Sefali Bhakuni, Harshita Sharma, Woochan Kim, Dream Kim, Shinyull Lee, Chaeyeon Park, Jooseon Oh, Hoon Eui Jeong, Jangho Kim
Micro‐ and nanoengineering have significantly advanced cardiac tissue engineering by overcoming the structural and functional limitations of conventional systems and enabling precise recreation of the native cardiac microenvironment. These technologies support the development of 3D cardiac spheroids and organoids that bridge the gap between traditional 2D cultures and the complex myocardium. Cardiac spheroids, typically composed of induced‐pluripotent‐stem‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes and supporting cells, provide rapid, reproducible, and scalable platforms for high‐throughput drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative studies. In contrast, cardiac organoids capture greater structural and functional complexity, including multicellular diversity, chamber‐like morphology, and electromechanical coupling, making them highly relevant for translational research, though challenges in standardization and production remain. Both platforms still face limitations in maturation, functional integration, and physiological performance. Micro‐ and nanoengineering strategies such as microwell fabrication, microfluidics, conductive nanomaterials, and integrated biosensors enhance these systems by promoting tissue alignment, vascularization, electrophysiological development, and real‐time functional assessment. This review discusses recent engineering innovations that improve 3D cardiac models, evaluates their roles in regeneration, biosensing, drug screening, and toxicology, and compares the scalability of spheroids with the physiological fidelity of organoids. It also outlines remaining challenges and future directions toward clinically translatable cardiac constructs.
{"title":"Micro and Nanoengineered Cardiac Spheroids and Organoids: Toward Translational Applications","authors":"Sefali Bhakuni, Harshita Sharma, Woochan Kim, Dream Kim, Shinyull Lee, Chaeyeon Park, Jooseon Oh, Hoon Eui Jeong, Jangho Kim","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202531032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202531032","url":null,"abstract":"Micro‐ and nanoengineering have significantly advanced cardiac tissue engineering by overcoming the structural and functional limitations of conventional systems and enabling precise recreation of the native cardiac microenvironment. These technologies support the development of 3D cardiac spheroids and organoids that bridge the gap between traditional 2D cultures and the complex myocardium. Cardiac spheroids, typically composed of induced‐pluripotent‐stem‐cell‐derived cardiomyocytes and supporting cells, provide rapid, reproducible, and scalable platforms for high‐throughput drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative studies. In contrast, cardiac organoids capture greater structural and functional complexity, including multicellular diversity, chamber‐like morphology, and electromechanical coupling, making them highly relevant for translational research, though challenges in standardization and production remain. Both platforms still face limitations in maturation, functional integration, and physiological performance. Micro‐ and nanoengineering strategies such as microwell fabrication, microfluidics, conductive nanomaterials, and integrated biosensors enhance these systems by promoting tissue alignment, vascularization, electrophysiological development, and real‐time functional assessment. This review discusses recent engineering innovations that improve 3D cardiac models, evaluates their roles in regeneration, biosensing, drug screening, and toxicology, and compares the scalability of spheroids with the physiological fidelity of organoids. It also outlines remaining challenges and future directions toward clinically translatable cardiac constructs.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"253 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl] phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz) self‐assembled molecules have been widely used in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their strong hydrophobicity is difficult to form a dense perovskite film, and the defect passivation ability is weak, resulting in serious non‐radiative recombination loss of carriers between them and the perovskite film, which limits the further improvement of device performance. Here, we introduce 2‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEACl) to modify the buried interface in PSCs. The incorporation of PEACl molecules not only reduces the substrate's hydrophobicity, enabling uniform growth of perovskite film, but also enhances carrier transport at the interface through π‐π stacking interaction with Me‐4PACz, thereby reducing charge accumulation. Furthermore, PEACl reacts with PbI 2 at the bottom interface to form a 2D structure that effectively passivated interface defects and suppressed non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, the PEACl‐treated PSCs demonstrate an impressive power conversion efficiency of 26.08%. Notably, these PEACl‐treated PSCs exhibit exceptional stability, retaining 90.80% of their initial efficiency after 2 500 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point under ambient conditions at 55°C, using 1‐sun illumination without a UV filter. The effectively suppressed of interface defects by PEACl at the buried perovskite interface offers a promising strategy for advancing the commercial viability of PSCs.
{"title":"Buried Interface Modification Using PEACl for Efficient and Stable Inverted Solar Cells","authors":"Xiaoshan Zhang, Fengde Liu, Ziqing Yang, Zhihong Liu, Lidong Guo, Pengfei Huang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202524231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202524231","url":null,"abstract":"Although [4‐(3,6‐dimethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl] phosphonic acid (Me‐4PACz) self‐assembled molecules have been widely used in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their strong hydrophobicity is difficult to form a dense perovskite film, and the defect passivation ability is weak, resulting in serious non‐radiative recombination loss of carriers between them and the perovskite film, which limits the further improvement of device performance. Here, we introduce 2‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEACl) to modify the buried interface in PSCs. The incorporation of PEACl molecules not only reduces the substrate's hydrophobicity, enabling uniform growth of perovskite film, but also enhances carrier transport at the interface through π‐π stacking interaction with Me‐4PACz, thereby reducing charge accumulation. Furthermore, PEACl reacts with PbI <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at the bottom interface to form a 2D structure that effectively passivated interface defects and suppressed non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, the PEACl‐treated PSCs demonstrate an impressive power conversion efficiency of 26.08%. Notably, these PEACl‐treated PSCs exhibit exceptional stability, retaining 90.80% of their initial efficiency after 2 500 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point under ambient conditions at 55°C, using 1‐sun illumination without a UV filter. The effectively suppressed of interface defects by PEACl at the buried perovskite interface offers a promising strategy for advancing the commercial viability of PSCs.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuqiao Zhou, Feng Yu, Yang Peng, Shuai Wang, Yifan Tian, Kai Zhang, Wenjing Huang, Yanguang Li
Electrochemical upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into value‐added chemicals offers a sustainable pathway for mitigating plastic pollution and advancing the global energy transition. However, conventional noble metal catalysts often exhibit severe performance degradation arising from surface oxidation and the accumulation of poisoning intermediates, which ultimately limits catalytic activity and durability. Herein, we employ a rapid microwave‐irradiation strategy to construct coral‐like Pd 3 Pb nanocrystals with a precisely engineered architecture. In situ spectroscopic and kinetic analyses revealed that Pb incorporation disrupts continuous Pd ensembles, thereby suppressing bridged and bidentate adsorption motifs and retarding undesired C─C bond cleavage. Meanwhile, enhanced interfacial * OH availability and electron injection from oxophilic Pb alleviate carbonaceous poisoning and PdO passivation, thereby enabling exceptional long‐term robustness. As a result, Pd 3 Pb achieves a low onset potential (0.28 V vs. RHE), high glycolic acid selectivity (95.2%), and excellent durability (>77 h) in both model electrolytes and real PET hydrolysate. Moreover, a Pd 3 Pb‐based membrane electrode assembly operates stably at 1.0 V at 100 mA cm −2 for 72 h, maintaining an average yield rate of 6.46 mmol h −1 cm −2 . This work elucidates pathways that inhibit catalyst deactivation and informs the rational design of robust catalysts for PET valorization.
将聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）电化学升级为增值化学品为减轻塑料污染和促进全球能源转型提供了一条可持续的途径。然而，传统的贵金属催化剂往往由于表面氧化和中毒中间体的积累而表现出严重的性能下降，最终限制了催化活性和耐用性。在此，我们采用快速微波辐照策略构建具有精确工程结构的珊瑚状Pd - 3pb纳米晶体。原位光谱和动力学分析表明，Pb的加入破坏了连续的Pd系，从而抑制了桥接和双齿吸附基序，并延缓了不希望的C─C键裂解。同时，增强的界面* OH可用性和来自亲氧Pb的电子注入减轻了碳质中毒和PdO钝化，从而实现了卓越的长期稳健性。因此，pd3pb在模型电解质和真实PET水解物中均具有较低的起效电位（0.28 V vs. RHE）、较高的乙醇酸选择性（95.2%）和优异的耐久性（>77 h）。此外，钯3pb基膜电极组件在1.0 V、100 mA cm−2下稳定工作72小时，平均产率保持在6.46 mmol h−1 cm−2。这项工作阐明了抑制催化剂失活的途径，并为PET增值的稳健催化剂的合理设计提供了信息。
{"title":"Coral‐Like Pd 3 Pb Nanoarchitectures Enable Poisoning‐Resistant Electrosynthesis of Glycolic Acid From PET‐Derived Ethylene Glycol","authors":"Yuqiao Zhou, Feng Yu, Yang Peng, Shuai Wang, Yifan Tian, Kai Zhang, Wenjing Huang, Yanguang Li","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202528195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202528195","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into value‐added chemicals offers a sustainable pathway for mitigating plastic pollution and advancing the global energy transition. However, conventional noble metal catalysts often exhibit severe performance degradation arising from surface oxidation and the accumulation of poisoning intermediates, which ultimately limits catalytic activity and durability. Herein, we employ a rapid microwave‐irradiation strategy to construct coral‐like Pd <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> Pb nanocrystals with a precisely engineered architecture. In situ spectroscopic and kinetic analyses revealed that Pb incorporation disrupts continuous Pd ensembles, thereby suppressing bridged and bidentate adsorption motifs and retarding undesired C─C bond cleavage. Meanwhile, enhanced interfacial <jats:sup>*</jats:sup> OH availability and electron injection from oxophilic Pb alleviate carbonaceous poisoning and PdO passivation, thereby enabling exceptional long‐term robustness. As a result, Pd <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> Pb achieves a low onset potential (0.28 V vs. RHE), high glycolic acid selectivity (95.2%), and excellent durability (>77 h) in both model electrolytes and real PET hydrolysate. Moreover, a Pd <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> Pb‐based membrane electrode assembly operates stably at 1.0 V at 100 mA cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> for 72 h, maintaining an average yield rate of 6.46 mmol h <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> . This work elucidates pathways that inhibit catalyst deactivation and informs the rational design of robust catalysts for PET valorization.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gunoh Lee, Seungjae Lee, Hui Jong Lee, Joon Hyuk Cho, Bin Yoon, Changhee Chae, Byeongil Noh, Yunho Kim, Yungyu Jeong, Chaeyeong Son, Moon Kee Choi, Jaewon Lee, Du Yeol Ryu, Kyung Jin Lee
As the display industry advances toward form‐free factors, the development of polymeric insulators and substrate materials for stretchable device applications has lagged behind progress in semiconductors and metals. In particular, research focusing on the stretching properties of the cover window (outermost layer) and substrate has often overlooked crucial aspects, limiting the overall utilization of the final device. In this study, parylene polymer prepared via chemical vapor deposition is proposed as a reinforcement layer for the surfaces of stretchable elastomers. Parylene, a well‐known aromatic polymer with excellent mechanical properties, can paradoxically exhibit elastic behavior in an ultrathin film, making it suitable for interfacial application with stretchable materials. When integrated with elastomers as a reinforcing layer, parylene effectively addresses their intrinsic limitations; removing nearly all tackiness (<0.2 gf), imparting high surface hardness, and enhancing various recovery performances (92.13% of strain recovery rate) with maintaining their optical properties before/after stretching (>97.2% of visible transmittance). Through a remarkably easy‐to‐craft yet innovative approach, this study has significant theoretical and industrial implications for the development of novel stretchable elastomers, accelerating the commercialization of future display technologies.
{"title":"Interfacial Engineering of Transparent Elastomer with Thickotropic Parylene Films Toward Stretchable Electronics","authors":"Gunoh Lee, Seungjae Lee, Hui Jong Lee, Joon Hyuk Cho, Bin Yoon, Changhee Chae, Byeongil Noh, Yunho Kim, Yungyu Jeong, Chaeyeong Son, Moon Kee Choi, Jaewon Lee, Du Yeol Ryu, Kyung Jin Lee","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202527066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202527066","url":null,"abstract":"As the display industry advances toward form‐free factors, the development of polymeric insulators and substrate materials for stretchable device applications has lagged behind progress in semiconductors and metals. In particular, research focusing on the stretching properties of the cover window (outermost layer) and substrate has often overlooked crucial aspects, limiting the overall utilization of the final device. In this study, parylene polymer prepared via chemical vapor deposition is proposed as a reinforcement layer for the surfaces of stretchable elastomers. Parylene, a well‐known aromatic polymer with excellent mechanical properties, can paradoxically exhibit elastic behavior in an ultrathin film, making it suitable for interfacial application with stretchable materials. When integrated with elastomers as a reinforcing layer, parylene effectively addresses their intrinsic limitations; removing nearly all tackiness (<0.2 gf), imparting high surface hardness, and enhancing various recovery performances (92.13% of strain recovery rate) with maintaining their optical properties before/after stretching (>97.2% of visible transmittance). Through a remarkably easy‐to‐craft yet innovative approach, this study has significant theoretical and industrial implications for the development of novel stretchable elastomers, accelerating the commercialization of future display technologies.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Widely utilized as an HTL in OSCs owing to its conductivity and solution processability, PEDOT: PSS suffers from an insulating PSS shell that restricts conductivity and induces colloidal instability. Although additive‐based methods can partially alleviate these drawbacks, they bring about adverse effects, incomplete PSS elimination, and complex synthesis. Here, we report s ‐PEDOT: POM, a novel self‐doped PEDOT derivative synthesized through POM‐mediated oxidative polymerization. This approach effectively removes PSS while retaining sulfonate groups, ensuring solubility and self‐doping capabilities. The resulting s ‐PEDOT:POM demonstrates excellent molecular orientation, with electron density concentrated on sulfonate groups, forming a dipole. Gaussian calculations confirm that these negatively charged groups adsorb onto the ITO surface, establishing a favorable orientation for hole extraction. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements verified a stronger ITO interaction compared to PEDOT:PSS, enhancing hole extraction efficiency. With an ultralow activation energy of 1.37 meV, s ‐PEDOT:POM brings about a substantially enhanced conductivity of 1.08 × 10 −3 S m −1 . These enable OSCs with a PB3:FTCC‐Br: BTP‐CY active layer to achieve a record 81.36% Fill Factor (FF) and 20.35% Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). Electrostatic repulsion also improves solution stability, with devices maintaining 96.34% initial efficiency after 1224 h storage, offering a scalable strategy for high‐performance, additive‐free PEDOT derivatives.
{"title":"Over 20% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells via Intramolecular Charge Transfer in a Self‐Doped Polymerized Conductive PEDOT Interlayer","authors":"Ji Zhu, Qian Kang, Yourui Zang, Kaijie Yuan, Zhihao Chen, Yin Wang, Jianqiu Wang, Jianhui Hou","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202525182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202525182","url":null,"abstract":"Widely utilized as an HTL in OSCs owing to its conductivity and solution processability, PEDOT: PSS suffers from an insulating PSS shell that restricts conductivity and induces colloidal instability. Although additive‐based methods can partially alleviate these drawbacks, they bring about adverse effects, incomplete PSS elimination, and complex synthesis. Here, we report <jats:italic>s</jats:italic> ‐PEDOT: POM, a novel self‐doped PEDOT derivative synthesized through POM‐mediated oxidative polymerization. This approach effectively removes PSS while retaining sulfonate groups, ensuring solubility and self‐doping capabilities. The resulting <jats:italic>s</jats:italic> ‐PEDOT:POM demonstrates excellent molecular orientation, with electron density concentrated on sulfonate groups, forming a dipole. Gaussian calculations confirm that these negatively charged groups adsorb onto the ITO surface, establishing a favorable orientation for hole extraction. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements verified a stronger ITO interaction compared to PEDOT:PSS, enhancing hole extraction efficiency. With an ultralow activation energy of 1.37 meV, <jats:italic>s</jats:italic> ‐PEDOT:POM brings about a substantially enhanced conductivity of 1.08 × 10 <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> <jats:sup>3</jats:sup> S m <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> <jats:sup>1</jats:sup> . These enable OSCs with a PB3:FTCC‐Br: BTP‐CY active layer to achieve a record 81.36% Fill Factor (FF) and 20.35% Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE). Electrostatic repulsion also improves solution stability, with devices maintaining 96.34% initial efficiency after 1224 h storage, offering a scalable strategy for high‐performance, additive‐free PEDOT derivatives.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amid growing concerns over plastic pollution and the pressing need for sustainable materials, achieving closed‐loop recycling of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with permanent cross‐links remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a fully recyclable LCE system featuring a dual dynamic covalent network constructed from boroxine and imine bonds. The synergistic effect between these dynamic linkages enables efficient network rearrangement under mild conditions, allowing shape programming at 40°C within 10 min and reprocessing at 40°C in 1 h. Notably, the reversible dissociation of boroxine bonds facilitates depolymerization of the cross‐linked network into soluble oligomers at room temperature, enabling cyclic reprocessing into diverse functional forms such as bilayer actuators, fibers, and patterns, thereby lowering the technical barriers to multiform fabrication. In addition, the clusteroluminescence (CL) from imine and secondary amine units allows fluorescence visualization under UV light across various morphologies, enabling precise material identification during recycling. This work provides a versatile and sustainable platform for the closed‐loop manufacturing of smart LCE materials.
{"title":"Toward Recyclable Liquid Crystal Elastomers Enabled by Imine–Boroxine Dual Dynamic Covalent Bonds for Multi‐Form Sustainable Applications","authors":"Zhibo Huang, Chen Yang, Yuting Luo, Dekang Guo, Xianyu Meng, Qingyan Fan, Jinbao Guo","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202527532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202527532","url":null,"abstract":"Amid growing concerns over plastic pollution and the pressing need for sustainable materials, achieving closed‐loop recycling of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with permanent cross‐links remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a fully recyclable LCE system featuring a dual dynamic covalent network constructed from boroxine and imine bonds. The synergistic effect between these dynamic linkages enables efficient network rearrangement under mild conditions, allowing shape programming at 40°C within 10 min and reprocessing at 40°C in 1 h. Notably, the reversible dissociation of boroxine bonds facilitates depolymerization of the cross‐linked network into soluble oligomers at room temperature, enabling cyclic reprocessing into diverse functional forms such as bilayer actuators, fibers, and patterns, thereby lowering the technical barriers to multiform fabrication. In addition, the clusteroluminescence (CL) from imine and secondary amine units allows fluorescence visualization under UV light across various morphologies, enabling precise material identification during recycling. This work provides a versatile and sustainable platform for the closed‐loop manufacturing of smart LCE materials.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Guo, Sili Chen, Yuan Luo, Xuenuan Li, Bingbing Luo, Shilong Lin, Lu Lei, Yingxi Qin, Kaiyou Zhang, Li Jiang, Lei Liao, Aimiao Qin, Chenguo Hu
Cholesteric liquid crystals are 1D photonic crystals with a helical structure that can selectively reflect light. In this study, we successfully fabricated color cholesteric liquid crystal films using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and citric acid (CA) through co‐assembly. Due to the reversible swelling and dehydration of its chiral structure, the CA/CNC composite film exhibits reversible structural color responses between green and dark red at relative humidity (RH) of 43%–97%. When used as the friction material for TENG, the CA/CNC composite film exhibits excellent triboelectric performance, with a response time of approximately 22 ms, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, charge density and power density of 187.17 V, 7.75 µA, 86.06 nC, and 1.21 W/m 2 , respectively. CA/CNC‐TENG functions not only as a power supply but also incorporates humidity sensing capabilities. When establishing sensing relationships between electrical signals and visual signal RGB values with humidity respectively, its minimum detection limits are 2.4% and 4.9% RH, respectively. Utilizing a convolutional neural network deep learning model to analyze electrical signal and visual signal RGB value data, the average recognition accuracy rates were 95.90% and 97.91% respectively. The integrated CA/CNC‐TENG color‐visualized humidity sensor may significantly promote the application of TENG in electronic detection devices and environmental monitoring fields.
{"title":"Self‐Powered Flexible Dual‐Mode Humidity Sensor Enabled by Integrated TENG and Visualized Cellulose Nanocrystals","authors":"Bin Guo, Sili Chen, Yuan Luo, Xuenuan Li, Bingbing Luo, Shilong Lin, Lu Lei, Yingxi Qin, Kaiyou Zhang, Li Jiang, Lei Liao, Aimiao Qin, Chenguo Hu","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202529552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202529552","url":null,"abstract":"Cholesteric liquid crystals are 1D photonic crystals with a helical structure that can selectively reflect light. In this study, we successfully fabricated color cholesteric liquid crystal films using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and citric acid (CA) through co‐assembly. Due to the reversible swelling and dehydration of its chiral structure, the CA/CNC composite film exhibits reversible structural color responses between green and dark red at relative humidity (RH) of 43%–97%. When used as the friction material for TENG, the CA/CNC composite film exhibits excellent triboelectric performance, with a response time of approximately 22 ms, open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, charge density and power density of 187.17 V, 7.75 µA, 86.06 nC, and 1.21 W/m <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , respectively. CA/CNC‐TENG functions not only as a power supply but also incorporates humidity sensing capabilities. When establishing sensing relationships between electrical signals and visual signal RGB values with humidity respectively, its minimum detection limits are 2.4% and 4.9% RH, respectively. Utilizing a convolutional neural network deep learning model to analyze electrical signal and visual signal RGB value data, the average recognition accuracy rates were 95.90% and 97.91% respectively. The integrated CA/CNC‐TENG color‐visualized humidity sensor may significantly promote the application of TENG in electronic detection devices and environmental monitoring fields.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In their Research Article (10.1002/adfm.202512350), Xiayun Huang, Zhihong Nie, and co-workers report rapid fabrication of polyelectrolyte gradient hydrogels within 10 min. The surface-localized gradient generates a 125 kPa osmotic pressure to accelerate directional water transport, while the anchored polyelectrolytes disrupt the hydrogen bonds to lower evaporation enthalpy, enabling a stable evaporation rate of 4.5 kg m−2 h−1 over 7 days.
聚电解质梯度蒸发器研究论文（10.1002/adfm）。202512350)，黄夏云，聂志宏等报道了在10分钟内快速制备聚电解质梯度水凝胶。表面局部梯度产生125 kPa的渗透压以加速定向水输送，而锚定的聚电解质破坏氢键以降低蒸发焓，使蒸发速率在7天内稳定在4.5 kg m−2 h−1。
{"title":"Polyelectrolyte Gradient Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Evaporation (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2026)","authors":"Jie Zhu, Shaoen Qiu, Mingyu Duan, Qihao Xie, Oushuo Jiang, Xinran Zhao, Dong Wu, Yaxi Liu, Guang Chen, Xiayun Huang, Zhihong Nie","doi":"10.1002/adfm.73575","DOIUrl":"10.1002/adfm.73575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Polyelectrolyte Gradient Evaporators</b></p><p>In their Research Article (10.1002/adfm.202512350), Xiayun Huang, Zhihong Nie, and co-workers report rapid fabrication of polyelectrolyte gradient hydrogels within 10 min. The surface-localized gradient generates a 125 kPa osmotic pressure to accelerate directional water transport, while the anchored polyelectrolytes disrupt the hydrogen bonds to lower evaporation enthalpy, enabling a stable evaporation rate of 4.5 kg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> over 7 days.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/adfm.73575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145947327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selective lithium leaching from spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is significant for promoting environmental and economic sustainability. However, it still faces issues such as low solid-liquid ratio, high reagent consumption, high lithium loss and concomitant secondary waste. Herein, two short-flow lithium recovery strategies based on iodine targeted redox are proposed for the sustainable recycling of spent LFP. Iodine achieves high lithium leaching efficiency of 93.48% at high solid-liquid ratio (500 g L−1) under ambient condition and further enhanced to >99% via acid washing. The lithium leaching process is controlled by product layer diffusion. Distinguish from H2O2/S2O82− induced lattice collapse and reconstruction, iodine triggers delithiation through mild oxidation of Fe(II), preserving FePO4 with high crystallinity for direct regeneration. Strategy I proposes an innovative synthesis of lithium iodide trihydrate (LiI·3H2O) using spent LFP and iodine, without introducing external cations, achieving a considerable net profit of 23.66$ kg−1. Strategy II establishes an I−/I3− redox-mediated electrochemical regeneration system to circularly leach lithium from spent LFP for Li2CO3 production, with low GHGs emissions and energy consumption. This work achieves high atom economy, providing an innovative paradigm for spent LFP batteries recycling with economic competitiveness and low-carbon footprint.
从废磷酸铁锂（LFP）电池中选择性浸出锂对于促进环境和经济的可持续性具有重要意义。但目前仍存在固液比低、试剂消耗大、锂损失大、二次浪费等问题。本文提出了两种基于碘靶向氧化还原的短流程锂回收策略，以实现废LFP的可持续循环利用。在常温条件下，高固液比（500 g L−1）下，碘的锂浸出率可达93.48%，酸洗后锂浸出率可达99%。锂浸出过程受产物层扩散控制。与H2O2/S2O82−引起的晶格坍塌和重构不同，碘通过Fe（II）的轻度氧化触发衰减，保留高结晶度的FePO4进行直接再生。策略一提出了一种创新的利用废LFP和碘合成三水合碘化锂（LiI·3H2O）的方法，不引入外部阳离子，实现了23.66美元kg−1的可观净利润。策略II建立了一个I - /I3 -氧化还原介导的电化学再生系统，从废LFP中循环浸出锂用于生产Li2CO3，同时降低温室气体排放和能源消耗。这项工作实现了高原子经济性，为具有经济竞争力和低碳足迹的废旧LFP电池回收提供了一个创新范例。
{"title":"Recycling Spent LiFePO4 Batteries for Fabricating LiI·3H2O and Li2CO3 via Iodine Targeted and Mild Redox","authors":"Ying Zhu, Ke Wang, Ke Wang","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202527711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202527711","url":null,"abstract":"Selective lithium leaching from spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries is significant for promoting environmental and economic sustainability. However, it still faces issues such as low solid-liquid ratio, high reagent consumption, high lithium loss and concomitant secondary waste. Herein, two short-flow lithium recovery strategies based on iodine targeted redox are proposed for the sustainable recycling of spent LFP. Iodine achieves high lithium leaching efficiency of 93.48% at high solid-liquid ratio (500 g L<sup>−1</sup>) under ambient condition and further enhanced to >99% via acid washing. The lithium leaching process is controlled by product layer diffusion. Distinguish from H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub><sup>2−</sup> induced lattice collapse and reconstruction, iodine triggers delithiation through mild oxidation of Fe(II), preserving FePO<sub>4</sub> with high crystallinity for direct regeneration. Strategy I proposes an innovative synthesis of lithium iodide trihydrate (LiI·3H<sub>2</sub>O) using spent LFP and iodine, without introducing external cations, achieving a considerable net profit of 23.66$ kg<sup>−1</sup>. Strategy II establishes an I<sup>−</sup>/I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> redox-mediated electrochemical regeneration system to circularly leach lithium from spent LFP for Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> production, with low GHGs emissions and energy consumption. This work achieves high atom economy, providing an innovative paradigm for spent LFP batteries recycling with economic competitiveness and low-carbon footprint.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karthick Raj AG, Antony Charles Minja, Vana Chinnappa Chinnabathini, Rajeshreddy Ninakanti, Archana Kaliyaraj Selva Kumar, Dimitra Papamichail, Didier Grandjean, Ewald Janssens, Roel van de Krol, Sammy W. Verbruggen
In this study, an ultrathin catalytic layer of nickel–iron (NiFe) nanoclusters is deposited onto an electrodeposited bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanode via pulsed laser ablation. The nanoclusters are synthesized from bimetallic NixFe1-x (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) alloy targets, resulting in cluster loadings between 0.55 and 1.74 µg cm−2, equivalent to 3–9 atomic monolayers. By varying the atomic Ni:Fe ratio (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25), both photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity and stability are optimized while minimizing total catalyst loading on pristine BiVO4. The BiVO4 photoanode with 6 atomic monolayer equivalents of Ni0.75Fe0.25 (1.16 µg cm−2) delivers a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE, a 2.05-fold improvement over pristine BiVO4 (1.51 mA cm−2), along with a sixfold increase in applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) reaching 1%. To assess robustness, both pristine and 6-Ni0.75Fe0.25BiVO4 are evaluated under variable electrolyte temperature (∼6°C–≥60°C) and concentrated illumination (1–6 suns). Under all tested conditions, the Ni0.75Fe0.25BiVO4 exhibits improved PEC performance and operational stability. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ultrathin (<1.7 µg cm−2) NiFe nanoclusters in significantly enhancing PEC performance and operational stability of BiVO4 photoanodes across a range of challenging operational conditions.
在本研究中，通过脉冲激光烧蚀在电沉积钒酸铋（BiVO4）光阳极上沉积了超薄镍铁（NiFe）纳米团簇催化层。纳米团簇由双金属NixFe1-x （x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75）合金靶合成，团簇负载在0.55 ~ 1.74µg cm - 2之间，相当于3-9个原子单层。通过改变Ni:Fe的原子比例（25:75,50:50和75:25），优化了光电化学（PEC）的活性和稳定性，同时最大限度地减少了原始BiVO4上的总催化剂负载。BiVO4光阳极具有6个相当于Ni0.75Fe0.25（1.16µg cm - 2）的原子单层，在1.23 V下与RHE相比光电流密度为3.1 mA cm - 2，比原始BiVO4 （1.51 mA cm - 2）提高了2.05倍，同时应用偏压光子电流效率（ABPE）提高了6倍，达到1%。为了评估稳健性，在可变电解质温度（~ 6°C -≥60°C）和集中照明（1-6个太阳）下对原始和6- ni0.75 fe0.25 bivo4进行了评估。在所有测试条件下，Ni0.75Fe0.25BiVO4表现出更好的PEC性能和操作稳定性。这些发现强调了超薄（<1.7µg cm−2）NiFe纳米团簇在一系列具有挑战性的操作条件下显著提高BiVO4光阳极的PEC性能和操作稳定性的有效性。
{"title":"Nickel–Iron Clusters on Bismuth Vanadate for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting","authors":"Karthick Raj AG, Antony Charles Minja, Vana Chinnappa Chinnabathini, Rajeshreddy Ninakanti, Archana Kaliyaraj Selva Kumar, Dimitra Papamichail, Didier Grandjean, Ewald Janssens, Roel van de Krol, Sammy W. Verbruggen","doi":"10.1002/adfm.202526674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202526674","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an ultrathin catalytic layer of nickel–iron (NiFe) nanoclusters is deposited onto an electrodeposited bismuth vanadate (BiVO<sub>4</sub>) photoanode via pulsed laser ablation. The nanoclusters are synthesized from bimetallic Ni<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>1-x</sub> (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) alloy targets, resulting in cluster loadings between 0.55 and 1.74 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>, equivalent to 3–9 atomic monolayers. By varying the atomic Ni:Fe ratio (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25), both photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity and stability are optimized while minimizing total catalyst loading on pristine BiVO<sub>4</sub>. The BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanode with 6 atomic monolayer equivalents of Ni<sub>0.75</sub>Fe<sub>0.25</sub> (1.16 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>) delivers a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.23 V versus RHE, a 2.05-fold improvement over pristine BiVO<sub>4</sub> (1.51 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>), along with a sixfold increase in applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) reaching 1%. To assess robustness, both pristine and 6-Ni<sub>0.75</sub>Fe<sub>0.25</sub>BiVO<sub>4</sub> are evaluated under variable electrolyte temperature (∼6°C–≥60°C) and concentrated illumination (1–6 suns). Under all tested conditions, the Ni<sub>0.75</sub>Fe<sub>0.25</sub>BiVO<sub>4</sub> exhibits improved PEC performance and operational stability. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ultrathin (<1.7 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>) NiFe nanoclusters in significantly enhancing PEC performance and operational stability of BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanodes across a range of challenging operational conditions.","PeriodicalId":112,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Functional Materials","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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