Ecological Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Automating coastal bioindicator acquisition with deep learning: crab community monitoring for enhanced wetland management","authors":"Xuan Gu ,&nbsp;Guogui Chen ,&nbsp;César Capinha ,&nbsp;Wenqing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Lu ,&nbsp;Mao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Major biodiversity changes in the Anthropocene demand enhanced monitoring of ecological communities. Notably, community-level attributes of coastal wetland ecosystem engineers, especially crabs (Brachyura), emerge as crucial ecological indicators. However, traditional expert-based surveys for such data remain labor-intensive, time-consuming, and often invasive. This creates an urgent need for an automated and efficient paradigm shift. We developed an RGB sensor-based automated framework and collected extensive image data from 17 coastal mangrove wetlands across China. This framework integrates expert knowledge with artificial intelligence via a pyramid-style annotation approach, utilizing optimized CNN models (YOLOv5/v8 and EfficientNet) for automated image processing and indicator extraction. Test results show that by integrating attention modules and improved anchors, our model achieved superior performance in crab detection, classification, carapace width measurement, biomass estimation, and burrow detection, matching or exceeding manual methods. It further captured plot-level spatial point patterns, addressing limitations of conventional manual surveys. Our local case study validated that image-extracted community metrics provide independent and essential insights for community analysis, offering a more efficient and comprehensive indicator system than traditional methods. Ecologically, this deep learning-integrated novel method provides an economical solution to expand the dimensionality and breadth of biological data. It enhances management effectiveness by (1) serving as foundational hardware-software for in-situ monitoring and automated data collection (scalable to other benthic fauna), and (2) capturing higher-dimensional community indicators and fine-scale spatial patterns to support biodiversity conservation, blue carbon sequestration, and vegetation protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114577"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localized assessment of urban forest structures with 3D indicators","authors":"Markus Münzinger ,&nbsp;Dirk Burghardt ,&nbsp;Martin Behnisch","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban trees, as nature-based solutions, are crucial for climate change adaptation, biodiversity, and human well-being. Although heterogeneous vertical structures are inherent to urban spaces, decisions on tree preservation and planting often rely on 2D assessments, not accounting for the vertical dimension. This study evaluates the added value of 3D data in informing such decisions. A comprehensive analysis of localized differences between 2D and 3D urban forest structure and morphology was conducted for the cities of Amsterdam (Netherlands) and Berlin (Germany) on a 100 × 100 m grid, using spatially explicit indicators. The relationship between horizontal and vertical forest structure was assessed by analyzing mean canopy height relative to canopy coverage. While canopy height generally increased with canopy coverage, high vertical heterogeneity was observed across all urban forest structures. A quadratic regression of canopy coverage against the canopy 3D index revealed a complex, non-linear relationship, indicating vertical structure cannot be reliably predicted from horizontal data alone. Furthermore, evaluating the impact of vertical structures on the spatial relationship between trees and buildings revealed patterns linked to urban morphology. Although significant variation was observed, 2D assessments tended to indicate tree proportions up to 25 % higher than volume-based measurements in building-dominated areas, while indicating lower proportions in tree-dominated areas. Overall, the study revealed large local and site-specific differences in vertical structures that could not be inferred from 2D data. By explicitly accounting for data resolution, spatial scale and context, the added value of 3D assessments for managing the ecosystem services provided by urban trees was demonstrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114606"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing act in large-scale environmental restoration project: Ecological return and cost-efficiency over 18 years in a Forest-steppe ecotone project","authors":"Lili Hu ,&nbsp;Yiqiu Li ,&nbsp;Panpan Chen ,&nbsp;Chaoyong Shen ,&nbsp;Shan Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Hai ,&nbsp;Tiantian Ma ,&nbsp;Biao Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoyuan Lv ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Ao Jiao ,&nbsp;Jiali Duan ,&nbsp;Xiaoning Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhichao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongke Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to negative impacts of human disturbances, governments and international organizations have launched large-scale environmental restoration programs to mitigate ecological degradation. However, few studies have assessed these projects from a cost-efficiency perspective.</div><div>In the context of increasing global macroeconomic uncertainty, such projects face mounting challenges to their financial sustainability, underscoring the need for systematic evaluations of their cost efficiency. This study takes the forest-steppe ecotone project within China's Three-North Shelter Forest Program as a case study. Using 18 years of project implementation data, we establish an evaluation framework that integrates ecological returns and cost efficiency to assess project effectiveness. The results show that from 2002 to 2019, the forest area in the project region increased by 5.32 %, while sand-fixing capacity rose from 2.00 × 10¹¹ tons in 2005 to 4.39 × 10¹¹ tons in 2019. In terms of cost efficiency, the total investment in afforestation from 2002 to 2019 ranged from CNY 341.134–391.537 billion, with an average annual investment of CNY 18.952–21.752 billion. Sub-regional analyses revealed that the Liao River Basin and Taihang Mountains zones exhibited relatively lower ecological returns. Correlation analysis indicated strong relationships between afforestation cost and sand-fixing capacity in certain regions (|cor| = 0.89–0.91), moderate correlations in others (|cor| ≈ 0.59), and weak correlations in some areas (|cor| ≈ 0.47), accounting for 1.58 %, 6.19 %, and 7.62 % of the total area, respectively. These findings establish a preliminary cost-effectiveness evaluation framework, highlighting the linkages between financial investments and ecological benefits. Regions showing positive correlations demonstrate high ecological payoffs from investment, while negatively correlated areas suggest issues of diminishing returns and resource misallocation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114570"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and future planning of priority conservation areas in the Loess Plateau considering land use development patterns","authors":"Lei Wu ,&nbsp;Kunwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Dazhi Li ,&nbsp;Jiajia Chen ,&nbsp;Yijuan Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a critical ecological security barrier in China, the Loess Plateau faces severe threats to regional sustainable development owing to the degradation of ecosystem service functions and loss of biodiversity. The scientific quantification of the ecological value and identification of priority conservation areas (PCAs) are urgently required to guide regional ecological protection and high-quality development. In this study, ecosystem service value (ESV) is quantified in the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2025, and PCAs were identified using hotspot analysis and the ordered weighted averaging (OWA) algorithm. Based on the NSGA-II-PLUS model, three land-use development patterns for 2035 were proposed, and future PCA planning schemes under these scenarios were explored. The results showed that from 2000 to 2025, the ESV of the Loess Plateau will first decrease and then increase. The high-value areas were mainly located in the Lvliang Mountain and Taihang Mountain of Shanxi and the central-southern part of Shaanxi, while low-value areas were primarily located in central Inner Mongolia and the river valley regions of Shanxi and Shaanxi. The use of hotspots to delineate PCAs is not sufficiently comprehensive and cannot be directly overlaid. Using the OWA algorithm to construct indicator weights, scenario 5 (with a risk factor of 0.4) was determined to be the optimal weight. In this scenario, the total protection efficiency of the PCA was 8.76, with a protected area of 105,311 km², accounting for 16.6 % of the study area. Compared to directly overlaying the hotspot analysis, the comprehensive scheme reduces the protected area by 51.18 % while increasing the overall protection efficiency by 39.21 %. Under the natural development pattern, the loss of ESV caused by farmland conversion can be compensated for by returning farmland to forests; however, urban expansion will result in a 12.3 % decrease in ESV in regions such as the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi. Under the ecological protection pattern, Shanxi had the largest protection area (45,233 km²), which was 56.5 % larger than that under the economic development pattern. The center of gravity of the overall PCAs is in Shaanxi Province. The center of the PCAs in the entire region is in Shaanxi Province, and the identified priority areas are mainly soil conservation areas. Future reserves may be expanded based on existing reserves in Shaanxi and central Shanxi. The identification of priority conservation areas and future development predictions in this study provides scientific support for the formulation of rational ecological protection policies for the Loess Plateau.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114594"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroinvertebrate assemblages and body size distribution in response to land use change in tropical headwater streams","authors":"Gideon L. Kuluo ,&nbsp;Boaz Kaunda-Arara ,&nbsp;Jacob O. Iteba ,&nbsp;Sharon I. Lubembe ,&nbsp;Kelvin M. Ongaki ,&nbsp;Suzanne R. Jacobs ,&nbsp;Lutz Breuer ,&nbsp;Frank O. Masese","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Taxonomic approaches for monitoring the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems face limitations, creating a need for alternative non-taxonomic methods that are valid, disturbance-sensitive, and cost-effective for freshwater management. This study evaluated macroinvertebrate size-spectrum metrics as potential indicators of ecological status in tropical headwater streams. Macroinvertebrate abundance (individuals/m²), wet weight (mg), and physico-chemical variables were measured during dry and wet seasons from 24 headwater streams in the Sondu-Miriu River Basin, Kenya, across four land-use types: natural-forests (NF), tea and tree plantations (TTP), smallholder-tea (SHT), and smallholder-agriculture (SHA). Water quality based on turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), particulate organic matter (POM), and nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) identified NF as least disturbed and SHA as the most disturbed streams. Taxon richness, diversity, and %EPT (Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera) indices reflected land-use-specific influences on assemblage structure. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed small-bodied taxa (&lt;8 mg) associated with disturbance indicators, while large-bodied taxa (&gt;32 mg) indicated higher sensitivity. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant differences in macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass per size-class among land uses but not between seasons. Slopes of abundance- and biomass-based size-spectrum deviated from theoretical steady-state conditions (−2.0 and −1.0), indicating uneven macroinvertebrate distribution across size-classes but no significant variation between land uses or seasons. In contrast, spectrum midpoint heights differed significantly between sites, with highest values at SHT and NF streams and lower at SHA and TTP streams. Thus, size-spectrum midpoint height, rather than slope, was the more disturbance-sensitive metric, varying consistently with land-use effects, identifying it as a potential non-taxonomic indicator for routine monitoring of ecological status in tropical headwater streams.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114580"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A life cycle assessment and comparative evaluation of global primary rare earth oxide supply chains","authors":"Hongbin Wei ,&nbsp;Xixi Liu ,&nbsp;Shen Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiangfeng Li ,&nbsp;Wei Jiang ,&nbsp;Zongbin Shi ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Wu ,&nbsp;Lu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid diversification of global rare earth production has increased supply-chain complexity and heightened concerns about environmental impacts, yet existing assessments remain fragmented and region-specific. This study provides a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) of rare earth oxide (REO) production across 14 representative supply chains, covering 12 mines in 9 countries. Using site-specific life cycle inventory data compiled from peer-reviewed literature and publicly available disclosures, we quantify environmental burdens per 1 kg REO with the TRACI midpoint method across ten impact categories. Results reveal clear contrasts between heavy and light rare earth pathways. Heavy rare earth oxide (HREO) chains exhibit systematically higher impacts, with in-situ leaching contributing 72 %–83 % of total burdens. Light rare earth pathways are dominated by mining, beneficiation and separation, which together account for 41 %–86 % of impacts. Chemical reagents are the primary hotspot across most categories, while electricity and diesel use strongly influence global warming potential and resource depletion. Differences in ore grade and technological maturity explain major inter-pathway variation, with high-grade deposits and advanced refining routes (e.g., Mount Weld, R8) showing substantially lower impacts. Transport contributes only 0.04 %–3.05 % overall, but becomes non-negligible for trucking-intensive, long-distance routes. By constructing the first globally harmonized, supply-chain-level LCA dataset for primary REOs, this study identifies key leverage points-reagent management, process upgrading, energy decarbonization and logistics optimization-to reduce environmental burdens and support more sustainable governance of critical mineral supply chains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114575"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals the impact of glacier melt-induced ionic pulses on multitrophic communities in the source region of the Yangtze River","authors":"Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Wenjun Zhong ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Mingzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongxi Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glacier melt-induced ionic pulses significantly alter river physicochemistry and trigger cascading effects on aquatic communities. However, their impacts on multitrophic community structure and ecological networks remain insufficiently understood. In this study, environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding was applied to explore how ionic pulses influence multitrophic communities in the Source Region of the Yangtze River. The results show that the ionic pulse caused a turnover of dominant taxa among algae, invertebrates, and fish. In addition, bacterial α-diversity declined during the pulse due to ionic stress but recovered afterward; the β-diversity of aquatic communities decreased during the pulse due to homogenization, then increased after the pulse as communities underwent reassembly driven by both species loss and replacement. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that networks were simplified during the pulse but became more complex and modular afterward, with an increase in keystone taxa across trophic levels; however, network stability declined. Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrients are key drivers of these changes. The findings elucidate the important impacts of ionic pulses on aquatic communities in glacier-fed rivers and provide theoretical support for ecological protection and management in high-altitude regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114595"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asynchronous shifts in plant ecological strategies across forest layers during succession on Hengduan mountains","authors":"Ming Ni ,&nbsp;Peng Luo ,&nbsp;Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Yue Cheng ,&nbsp;Honglin Li ,&nbsp;Yu Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grime's CSR (C-strategists efficiently acquire resources in productive environments, S-strategists thrive under stressful, low-resource conditions, and R-strategists rapidly exploit disturbance opportunities) theory outlines how plant community ecological strategies evolve during secondary succession. However, its applicability to disturbed forests has not been empirically validated in a comprehensive manner, especially when considering species data in different vegetation layers. By conducting field surveys across five successional stages ranging from grassland to primary forest, we measured the functional traits of 284 plant species, examined shifts in plant ecological strategies at the community level and factors influence these changes during the natural regeneration of subalpine forests in Hengduan Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that subalpine forests transition from an R-strategy to an S-strategy throughout succession, though the trajectory of this transition differs across the canopy, shrub, and herbaceous layers. Biotic vegetation factors—including plant diversity, density, vegetation coverage, and community height—alongside abiotic factors like total soil nitrogen, and pH are key influence factors of community ecological strategies evolution, with biotic vegetation factors playing a more dominant role. These findings indicate that restoration management in secondary forests should focus on regulating plant density, optimizing community spatial structure, conserving biodiversity, and maintaining sufficient soil nutrient levels, particularly nitrogen. Overall, our study reinforces the relevance of CSR theory in forest succession and offers a scientific basis for forest restoration in subalpine regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114579"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Couling coordination degree analysis and spatiotemporal heterogeneity between tourism economy and ecosystem service value in China","authors":"Yuting Xue ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Wei Xu ,&nbsp;Suk Sunhee ,&nbsp;Novelia Triana ,&nbsp;Xin Song ,&nbsp;Fenghua Liu ,&nbsp;Liguo Wang ,&nbsp;Yiming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The interplay between tourism development and ecosystem services is pivotal to regional sustainable development, yet their spatiotemporal coupling dynamics and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently explored at the national scale in China. While existing studies have examined relevant ecological-economic interactions, they often overlook the multi-dimensional characteristics of tourism activities and the comprehensive value of ecosystem services in their coupling analyses. This study quantifies tourism economy (TE) and ecosystem service value (ESV) across 31 Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2020, and explores their coupling coordination and influencing mechanisms. TE is measured using the entropy weight method that covers economic benefits, market scale, and industry scale; ESV is estimated using the equivalent factor method that incorporates multiple ecosystem functions. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) model is employed to assess their coordinated development, with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) applied to identify spatial correlations and spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Key findings are as follows: (1) Quantitative analysis reveals that TE exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, with notable disparities between eastern and western China, while ESV increased steadily and formed a spatial pattern of higher in the west and lower in the east, showing distinct regional differences. (2) CCD analysis indicates that over the study period, CCD of TE-ESV increased from 0.37 (mild imbalance) to 0.46 (near imbalance), with its spatial distribution transitioning from peripheral high-value clusters to regional convergence. (3) ESDA research shows that no significant spatial autocorrelation was observed in the early study period, but the correlation increased markedly after 2011 and this reflects the increasingly prominent spillover effect of inter-provincial coordinated development. (4) GTWR analysis demonstrates that the factors influencing the impact of TE on ESV exhibit distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Specifically, indicators related to tourism market scale, such as tourist volume, exert a negative impact on ESV, while indicators related to economic benefits and industry scale, such as per capita consumption and number of scenic spots, have a positive effect, with more significant impacts in western provinces. This study clarifies the spatiotemporal interactions between TE-ESV, providing a scientific basis for region-specific policies aimed at balancing tourism development and ecological protection. Additionally, the integrated analytical framework serves as a valuable tool for research on sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114559"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 drove changes in global grassland GPP over the past decade","authors":"Zhe Meng ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Hao ,&nbsp;Xuexia Liu ,&nbsp;Limin Hua ,&nbsp;Yujie Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.114552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change has profoundly affected grassland ecosystems. However, the spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms by which environmental drivers influence global grassland gross primary productivity (GPP) remain insufficiently understood. We examined global grassland GPP trends and their associations with eight key environmental variables from 2010 to 2020. Employing ridge regression attribution analysis, we quantified the relative contributions of multiple key factors to interannual GPP variability across global grasslands. To further enhance temporal and methodological robustness, we conducted supplementary analyses for 2003–2020 and an additional XGBoost–SHAP assessment, both of which reinforced the reliability of the main conclusions. Our analysis indicates that GPP increased in 66.44 % of global grassland areas, with 9.19 % of the area exhibiting statistically significant upward trends from 2010 to 2020 Among all factors, atmospheric CO₂ emerged as the dominant contributor, accounting for 44.9 % of the relative impact and contributing an absolute increase of 0.0256 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. Spatially, CO₂ effects were most pronounced in tropical regions of Africa and South America. Other factors, such as the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) and evapotranspiration (E), exhibited strong positive effects in mid- and high-latitude grasslands. Temperature effects were relatively stable, while wind speed, precipitation, and soil moisture exhibited weaker and more regionally variable influences. These findings highlight pronounced global spatial heterogeneity in the environmental controls on grassland productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 114552"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}