控制的假定目标。在这篇综述中,我们鉴定了已知的食血节肢动物的神经解剖学,重点是臭虫、吻虫、虱子、蚊子和其他苍蝇,最后是蜱虫。我们还描述了知识差距,并提出了未来研究的领域。
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引用次数: 0
Cooperation and conflict in termite societies 白蚁社会中的合作与冲突。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101401
Judith Korb
Termites are social cockroaches that evolved eusociality independently from social Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps). Thus, they are diploid organisms, and this has consequences for the occurrence of conflict in termites. Here, I outline the potential for conflict in termites and summarise studies that tested its actual occurrence. In termites, conflicts over the sex ratio, which are typical for haplodiploid social Hymenoptera, are generally absent. All else equal, in monogamous termite colonies, no genetic conflict exists over one’s own reproduction versus helping to raise siblings. Potential for conflict in termites mainly arises due to two main causes: nonmonogamy of colonies and options for colony inheritance by workers. Nonmonogamy occurs when colonies are founded by more than one pair of reproductives (mainly in the species-rich Termitidae with largely sterile workers) or due to fusion of neighbouring colonies (mainly in wood-dwelling termites with totipotent workers). Nonmonogamy of colonies could favour kin-discriminatory behaviour, but, like in social Hymenoptera, evidence for nepotism is rare. Conflict over inheritance of the natal breeding position commonly arises in species with nonsterile workers, which develop into (neotenic) replacement reproductives and inbreed when their king or queen dies. Conflict over inheritance seems to be widespread, yet conflict resolution mechanisms may have evolved, which might include the evolution of worker sterility. Generally, few experimental data exist for termites; more research is required for firm conclusions. Such studies should consider the strong interaction between workers’ reproductive potential (which varies from totipotent to sterile), power to control their own caste fate, and ecology.
白蚁是社会性蟑螂,独立于社会性膜翅目昆虫(蚂蚁、蜜蜂和黄蜂)进化而来。因此,它们是二倍体生物,这对白蚁发生冲突有影响。在这里,我概述了白蚁之间潜在的冲突,并总结了测试其实际发生的研究。在白蚁中,性别比例的冲突在单倍体社会膜翅目昆虫中是典型的,但在白蚁中却普遍不存在。在其他条件相同的情况下,在一夫一妻制的白蚁群落中,没有基因冲突存在于自己的繁殖和帮助增加兄弟姐妹之间。潜在的白蚁冲突主要由两个主要原因引起:蚁群的非一夫一妻制和工蚁对蚁群继承的选择。非一夫一妻制发生在由一对以上的繁殖蚁群(主要是物种丰富的白蚁科,大部分工蚁不育)或邻近蚁群的融合(主要是有全能工蚁的木栖白蚁)。蜂群的非一夫一妻制可能有利于亲属歧视行为,但就像在社会膜翅目昆虫中一样,裙带关系的证据很少。在具有非不育工蜂的物种中,通常会发生关于继承出生繁殖位置的冲突,当它们的国王或王后死亡时,它们会发育成(新生育期)替代生殖并近亲繁殖。关于遗产的冲突似乎很普遍;然而,冲突解决机制可能已经进化,其中可能包括工人不育的进化。一般来说,白蚁的实验数据很少;要得出确切的结论还需要更多的研究。这样的研究应该考虑工人的生殖潜能(从全能到不育)、控制自己种姓命运的权力和生态之间的强烈相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Chromosomal rearrangements in mosquitoes: from micro- to macroevolution 蚊子的染色体重排:从微观到宏观进化。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101393
Maria V Sharakhova , Igor V Sharakhov
Chromosomal rearrangements are believed to play a critical role in shaping the eco-evolutionary dynamics of diverse organisms, including mosquitoes. The availability of high-quality genome assemblies of multiple mosquito species has revolutionized the study of these rearrangements. Researchers can now employ genomic approaches to identify chromosomal rearrangements and gain new insights into their role in both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes. Autosomal inversions are emerging as possible key drivers of adaptation in mosquitoes. By maintaining standing genetic variation, inversions enable mosquito populations to rapidly adapt to environmental pressures, including insecticide-based vector control methods. X-chromosomal inversions may also play a role in speciation by reducing gene flow between diverging populations. Since mosquitoes are primary vectors of many human diseases, understanding the genomic basis of their adaptation and evolution is important from an epidemiological perspective. Studying chromosomal rearrangements can help identify chromosomal regions associated with adaptation to environmental stresses or insecticide resistance, thereby improving the efficacy of disease management programs.
染色体重排被认为在形成包括蚊子在内的多种生物的生态进化动力学中起着关键作用。多种蚊子的高质量基因组组装的可用性已经彻底改变了这些重排的研究。研究人员现在可以使用基因组方法来识别染色体重排,并对它们在微观进化和宏观进化过程中的作用有了新的认识。常染色体倒位可能是蚊子适应的关键驱动因素。通过保持现有的遗传变异,倒立使蚊子种群能够迅速适应环境压力,包括基于杀虫剂的病媒控制方法。x染色体倒位也可能通过减少不同种群之间的基因流动而在物种形成中发挥作用。由于蚊子是许多人类疾病的主要传播媒介,从流行病学的角度来看,了解蚊子适应和进化的基因组基础非常重要。研究染色体重排可以帮助鉴定与适应环境胁迫或杀虫剂抗性相关的染色体区域,从而提高疾病管理计划的功效。
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引用次数: 0
Chemosensory and behavioral effects of Methoprene, a commonly used juvenile hormone analog and insect pesticide 甲基戊二烯的化学感觉和行为效应,一种常用的少年激素类似物和杀虫剂。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101392
Tiphaine PM Bailly , Philip Kohlmeier
Juvenile hormones (JH) regulate insect development, reproduction, and behavior. The JH analog Methoprene, widely used in pest control, disrupts these processes by inhibiting maturation rather than causing mortality. Beyond its physiological effects, Methoprene influences insect behavior, including mate choice, social organization, and foraging, by altering neuronal sensitivity and gene expression via the Methoprene-tolerant receptor. These behavioral disruptions may negatively impact insect populations, including pollinators like honeybees. While laboratory studies highlight Methoprene's behavioral consequences, field research is needed to assess its ecological effects. Understanding these broader impacts is crucial for evaluating the risks associated with JH-based pest control strategies.
幼虫激素(JH)调节昆虫的发育、繁殖和行为。JH类似物甲基戊二烯广泛用于害虫防治,通过抑制成熟而不是导致死亡来破坏这些过程。除生理作用外,甲基戊二烯还通过耐甲基戊二烯受体改变神经敏感性和基因表达,从而影响昆虫的行为,包括配偶选择、社会组织和觅食。这些行为破坏可能会对昆虫种群产生负面影响,包括蜜蜂等传粉媒介。虽然实验室研究强调了甲基戊二烯的行为后果,但需要实地研究来评估其生态影响。了解这些更广泛的影响对于评估以jh为基础的虫害防治战略的相关风险至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: Innovative approaches to insect conservation in the face of global challenges 面对全球挑战的昆虫保护创新方法。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101391
Toke T Høye , Eliza M Grames
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引用次数: 0
The effect of biogenic amines in the neuromodulation of insect social behavior 生物胺在昆虫社会行为神经调节中的作用。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101390
Francesca Barbero, Luca P Casacci
Interactions among colony members in insect societies involve a wide range of behaviors, including collective defense, recruitment, foraging, and parental care. Despite significant advances in research, our understanding of how variations in neuroanatomical structure and physiological conditions drive changes in behavior remains incomplete. This review examines the critical role of biogenic amines in modulating social behaviors in insects.
We highlight recent findings that demonstrate how these molecular messengers interact with hormonal signaling pathways, affecting essential colony traits such as development, fertility, reproduction, and caste differentiation. Caste-specific adaptations are evident in the brains of eusocial species. Key insights suggest that the aminergic system is fundamental for the transition from solitary to social structures. Research on insect brain architecture indicates that social evolution has led to changes in neural circuits rather than simply an increase in brain size.
Besides regulating intracolony dynamics, biogenic amines significantly influence interactions between social insects and other species. These findings may challenge established notions of mutualism, such as pollination or other plant–insect interactions, suggesting that some behaviors could result from brain manipulation via aminergic control.
We argue that understanding the complex interplay of various biogenic amines and other molecular messengers is essential for comprehending the neuroendocrine signaling mechanisms that underlie insect social structures. By synthesizing recent findings and examples, this review provides an overview of how biogenic amines contribute to the evolution of social behaviors in insects, offering insights for future research in this field.
昆虫群体成员之间的相互作用涉及广泛的行为,包括集体防御、招募、觅食和亲代照顾。尽管研究取得了重大进展,但我们对神经解剖结构和生理条件的变化如何驱动行为变化的理解仍然不完整。本文综述了生物胺在调节昆虫社会行为中的重要作用。我们强调了最近的研究结果,证明了这些分子信使如何与激素信号通路相互作用,影响基本的群体特征,如发育、生育、繁殖和种姓分化。在社会性物种的大脑中,种姓特有的适应性是很明显的。关键的见解表明,胺能系统是从孤独到社会结构转变的基础。对昆虫大脑结构的研究表明,社会进化导致了神经回路的变化,而不仅仅是大脑大小的增加。除调节群落内动态外,生物胺还显著影响群居昆虫与其他物种之间的相互作用。这些发现可能会挑战互惠共生的既定概念,例如授粉或其他植物与昆虫的相互作用,这表明一些行为可能是通过胺能控制大脑操纵的结果。我们认为,了解各种生物胺和其他分子信使的复杂相互作用对于理解昆虫社会结构背后的神经内分泌信号机制至关重要。本文结合近年来的研究成果和实例,综述了生物胺在昆虫社会行为进化中的作用,为今后的研究提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: Current Opinion of Insect Science turns 10: updates to fields covered 编辑的事情。
IF 5.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101387
Bryony C Bonning , Jérôme Casas
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引用次数: 0
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Current opinion in insect science
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