Miho Kageyama, Beste Balci, Shotaro Danjo, Kimiyo Nakamichi, Motoaki Kawase
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an important component of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) from the viewpoint of proton transport. Only protons are desired to be transported through a membrane, but the feed gases also permeate. The permeation of the feed gas through a membrane affects the PEFC performance. Temperature and relative humidity dependencies of the hydrogen and oxygen permeability through a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane were measured. By considering that a membrane consists of three layers, i.e. a bulk layer sandwiched between skin layers, the transport properties of each layer were separated. The bulk layer effective diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and oxygen through both a PEM and an MEA were formulated as a function of temperature and RH. The oxygen transfer coefficient in the skin layer increased with RH, whereas the hydrogen transfer coefficient was almost constant regardless of RH.
{"title":"Hydrogen and Oxygen Permeability through PEFC Membrane and Membrane Electrode Assembly","authors":"Miho Kageyama, Beste Balci, Shotaro Danjo, Kimiyo Nakamichi, Motoaki Kawase","doi":"10.1149/11204.0291ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0291ecst","url":null,"abstract":"A proton exchange membrane (PEM) is an important component of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) from the viewpoint of proton transport. Only protons are desired to be transported through a membrane, but the feed gases also permeate. The permeation of the feed gas through a membrane affects the PEFC performance. Temperature and relative humidity dependencies of the hydrogen and oxygen permeability through a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membrane were measured. By considering that a membrane consists of three layers, i.e. a bulk layer sandwiched between skin layers, the transport properties of each layer were separated. The bulk layer effective diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and oxygen through both a PEM and an MEA were formulated as a function of temperature and RH. The oxygen transfer coefficient in the skin layer increased with RH, whereas the hydrogen transfer coefficient was almost constant regardless of RH.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135199055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The PEFC has been attracted to achieve carbon neutralization with using of cars and so on. Unclearness of the internal state of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) below freezing temperature is one of the biggest problems toward expansion of operating temperature. Our final objective is to reveal the internal state of PEM and transport mechanism in such environment. We performed the reactive force field molecular dynamics to analyze the internal structure of PEM because under such environment chemical reaction is the key transport mechanisms. A radial distribution function (RDF) was performed to analyze the structure in PEM. Our RDF was in good agreement with other simulation results. We found the increase of water molecules in the overlapped solvation area with the decrease in temperature. The water molecules hardly move in the overlapped area, indicating that proton diffusivity decreases.
{"title":"Molecular analysis of hydrogen-bond structures in polymer electrolyte membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cells below freezing temperatures","authors":"Hiroki Nishizawa, Takuya Mabuchi, Naoya Uene, Takashi Tokumasu","doi":"10.1149/11204.0285ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0285ecst","url":null,"abstract":"The PEFC has been attracted to achieve carbon neutralization with using of cars and so on. Unclearness of the internal state of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) below freezing temperature is one of the biggest problems toward expansion of operating temperature. Our final objective is to reveal the internal state of PEM and transport mechanism in such environment. We performed the reactive force field molecular dynamics to analyze the internal structure of PEM because under such environment chemical reaction is the key transport mechanisms. A radial distribution function (RDF) was performed to analyze the structure in PEM. Our RDF was in good agreement with other simulation results. We found the increase of water molecules in the overlapped solvation area with the decrease in temperature. The water molecules hardly move in the overlapped area, indicating that proton diffusivity decreases.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135199857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent Larrey, Arthur Arribehaute, Brendon Caulfield, Pablo Acosta Alba, Christophe Morales, Paul Noël, Mathieu Opprecht, Frank Fournel, Didier Landru, Francois Rieutord
In this study, we propose a novel method to quantify the interfacial water trapped at the direct bonding interface. The concept is to intentionally create bonding defects with controlled size and shape, and use them as sensors for the gases generated through the oxidation of a material (in our case, Silicon) by water adsorbed on the surfaces prior to bonding. The evolution of the sensor sizes provides valuable insights into the amount of gas they have trapped, allowing us to analyze the imbibition effect. Analyzing sensors arrays also enables us to quantify the amount of water that was initially present at the bonding interface. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of proposing a novel bonding energy measurement method.
{"title":"Nanosecond Laser Irradiation for Interface Bonding Characterization","authors":"Vincent Larrey, Arthur Arribehaute, Brendon Caulfield, Pablo Acosta Alba, Christophe Morales, Paul Noël, Mathieu Opprecht, Frank Fournel, Didier Landru, Francois Rieutord","doi":"10.1149/11203.0039ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11203.0039ecst","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we propose a novel method to quantify the interfacial water trapped at the direct bonding interface. The concept is to intentionally create bonding defects with controlled size and shape, and use them as sensors for the gases generated through the oxidation of a material (in our case, Silicon) by water adsorbed on the surfaces prior to bonding. The evolution of the sensor sizes provides valuable insights into the amount of gas they have trapped, allowing us to analyze the imbibition effect. Analyzing sensors arrays also enables us to quantify the amount of water that was initially present at the bonding interface. Moreover, it opens up the possibility of proposing a novel bonding energy measurement method.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert James Anton, Shikai Sun, Karen Swider-Lyons, Cortney Mittelsteadt, Michael Adamski, Benjamin Britton, Yu Morimoto, Iryna Zenyuk
An investigation of ionomer-catalyst interfaces for electrodes containing sulfo-phenylated polyphenylene (sPPP) ionomers is conducted with CO displacement and stripping experiments. We find that at fully humidified conditions, catalyst layers containing sPPP ionomers show a CO displacement peak that is almost entirely suppressed. This suppression corresponds to adsorption of sulfonic acid group adsorption on only 2% of the available Pt surface. We also observe that at 100% RH, the double-layer capacitance of the catalyst layer is higher when poisoned by CO. This is inverse of the behavior observed with PFSA electrodes, indicating that there might be different ionomer-catalyst interactions present with an sPPP ionomer. We hypothesize that differences between sPPP and perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer backbones may account for this difference due to the presence of phenyl rings, which could adsorb to Pt surfaces preferentially at high humidification.
{"title":"Probing the Catalyst-Ionomer Interface in Catalyst Layers with Sulfo-Phenylated Polyphenylene Ionomers Using CO-Displacement and Stripping Techniques","authors":"Robert James Anton, Shikai Sun, Karen Swider-Lyons, Cortney Mittelsteadt, Michael Adamski, Benjamin Britton, Yu Morimoto, Iryna Zenyuk","doi":"10.1149/11204.0069ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0069ecst","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of ionomer-catalyst interfaces for electrodes containing sulfo-phenylated polyphenylene (sPPP) ionomers is conducted with CO displacement and stripping experiments. We find that at fully humidified conditions, catalyst layers containing sPPP ionomers show a CO displacement peak that is almost entirely suppressed. This suppression corresponds to adsorption of sulfonic acid group adsorption on only 2% of the available Pt surface. We also observe that at 100% RH, the double-layer capacitance of the catalyst layer is higher when poisoned by CO. This is inverse of the behavior observed with PFSA electrodes, indicating that there might be different ionomer-catalyst interactions present with an sPPP ionomer. We hypothesize that differences between sPPP and perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer backbones may account for this difference due to the presence of phenyl rings, which could adsorb to Pt surfaces preferentially at high humidification.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hironori Nakajima, Henrik Ekström, Asuka Shima, Yoshitsugu Sone, Göran Lindbergh
A new interdigitated flow field design for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers has been developed for ground and space applications. It internally separates oxygen and liquid water, eliminating the water circulators to remove the bubbles and external gas-liquid separators with buoyancy. The capillary pressure in the hydrophobic microporous layer(MPL) of the anode porous transport layer enables the internal separation of oxygen gas and pressurized liquid water. A finite element model (COM-SOL Multiphysics) simulates water transport in the MPL. Electrochemical impedance spectra determine the electrochemical kinetic parameters for the model. The model accounts for the oxygen bubble coverage of the CL, liquid water saturation in the MPL, and the current ratio between liquid water and water vapor at the MPL-CL interface. The vapor from liquid water in the MPL mixes with oxygen for diffusion. The water evaporation rate based on liquid water saturation in the MPL is introduced.
{"title":"Water Transport Modeling in a Microporous Layer for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Water Electrolyzer Having a Gas-Liquid Separating Interdigitated Flow Field","authors":"Hironori Nakajima, Henrik Ekström, Asuka Shima, Yoshitsugu Sone, Göran Lindbergh","doi":"10.1149/11204.0273ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0273ecst","url":null,"abstract":"A new interdigitated flow field design for polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers has been developed for ground and space applications. It internally separates oxygen and liquid water, eliminating the water circulators to remove the bubbles and external gas-liquid separators with buoyancy. The capillary pressure in the hydrophobic microporous layer(MPL) of the anode porous transport layer enables the internal separation of oxygen gas and pressurized liquid water. A finite element model (COM-SOL Multiphysics) simulates water transport in the MPL. Electrochemical impedance spectra determine the electrochemical kinetic parameters for the model. The model accounts for the oxygen bubble coverage of the CL, liquid water saturation in the MPL, and the current ratio between liquid water and water vapor at the MPL-CL interface. The vapor from liquid water in the MPL mixes with oxygen for diffusion. The water evaporation rate based on liquid water saturation in the MPL is introduced.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated atomic structures and chemical states of active and inactive dopant sites for Mg- and Si- doped in GaN using photoelectron holography and X-ray absorption near edge structure. In the case of Mg-doped GaN, we found that a Mg atom substituting a Ga atom (Mg Ga ) is an active dopant site in GaN whereas Mg Ga with two H atoms is an inactive dopant site in GaN. We found that a Si atom substituting a Ga atom is an active dopant site in Si-doped GaN whereas Si 3 N 4 is an inactive dopant site in GaN.
{"title":"Atomic Structures and Chemical states of active and inactive dopants in GaN","authors":"Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Jingmin Tang, Yusuke Hashimote, Tomohiro Matsushita","doi":"10.1149/11202.0067ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11202.0067ecst","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated atomic structures and chemical states of active and inactive dopant sites for Mg- and Si- doped in GaN using photoelectron holography and X-ray absorption near edge structure. In the case of Mg-doped GaN, we found that a Mg atom substituting a Ga atom (Mg Ga ) is an active dopant site in GaN whereas Mg Ga with two H atoms is an inactive dopant site in GaN. We found that a Si atom substituting a Ga atom is an active dopant site in Si-doped GaN whereas Si 3 N 4 is an inactive dopant site in GaN.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this work is to perform an in-depth analysis in order to identify the key contributors to the total flicker noise in advanced MOSFET technologies, e.g. UTBOX, Gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire or nanosheet FET devices. For all investigated devices of these technologies an increase of the flat-band noise power spectral density level with the increase of the applied gate voltage was observed. This may be related to the correlated carrier number and mobility fluctuations noise mechanisms and/or with additional access resistances noise contributions. Different existing models have been applied in order to identify the key 1/f noise mechanism. However, a discrepancy in the obtained 1/f noise contributors is highlighted, and leads to some questioning about which employed model is most accurate and gives good indications on the key contributors and estimated parameters of the total flicker noise.
{"title":"(Invited) In-Depth Understanding of the Key Contributors to the Total Flicker Noise in Advanced Logic Devices","authors":"Bogdan Cretu, Abderrahim Tahiat, Anabela Veloso, Eddy Simoen","doi":"10.1149/11201.0053ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11201.0053ecst","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to perform an in-depth analysis in order to identify the key contributors to the total flicker noise in advanced MOSFET technologies, e.g. UTBOX, Gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire or nanosheet FET devices. For all investigated devices of these technologies an increase of the flat-band noise power spectral density level with the increase of the applied gate voltage was observed. This may be related to the correlated carrier number and mobility fluctuations noise mechanisms and/or with additional access resistances noise contributions. Different existing models have been applied in order to identify the key 1/f noise mechanism. However, a discrepancy in the obtained 1/f noise contributors is highlighted, and leads to some questioning about which employed model is most accurate and gives good indications on the key contributors and estimated parameters of the total flicker noise.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danan Yang, Himani Garg, Steven B. Beale, Martin Andersson
Stochastic reconstruction is widely employed for effective and flexible imitation of Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs), e.g., to facilitate the study of their properties. However, the reconstruction often overlooks crucial factors such as fiber curvature, fiber stack arrangement, and fiber anisotropy. Consequently, the impact of these structural characteristics remains poorly understood. In this study, an in-house reconstruction procedure is developed based on the periodic surface model. This procedure enables the generation of GDLs with either straight or curved fibers, layer-by-layer or random arrangement, and different probabilities of through-plane fiber orientation angles. The porosity, domain size, and fiber diameter are extracted from an experimental image-based GDL and utilized as input data for the reconstruction. Furthermore, the different GDLs are compared in terms of pore size distribution and through-plane porosity distribution. It is concluded that introducing proper selections of these fiber features gives the reconstruction more realistic properties.
{"title":"Numerical Reconstruction of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Gas Diffusion Layers","authors":"Danan Yang, Himani Garg, Steven B. Beale, Martin Andersson","doi":"10.1149/11204.0049ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0049ecst","url":null,"abstract":"Stochastic reconstruction is widely employed for effective and flexible imitation of Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs), e.g., to facilitate the study of their properties. However, the reconstruction often overlooks crucial factors such as fiber curvature, fiber stack arrangement, and fiber anisotropy. Consequently, the impact of these structural characteristics remains poorly understood. In this study, an in-house reconstruction procedure is developed based on the periodic surface model. This procedure enables the generation of GDLs with either straight or curved fibers, layer-by-layer or random arrangement, and different probabilities of through-plane fiber orientation angles. The porosity, domain size, and fiber diameter are extracted from an experimental image-based GDL and utilized as input data for the reconstruction. Furthermore, the different GDLs are compared in terms of pore size distribution and through-plane porosity distribution. It is concluded that introducing proper selections of these fiber features gives the reconstruction more realistic properties.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electrode materials play a key role in the performance of solid oxide electrochemical cells. In this study, screen-printing was used to fabricate a porous nickel – scandia-stabilized zirconia (Ni-ScSZ) cermet electrode on a dense YSZ solid electrolyte substrate. The effect of sintering temperatures, 1200°C and 1300°C, on the structure and morphology of the deposited films were investigated. The screen-printed films were sintered and then reduced under an Ar/5% H 2 gas environment at 700°C for 2h to form porous electrodes. The sintered films exhibited NiO and ScSZ cubic phases from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A desired porous morphology of NiO-ScSZ film sintered at 1200°C was achieved compared to a denser morphology sintered at 1300°C as revealed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. XRD patterns of reduced samples suggested a complete reduction of cubic NiO to Ni with an increase in porosity as observed from SEM micrographs.
{"title":"(Digital Presentation) Facile Fabrication of Nickel and Sc-Doped Zirconia Cermet Electrode Thin Film on YSZ Substrate Via Screen-Printing for Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells","authors":"Christine Mae Macalisang, Rinlee Cervera","doi":"10.1149/11205.0159ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11205.0159ecst","url":null,"abstract":"Electrode materials play a key role in the performance of solid oxide electrochemical cells. In this study, screen-printing was used to fabricate a porous nickel – scandia-stabilized zirconia (Ni-ScSZ) cermet electrode on a dense YSZ solid electrolyte substrate. The effect of sintering temperatures, 1200°C and 1300°C, on the structure and morphology of the deposited films were investigated. The screen-printed films were sintered and then reduced under an Ar/5% H 2 gas environment at 700°C for 2h to form porous electrodes. The sintered films exhibited NiO and ScSZ cubic phases from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A desired porous morphology of NiO-ScSZ film sintered at 1200°C was achieved compared to a denser morphology sintered at 1300°C as revealed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs. XRD patterns of reduced samples suggested a complete reduction of cubic NiO to Ni with an increase in porosity as observed from SEM micrographs.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135244659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diogo Loureiro Martinho, Torsten Berning, Mohammadmahdi Abdollahzadehsangroudi, Anders Rønne Rasmussen, Jakob Hærvig, Samuel Simon Araya
As the most mature technology within the electrolysis field, alkaline electrolyzers are expected to play an important role in the energetic transition. Advantages as their simplicity, modularity and low-cost components make it an interesting technology for the near future. However, the fundamental physics are complex as it includes multicomponent, multiphase flow, porous media, electrochemistry and heat transfer. To have a better understanding of these phenomena, the presented work is devoted to the development of a computational fluid dynamic model to better understand the behavior of all the species that are part of this technology.
{"title":"A Three-Dimensional, Multiphysics Model of An Alkaline Electrolyzer","authors":"Diogo Loureiro Martinho, Torsten Berning, Mohammadmahdi Abdollahzadehsangroudi, Anders Rønne Rasmussen, Jakob Hærvig, Samuel Simon Araya","doi":"10.1149/11204.0433ecst","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1149/11204.0433ecst","url":null,"abstract":"As the most mature technology within the electrolysis field, alkaline electrolyzers are expected to play an important role in the energetic transition. Advantages as their simplicity, modularity and low-cost components make it an interesting technology for the near future. However, the fundamental physics are complex as it includes multicomponent, multiphase flow, porous media, electrochemistry and heat transfer. To have a better understanding of these phenomena, the presented work is devoted to the development of a computational fluid dynamic model to better understand the behavior of all the species that are part of this technology.","PeriodicalId":11473,"journal":{"name":"ECS Transactions","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135245711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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