Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115596
Mays N. Shaeli , Jalal M. Jalil , Mounir Baccar
One of the most important factors affecting the electrical and thermal efficiency of Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) is the rise in their temperature due to sunlight. In this study, the experimental effect of jet cooling on solar cells with different diameters and with phase change material (PCM) as an energy storage source was investigated. Two jet diameters (5 and 8 mm) were used to test the PV cell temperature. The goal is to maximize the cooling and optimize the high efficiency of the PV panel and to achieve a hotter air outflow. The 8 mm hole diameter jet appears to be the better choice, especially during peak hours of solar irradiance. The result shows an enhancement in electrical conversion efficiency in case 8 mm, achieving a 9.4 % improvement compared with the case without jet and PCM. The thermal efficiency of diameter 8 mm is higher and it reaching to a 5 % improvement comparison in case 5 mm diameter. The experimental results were favorable when compared to the theoretical results obtained using numerical solution.
{"title":"Investigation of photovoltaic thermal performance using air jet impingement as cooling system with varying jet diameters and phase change material","authors":"Mays N. Shaeli , Jalal M. Jalil , Mounir Baccar","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most important factors affecting the electrical and thermal efficiency of Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) is the rise in their temperature due to sunlight. In this study, the experimental effect of jet cooling on solar cells with different diameters and with phase change material (PCM) as an energy storage source was investigated. Two jet diameters (5 and 8 mm) were used to test the PV cell temperature. The goal is to maximize the cooling and optimize the high efficiency of the PV panel and to achieve a hotter air outflow. The 8 mm hole diameter jet appears to be the better choice, especially during peak hours of solar irradiance. The result shows an enhancement in electrical conversion efficiency in case 8 mm, achieving a 9.4 % improvement compared with the case without jet and PCM. The thermal efficiency of diameter 8 mm is higher and it reaching to a 5 % improvement comparison in case 5 mm diameter. The experimental results were favorable when compared to the theoretical results obtained using numerical solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115606
Jian Sun , Yanfei Li , Jamie Lian , Yuan Liu , Wei Du
As renewable energy sources like solar and wind power become more integrated into the grid, coordinated control of behind-the-meter devices is crucial for enhancing grid flexibility and reliability and for meeting cost targets, with standardized models being developed to support this transition. The increasing flexibility and uncertainty of integrated renewable energy grids, along with interactions between various subsystems, make traditional steady-state modeling insufficient to capture transient and dynamic behaviors. Current models (e.g., composite load and battery equivalent models) focus on thermodynamic or electrical characteristics but overlook critical electromechanical interactions. This limits the ability to share performance information for grid services and hampers fast dynamic simulations. In addition, motor stalling is usually triggered by a fault event and attributed to the characteristics of the mechanical torque of the motor, resulting in absorption of a large amount of reactive power during the stalling period. This significant withdrawal of reactive power will deteriorate the dynamic voltage stability of power grids and cause delayed voltage recovery [1]. Therefore, an in-depth modeling of the thermodynamics or mechanical torque is essential to study the impacts of the realistic torque characteristics of those behind-the-meter devices on power system voltage stability. This study developed a dynamic multidomain model for building HVAC systems, such as air-source heat pumps, to simulate their thermal and electrical responses to grid transients. The model can accurately predict power metrics with a mean absolute percentage error of 10 %, by validating against with power system computer-aided design performance data. Case studies demonstrate the model capability of capturing the transient response to sudden voltage changes, rapid load fluctuations, and system shutdowns respectively. During a sudden voltage drop (30 % for 0.1 s), a fully loaded heat pump’s motor speed dropped, continued declining, and shut down after 3.6 s, with severe power oscillations and a torque spike. A partially loaded unit experienced temporary oscillations but stabilized. Under higher building loads, compressor speed increased from 64 % to 100 %, with power and torque rising before stabilizing. In safety-triggered shutdowns, power decreased after minor fluctuations, and torque briefly spiked before dropping to zero.
{"title":"Thermal and electric multidomain dynamic model for integration of power grid distribution with behind-the-meter devices","authors":"Jian Sun , Yanfei Li , Jamie Lian , Yuan Liu , Wei Du","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As renewable energy sources like solar and wind power become more integrated into the grid, coordinated control of behind-the-meter devices is crucial for enhancing grid flexibility and reliability and for meeting cost targets, with standardized models being developed to support this transition. The increasing flexibility and uncertainty of integrated renewable energy grids, along with interactions between various subsystems, make traditional steady-state modeling insufficient to capture transient and dynamic behaviors. Current models (e.g., composite load and battery equivalent models) focus on thermodynamic or electrical characteristics but overlook critical electromechanical interactions. This limits the ability to share performance information for grid services and hampers fast dynamic simulations. In addition, motor stalling is usually triggered by a fault event and attributed to the characteristics of the mechanical torque of the motor, resulting in absorption of a large amount of reactive power during the stalling period. This significant withdrawal of reactive power will deteriorate the dynamic voltage stability of power grids and cause delayed voltage recovery [<span><span>1</span></span>]. Therefore, an in-depth modeling of the thermodynamics or mechanical torque is essential to study the impacts of the realistic torque characteristics of those behind-the-meter devices on power system voltage stability. This study developed a dynamic multidomain model for building HVAC systems, such as air-source heat pumps, to simulate their thermal and electrical responses to grid transients. The model can accurately predict power metrics with a mean absolute percentage error of 10 %, by validating against with power system computer-aided design performance data. Case studies demonstrate the model capability of capturing the transient response to sudden voltage changes, rapid load fluctuations, and system shutdowns respectively. During a sudden voltage drop (30 % for 0.1 s), a fully loaded heat pump’s motor speed dropped, continued declining, and shut down after 3.6 s, with severe power oscillations and a torque spike. A partially loaded unit experienced temporary oscillations but stabilized. Under higher building loads, compressor speed increased from 64 % to 100 %, with power and torque rising before stabilizing. In safety-triggered shutdowns, power decreased after minor fluctuations, and torque briefly spiked before dropping to zero.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115606"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115593
Woohyun Kim , Srinivas Katipamula , Robert G Lutes
This paper describes the development, demonstration, and evaluation of a fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) system that integrates a fault aggregation methodology. Many FDD systems provide actionable information based on individual events, which sometimes results in misleading information going to the building operators. The primary aim of this work was to enhance diagnostics at the component and subsystem levels by leveraging statistical analysis to inform better decision-making in building operations. Although similar methods have been used in other fields, they have not been used in the buildings field. The proposed fault aggregation method uses rules from engineering principles, analyzing independent diagnostic results through the binomial probability distribution function to calculate detection probabilities with adjustable sensitivity thresholds. By aggregating fault detections over daily, weekly, or monthly periods, the system provides a comprehensive and user-friendly approach for building operators to manage real and false alarms effectively. This significantly reduces alarm overload and enhances confidence in FDD applications. The annual aggregation results of the economizer diagnostics for five rooftop units and 19 air-handling units (AHUs) with variable-air-volume boxes across seven different buildings showed 79% with one or more faults. The results showed 67% of AHUs having at least one fault and 58% having multiple airside faults. Furthermore, the paper suggests incorporating economic evaluation techniques to balance service costs with fault impacts, ultimately optimizing FDD systems for improved operational efficiency and economic returns. The findings underscore the potential for more robust FDD performance measurement beyond basic alarms or actionable information, highlighting areas for future research and development in FDD aggregation capabilities.
{"title":"Development and validation of aggregation method for fault detection and diagnostics in HVAC systems","authors":"Woohyun Kim , Srinivas Katipamula , Robert G Lutes","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes the development, demonstration, and evaluation of a fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) system that integrates a fault aggregation methodology. Many FDD systems provide actionable information based on individual events, which sometimes results in misleading information going to the building operators. The primary aim of this work was to enhance diagnostics at the component and subsystem levels by leveraging statistical analysis to inform better decision-making in building operations. Although similar methods have been used in other fields, they have not been used in the buildings field. The proposed fault aggregation method uses rules from engineering principles, analyzing independent diagnostic results through the binomial probability distribution function to calculate detection probabilities with adjustable sensitivity thresholds. By aggregating fault detections over daily, weekly, or monthly periods, the system provides a comprehensive and user-friendly approach for building operators to manage real and false alarms effectively. This significantly reduces alarm overload and enhances confidence in FDD applications. The annual aggregation results of the economizer diagnostics for five rooftop units and 19 air-handling units (AHUs) with variable-air-volume boxes across seven different buildings showed 79% with one or more faults. The results showed 67% of AHUs having at least one fault and 58% having multiple airside faults. Furthermore, the paper suggests incorporating economic evaluation techniques to balance service costs with fault impacts, ultimately optimizing FDD systems for improved operational efficiency and economic returns. The findings underscore the potential for more robust FDD performance measurement beyond basic alarms or actionable information, highlighting areas for future research and development in FDD aggregation capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115593"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115580
Xiuying Yan , Xiaoxue Wu , Xingxing Ji , Qinglong Meng
In response to the increasing energy demands and environmental concerns, strategies for managing peak electricity load in commercial buildings are becoming challenges. A demand response (DR) control strategy based on load prediction is proposed to alleviate the pressure on the grid caused by peak demand while ensuring good building environment and meeting thermal comfort for users. The strategy implements partial chiller shutdown with pre-cooling. An enhanced chilled water distributor considering personnel satisfaction, which adds a factor for the sensitivity of indoor air temperature increases in the adaptive function, is proposed. A co-simulation platform was developed to investigate load shifting potential, enhance energy efficiency and reduce operating costs. Thermal comfort is also considered, ensuring the long-term effectiveness of the strategy and user satisfaction. It is compared with conventional control strategy, price-based DR strategy, partial chiller shutdown, as well as DR control strategies involving partial chiller shutdown and pre-cooling. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR strategy achieved the maximum load reduction without causing load rebound. The proposed DR strategy achieves a 4.7% electricity saving rate and a 3.5% reduction in total operating costs comparing to partial chiller shutdown. The indoor temperature and temperature deviation are controlled in reasonable ranges.
{"title":"Load reduction by a demand response enhanced chilled water distributor for centralized air-conditioning systems in commercial building","authors":"Xiuying Yan , Xiaoxue Wu , Xingxing Ji , Qinglong Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the increasing energy demands and environmental concerns, strategies for managing peak electricity load in commercial buildings are becoming challenges. A demand response (DR) control strategy based on load prediction is proposed to alleviate the pressure on the grid caused by peak demand while ensuring good building environment and meeting thermal comfort for users. The strategy implements partial chiller shutdown with pre-cooling. An enhanced chilled water distributor considering personnel satisfaction, which adds a factor for the sensitivity of indoor air temperature increases in the adaptive function, is proposed. A co-simulation platform was developed to investigate load shifting potential, enhance energy efficiency and reduce operating costs. Thermal comfort is also considered, ensuring the long-term effectiveness of the strategy and user satisfaction. It is compared with conventional control strategy, price-based DR strategy, partial chiller shutdown, as well as DR control strategies involving partial chiller shutdown and pre-cooling. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR strategy achieved the maximum load reduction without causing load rebound. The proposed DR strategy achieves a 4.7% electricity saving rate and a 3.5% reduction in total operating costs comparing to partial chiller shutdown. The indoor temperature and temperature deviation are controlled in reasonable ranges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115551
Yilin Li , Wanting Tao , Zewen Liu , Yuke Peng , Lulu Zhu , Hao Lu , Aiwei Luo , Weiguang Su , Feng Deng
Phase change material (PCM) blinds integrated into the double skin facade (DSF) have been raised as a promising method to improve the thermal performance of DSF. However, previous studies mostly adopted opaque PCM blinds which may affect the light transmittance of the DSFs and indoor light environment. This study focuses on the evaluation of the thermal and optical performance of a semi-transparent PCM blind in DSF. Experimental study has been conducted in a test facility during different seasons in Shanghai, China. Temperature distributions and indoor diffuse radiation of the integrated DSF and semi-transparent PCM blind system with three blind tilt angles (30°, 45°, 60°) were analysed. The thermal performance of the semi-transparent PCM blinds and traditional aluminium blinds was compared on a typical day. Results show that the semi-transparent PCM blind can significantly lower the highest temperature in the DSF cavity in warm season, and reduce the temperature fluctuation range by 10 °C during the period of 9:00 am ∼ 21:00 pm. During cold season, the semi-transparent PCM blind was able to maintain a steady thermal zone for 4 h and 28 min, with temperatures stabilising at 15 ∼ 20 °C. The tilt angle of 45° demonstrates optimal thermal performance in both warm and cold seasons. The results also proved that the semi-transparent PCM blind with a 45° tilt angle contributes to a comfortable indoor light environment due to the better stability and longer duration of the diffuse radiation.
{"title":"Evaluation on the thermal and optical performance of a double skin facade with a semi-transparent phase change material blind system","authors":"Yilin Li , Wanting Tao , Zewen Liu , Yuke Peng , Lulu Zhu , Hao Lu , Aiwei Luo , Weiguang Su , Feng Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change material (PCM) blinds integrated into the double skin facade (DSF) have been raised as a promising method to improve the thermal performance of DSF. However, previous studies mostly adopted opaque PCM blinds which may affect the light transmittance of the DSFs and indoor light environment. This study focuses on the evaluation of the thermal and optical performance of a semi-transparent PCM blind in DSF. Experimental study has been conducted in a test facility during different seasons in Shanghai, China. Temperature distributions and indoor diffuse radiation of the integrated DSF and semi-transparent PCM blind system with three blind tilt angles (30°, 45°, 60°) were analysed. The thermal performance of the semi-transparent PCM blinds and traditional aluminium blinds was compared on a typical day. Results show that the semi-transparent PCM blind can significantly lower the highest temperature in the DSF cavity in warm season, and reduce the temperature fluctuation range by 10 °C during the period of 9:00 am ∼ 21:00 pm. During cold season, the semi-transparent PCM blind was able to maintain a steady thermal zone for 4 h and 28 min, with temperatures stabilising at 15 ∼ 20 °C. The tilt angle of 45° demonstrates optimal thermal performance in both warm and cold seasons. The results also proved that the semi-transparent PCM blind with a 45° tilt angle contributes to a comfortable indoor light environment due to the better stability and longer duration of the diffuse radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115551"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115605
Mona Aridi, Marie-Lise Pannier, Rima Aridi, Thierry Lemenand
With the growing need for economical and energy-efficient space heating solutions in residential buildings, heat pumps have emerged as a promising alternative for domestic heating systems. Heat pumps are a key piece of equipment in the global shift to a safe and sustainable heating technology. This review presents a thorough analysis and synthesis of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on domestic heat pumps and commences with the basic ideas behind heat pump technology as well as the need for LCAs in determining the technology’s environmental impact This review systematically addresses several aspects, it (i) examines the existing literature on LCAs conducted for domestic heat pumps, aiming to assess their environmental effect across their life cycle stages; (ii) discusses the key environmental indicators and parameters commonly assessed in LCAs for domestic heat pumps; (iii) states the challenges, limitations, and restrictions in conducting LCAs for these systems. Due to the missing data and inconsistency of relevant parameters such as functional units, refrigerants, electricity mix, and others, this investigation highlights the necessity for standardized methodologies and data quality refinements, which should account for electricity mix variability, refrigerant leakage, and relevant performance metrics. Conducting a comprehensive review of LCA studies over the last two decades offers this study a novelty in identifying inconsistencies in key assessment criteria and proposes a structured approach to standardizing LCA methodologies for heat pumps. This offers recommendations for future research directions to support the development of sustainable heating technologies in residential structures. In conclusion, the LCA conducted on heat pumps reveals valuable insights into their environmental impact across various stages. Moreover, the findings of this LCA contribute to the broader discussion on eco-friendly and energy-efficient residential heating solutions.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Life Cycle Assessments for Domestic Heat Pumps: Environmental Footprint and Future Directions","authors":"Mona Aridi, Marie-Lise Pannier, Rima Aridi, Thierry Lemenand","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing need for economical and energy-efficient space heating solutions in residential buildings, heat pumps have emerged as a promising alternative for domestic heating systems. Heat pumps are a key piece of equipment in the global shift to a safe and sustainable heating technology. This review presents a thorough analysis and synthesis of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on domestic heat pumps and commences with the basic ideas behind heat pump technology as well as the need for LCAs in determining the technology’s environmental impact This review systematically addresses several aspects, it (i) examines the existing literature on LCAs conducted for domestic heat pumps, aiming to assess their environmental effect across their life cycle stages; (ii) discusses the key environmental indicators and parameters commonly assessed in LCAs for domestic heat pumps; (iii) states the challenges, limitations, and restrictions in conducting LCAs for these systems. Due to the missing data and inconsistency of relevant parameters such as functional units, refrigerants, electricity mix, and others, this investigation highlights the necessity for standardized methodologies and data quality refinements, which should account for electricity mix variability, refrigerant leakage, and relevant performance metrics. Conducting a comprehensive review of LCA studies over the last two decades offers this study a novelty in identifying inconsistencies in key assessment criteria and proposes a structured approach to standardizing LCA methodologies for heat pumps. This offers recommendations for future research directions to support the development of sustainable heating technologies in residential structures. In conclusion, the LCA conducted on heat pumps reveals valuable insights into their environmental impact across various stages. Moreover, the findings of this LCA contribute to the broader discussion on eco-friendly and energy-efficient residential heating solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115605"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115557
A. Fathalizadeh , E. Sharifi , C. Bartesaghi-Koc
While the world is experiencing rapid global warming, it is crucial to keep indoor environments thermally comfortable for human occupants. Consequently, a cooling energy demand increase of 72% is anticipated by 2100. Building envelopes, accounting for nearly 50% of energy consumption and significantly impact buildings’ energy performance. This paper systematically reviews research on the challenges of adopting passive cooling solutions in building envelopes. Firstly, a context review of the sustainability indicators in buildings is outlined based on triple bottom line theory. Then, the high-performance envelopes and passive cooling solutions are explored further. Subsequently, 65 papers selected through a PRISMA screening approach have been critically reviewed, identifying the main research streams, challenges, and mitigating strategies. Finally, a comprehensive list of barriers to the adoption of passive cooling solutions has been developed and presented in four major aspects related to policy, knowledge, technical, and economics. The findings outline key gaps in the academic literature, namely (1) lack of robust industry-led research projects
(2) lack of practical frameworks for facilitating passive cooling in building envelope retrofitting practices
(3) lack of policy targeted indicators within the sustainability triple bottom line
and (4) lack of in-depth research on local codes alongside practical guidance for policymakers. Synthesising the existing literature on the challenges to the applications of passive cooling solutions, this paper highlights the need for more integrated evidence-based decision-making across all relevant sectors and serves as a key resource for academics and construction industry stakeholders to move towards high-performance building applications.
{"title":"Challenges of the transition to high-performance passive cool envelopes: A systematic literature review","authors":"A. Fathalizadeh , E. Sharifi , C. Bartesaghi-Koc","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While the world is experiencing rapid global warming, it is crucial to keep indoor environments thermally comfortable for human occupants. Consequently, a cooling energy demand increase of 72% is anticipated by 2100. Building envelopes, accounting for nearly 50% of energy consumption and significantly impact buildings’ energy performance. This paper systematically reviews research on the challenges of adopting passive cooling solutions in building envelopes. Firstly, a context review of the sustainability indicators in buildings is outlined based on triple bottom line theory. Then, the high-performance envelopes and passive cooling solutions are explored further. Subsequently, 65 papers selected through a PRISMA screening approach have been critically reviewed, identifying the main research streams, challenges, and mitigating strategies. Finally, a comprehensive list of barriers to the adoption of passive cooling solutions has been developed and presented in four major aspects related to policy, knowledge, technical, and economics. The findings outline key gaps in the academic literature, namely (1) lack of robust industry-led research projects</div><div>(2) lack of practical frameworks for facilitating passive cooling in building envelope retrofitting practices</div><div>(3) lack of policy targeted indicators within the sustainability triple bottom line</div><div>and (4) lack of in-depth research on local codes alongside practical guidance for policymakers. Synthesising the existing literature on the challenges to the applications of passive cooling solutions, this paper highlights the need for more integrated evidence-based decision-making across all relevant sectors and serves as a key resource for academics and construction industry stakeholders to move towards high-performance building applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115557"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115595
Dorota Anna Krawczyk , Anna Werner-Juszczuk , Beata Sadowska , Piotr Rynkowski , Alicja Siuta-Olcha , Bożena Babiarz , Adam Święcicki , Robert Stachniewicz , Tomasz Cholewa , Lech Lichołai , Joanna Krasoń , Przemysław Miąsik , Martyna Bocian , Maciej Kłopotowski , Dorota Gawryluk
In recent years, a number of retrofittings have been carried out in terms of insulation and technical equipment of buildings. However, due to the introduction of the zero-emission obligation for buildings, it is necessary to search for new modernization opportunities that will reduce the use of non-renewable primary energy and increase energy self-sufficiency. This paper assesses the existing condition of two typical kindergartens located in north-eastern Poland, Bialystok. The thermal properties of buildings and heating systems and domestic hot water preparation were assessed through ex-post audits and in-situ measurements: U-value, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal imaging inspection. A novel method was developed for simplifying the estimation of the effect of renewable energy sources (RES) integration, based on actual building climatic and utility data. The method was used to analyze three variants of retrofitting of the heat and electricity sources taking into account air-to-water heat pump, photovoltaic installation and an electrical energy storage. The energy self-sufficiency of kindergartens with the thermal quality of the envelope meeting the requirements of the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) in Poland may amount to 45% when use air heat pump cooperating with a PV system, an electricity storage and heat substation as the peak heat source. The proposed retrofitting of heat and electricity sources resulted in a reduction in the demand for non-renewable primary energy by 14% in kindergarten B and by 18% in kindergarten A compared to the pre-modernisation state.
近年来，在建筑物的隔热和技术设备方面进行了一些改造。然而，由于建筑物零排放义务的引入，有必要寻找新的现代化机会，以减少不可再生能源的使用，提高能源的自给自足。本文对位于波兰东北部比亚韦斯托克的两所典型幼儿园的现有状况进行了评估。通过事后审计和现场测量，对建筑物、供暖系统和生活热水制备的热性能进行了评估：U值、室内空气质量（IAQ）和热成像检查。根据实际建筑气候和公用事业数据，开发了一种简化可再生能源（RES）集成效果估算的新方法。该方法用于分析热源和电源改造的三种变体，其中考虑到了空气-水热泵、光伏安装和电能储存。当使用空气热泵与光伏系统、蓄电和热变电站合作作为峰值热源时，幼儿园的能源自给率可达 45%，围护结构的热质量符合波兰近零能耗建筑（nZEB）的要求。与现代化前的状态相比，热源和电源的拟议改造使 B 幼儿园对不可再生能源的需求减少了 14%，A 幼儿园减少了 18%。
{"title":"New method of retrofitting of kindergartens resulting in increase of energy self-sufficiency","authors":"Dorota Anna Krawczyk , Anna Werner-Juszczuk , Beata Sadowska , Piotr Rynkowski , Alicja Siuta-Olcha , Bożena Babiarz , Adam Święcicki , Robert Stachniewicz , Tomasz Cholewa , Lech Lichołai , Joanna Krasoń , Przemysław Miąsik , Martyna Bocian , Maciej Kłopotowski , Dorota Gawryluk","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, a number of retrofittings have been carried out in terms of insulation and technical equipment of buildings. However, due to the introduction of the zero-emission obligation for buildings, it is necessary to search for new modernization opportunities that will reduce the use of non-renewable primary energy and increase energy self-sufficiency. This paper assesses the existing condition of two typical kindergartens located in north-eastern Poland, Bialystok. The thermal properties of buildings and heating systems and domestic hot water preparation were assessed through ex-post audits and in-situ measurements: U-value, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal imaging inspection. A novel method was developed for simplifying the estimation of the effect of renewable energy sources (RES) integration, based on actual building climatic and utility data. The method was used to analyze three variants of retrofitting of the heat and electricity sources taking into account air-to-water heat pump, photovoltaic installation and an electrical energy storage. The energy self-sufficiency of kindergartens with the thermal quality of the envelope meeting the requirements of the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) in Poland may amount to 45% when use air heat pump cooperating with a PV system, an electricity storage and heat substation as the peak heat source. The proposed retrofitting of heat and electricity sources resulted in a reduction in the demand for non-renewable primary energy by 14% in kindergarten B and by 18% in kindergarten A compared to the pre-modernisation state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115595"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115601
Jinxia Hu , Ryad Bouzouidja , Tingting Vogt Wu , Zoubir Mehdi Sbartaï
The accuracy and effectiveness of heat transfer predictions in construction materials are important for energy performance evaluation and provide significant insights in building inspections. However, directly establishing the thermal conductivity of building walls is challenging and time-consuming, with existing methods being highly technical and restricted by conditions, especially at low wind velocities and large temperature differences. Therefore, in this study, the thermal conductivity is derived from relative permittivity measurements made using a nondestructive technique, and compared with direct measurements. The experiments were conducted on five types of wood and two types of insulation material using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system at a frequency of 2.6 GHz. The results showed a linear correlation between the dielectric properties and thermal conductivity in both dry and wet states, regardless of the wood species or types. This high-performance correlation suggests that thermal conductivity properties can be accurately estimated from permittivity measurements at high frequency, demonstrating the potential for estimating thermal conductivities of 0.05–0.3 W m−1 K−1 using GPR. The relationship between the moisture content and the dielectric and thermal properties of some types of wood was discussed, which simplified the measurement process, eliminated the need for direct thermal conductivity assessments, and opened the way for thermal performance evaluation of building walls on-site.
{"title":"Non-destructive evaluation of thermal conductivity of wood and insulation materials using permittivity measurements with ground penetrating radar","authors":"Jinxia Hu , Ryad Bouzouidja , Tingting Vogt Wu , Zoubir Mehdi Sbartaï","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accuracy and effectiveness of heat transfer predictions in construction materials are important for energy performance evaluation and provide significant insights in building inspections. However, directly establishing the thermal conductivity of building walls is challenging and time-consuming, with existing methods being highly technical and restricted by conditions, especially at low wind velocities and large temperature differences. Therefore, in this study, the thermal conductivity is derived from relative permittivity measurements made using a nondestructive technique, and compared with direct measurements. The experiments were conducted on five types of wood and two types of insulation material using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system at a frequency of 2.6 GHz. The results showed a linear correlation between the dielectric properties and thermal conductivity in both dry and wet states, regardless of the wood species or types. This high-performance correlation suggests that thermal conductivity properties can be accurately estimated from permittivity measurements at high frequency, demonstrating the potential for estimating thermal conductivities of 0.05–0.3 W m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> using GPR. The relationship between the moisture content and the dielectric and thermal properties of some types of wood was discussed, which simplified the measurement process, eliminated the need for direct thermal conductivity assessments, and opened the way for thermal performance evaluation of building walls on-site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 115601"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115598
Yi Dai, Shuo Liu, Hao Li, Qi Chen, Xiaochen Liu, Xiaohua Liu, Tao Zhang
Accurate prediction of electricity consumption patterns in buildings is essential for optimizing energy management and integrating renewable energy sources. This study provides a practical method for predicting electricity consumption and emphasizes the impact of key factors. First, this study collected data from 196 buildings in China and applied various models to improve prediction accuracy. R2 values of the prediction results range from 0.85 to 0.91 for known buildings and from 0.48 to 0.70 for unknown buildings. Second, an information gain-based approach is applied to assess the impact of independent variables. The analysis revealed that intra-day fluctuations have the highest information gain of 0.45, highlighting their dominant influence. Third, a method is proposed to divide a building’s load into time-dependent, weather-dependent, and random components. The time-dependent component captures intra-day and annual fluctuations, while the weather-dependent load reflects cooling and heating demands. This study also indicates that a reliable load prediction can be achieved only based on a small dataset from representative buildings, and combining data from multiple buildings significantly improves regional electricity consumption forecasts. This research improves prediction accuracy for various building types and offers insights into optimizing data collection for load prediction.
{"title":"Pattern extraction and structured characterization for electricity consumption profiles in different types of buildings","authors":"Yi Dai, Shuo Liu, Hao Li, Qi Chen, Xiaochen Liu, Xiaohua Liu, Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of electricity consumption patterns in buildings is essential for optimizing energy management and integrating renewable energy sources. This study provides a practical method for predicting electricity consumption and emphasizes the impact of key factors. First, this study collected data from 196 buildings in China and applied various models to improve prediction accuracy. R2 values of the prediction results range from 0.85 to 0.91 for known buildings and from 0.48 to 0.70 for unknown buildings. Second, an information gain-based approach is applied to assess the impact of independent variables. The analysis revealed that intra-day fluctuations have the highest information gain of 0.45, highlighting their dominant influence. Third, a method is proposed to divide a building’s load into time-dependent, weather-dependent, and random components. The time-dependent component captures intra-day and annual fluctuations, while the weather-dependent load reflects cooling and heating demands. This study also indicates that a reliable load prediction can be achieved only based on a small dataset from representative buildings, and combining data from multiple buildings significantly improves regional electricity consumption forecasts. This research improves prediction accuracy for various building types and offers insights into optimizing data collection for load prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115598"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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