Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115142
Sara A. Sharbaf, Patricia Schneider-Marin
Sustainable upgrades in existing buildings embrace activities enhancing the economic, environmental, and social aspects of the building and its occupants. This research aims to review the current body of knowledge related to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of sustainable upgrades in existing buildings, while also investigating the CBA methods, cost modeling approaches, and diverse benefits explored in the literature. Moreover, the latest findings, trends, and research gaps for future investigations are identified. Despite the challenges and limitations of CBA, this methodology remains a powerful tool, providing valuable insights for the decision-making process of building upgrades. Most studies prioritized energy savings as a primary benefit in the CBA of building upgrading measures, with greenhouse gas emissions reductions taking the next significant role. This review of recent studies underscores the critical role of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the CBA process, highlighting energy price and discount rate as key uncertain variables. This study contributes to the field of sustainability assessment of upgrading measures by providing a deeper understanding of CBA and highlighting research gaps and future directions in this field.
{"title":"Cost-benefit analysis of sustainable upgrades in existing buildings: A critical review","authors":"Sara A. Sharbaf, Patricia Schneider-Marin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable upgrades in existing buildings embrace activities enhancing the economic, environmental, and social aspects of the building and its occupants. This research aims to review the current body of knowledge related to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of sustainable upgrades in existing buildings, while also investigating the CBA methods, cost modeling approaches, and diverse benefits explored in the literature. Moreover, the latest findings, trends, and research gaps for future investigations are identified. Despite the challenges and limitations of CBA, this methodology remains a powerful tool, providing valuable insights for the decision-making process of building upgrades. Most studies prioritized energy savings as a primary benefit in the CBA of building upgrading measures, with greenhouse gas emissions reductions taking the next significant role. This review of recent studies underscores the critical role of sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the CBA process, highlighting energy price and discount rate as key uncertain variables. This study contributes to the field of sustainability assessment of upgrading measures by providing a deeper understanding of CBA and highlighting research gaps and future directions in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115142"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115122
Ruixin Li , Jiahui Liu , Xin Chen , Wenjian Zhang , Tingshuo Lei , Jiacong Chen , Yuanli Xia , Olga L. Bantserova
Naturally ventilated transitional spaces connect air-conditioned indoors with the natural outdoor environment, resulting in continuous temperature steps for individuals entering and exiting buildings. However, the relationship between transient thermal comfort characteristics and temperature step changes in the thermal environment is not well understood, and currently, there is no generally recommended range for transient thermal comfort. To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted to measure the thermal comfort of 16 healthy students as they moved separately between air-conditioned indoors, naturally ventilated transitional spaces, and outdoor spaces. The thermal environment parameters were recorded and thermal comfort questionnaires were collected. This study demonstrates that ASHRAE 55-2023 and the relevant Chinese standards cannot be directly applied to assess the range of comfort levels in indoor and transitional spaces in cold regions during summer. People tend to adapt to a much wider range of indoor environmental conditions. The comfort zones of indoor and transitional spaces in cold regions in summer are −2.5 < TSV (Thermal sensation vote) < 1.3 and −0.2 < TSV < 0.8, respectively. The corresponding temperature ranges are 11.6–32.9 °C and 17.1–24.5 °C respectively. The thermal unacceptability percentages, corresponding to the indoor thermal comfort zone, were as high as 26 % on the cold side and only 16 % on the hot side. The thermal unacceptability percentages corresponding to the two sides of the thermal comfort zone in the transitional space were 23 % and 33 %. This study provides insights for the development of future building regulations and retrofitting strategies in cold regions.
{"title":"Transient thermal comfort during summer in air-conditioned indoor and naturally ventilated transitional spaces − A field study in Zhengzhou, China","authors":"Ruixin Li , Jiahui Liu , Xin Chen , Wenjian Zhang , Tingshuo Lei , Jiacong Chen , Yuanli Xia , Olga L. Bantserova","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Naturally ventilated transitional spaces connect air-conditioned indoors with the natural outdoor environment, resulting in continuous temperature steps for individuals entering and exiting buildings. However, the relationship between transient thermal comfort characteristics and temperature step changes in the thermal environment is not well understood, and currently, there is no generally recommended range for transient thermal comfort. To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted to measure the thermal comfort of 16 healthy students as they moved separately between air-conditioned indoors, naturally ventilated transitional spaces, and outdoor spaces. The thermal environment parameters were recorded and thermal comfort questionnaires were collected. This study demonstrates that ASHRAE 55-2023 and the relevant Chinese standards cannot be directly applied to assess the range of comfort levels in indoor and transitional spaces in cold regions during summer. People tend to adapt to a much wider range of indoor environmental conditions. The comfort zones of indoor and transitional spaces in cold regions in summer are −2.5 < TSV (Thermal sensation vote) < 1.3 and −0.2 < TSV < 0.8, respectively. The corresponding temperature ranges are 11.6–32.9 °C and 17.1–24.5 °C respectively. The thermal unacceptability percentages, corresponding to the indoor thermal comfort zone, were as high as 26 % on the cold side and only 16 % on the hot side. The thermal unacceptability percentages corresponding to the two sides of the thermal comfort zone in the transitional space were 23 % and 33 %. This study provides insights for the development of future building regulations and retrofitting strategies in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115122"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115169
Andre A. Markus , Jayson Bursill , H. Burak Gunay , Brodie W. Hobson
Fault-impact analysis (FIA) in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems involves forecasting system loads in the absence of equipment malfunction and inappropriate sequences of operations with the intention of setting a target for optimal operating energy use and encouraging and augmenting fault correction. Fault correction is an ongoing and resource-intensive endeavor for operations personnel, often motivated by occupant complaints rather than to mitigate excessive operating energy use. Thus, projecting the energy-use impact of faults is imperative to improving building energy efficiency as it leverages the potential to reduce energy use for real-time operational decision-making. Thermal energy meters (i.e., physical meters) can provide post-correction validation by quantifying the energy-use impact of faults, though are incapable of projecting this information before faults are corrected and providing motivation. Additionally, their installation and maintenance costs in existing buildings are often prohibitive. Virtual meters (VMs) which leverage HVAC controls data offer a cost-effective alternative to physical meters. Furthermore, inverse-model (IM)-based VMs enable scalable FIA by employing derived IMs at the system and zone level to emulate alternative control scenarios. This paper presents the first ever field implementation of FIA-capable VM algorithms. An automated and BAS-integrated VM algorithm was deployed in a living-lab facility in Ottawa, Canada, and the VM-estimated energy-use impact of correcting common soft faults is presented and compared with savings reported by thermal meters and savings projected by the FIA. For combined system- and zone-level heating, VMs estimated 85% of the measured energy-use savings, and a 65% reduction in energy use was projected prior to correcting faults where a 62% reduction was realized after faults were corrected. VMs can appropriately assess and project energy savings for fault correction so long as the method to baseline pre-correction energy use persists after correction.
{"title":"Projecting and estimating HVAC energy savings from correcting control faults: Comparison between physical and virtual metering approaches","authors":"Andre A. Markus , Jayson Bursill , H. Burak Gunay , Brodie W. Hobson","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fault-impact analysis (FIA) in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems involves forecasting system loads in the absence of equipment malfunction and inappropriate sequences of operations with the intention of setting a target for optimal operating energy use and encouraging and augmenting fault correction. Fault correction is an ongoing and resource-intensive endeavor for operations personnel, often motivated by occupant complaints rather than to mitigate excessive operating energy use. Thus, projecting the energy-use impact of faults is imperative to improving building energy efficiency as it leverages the potential to reduce energy use for real-time operational decision-making. Thermal energy meters (i.e., physical meters) can provide post-correction validation by quantifying the energy-use impact of faults, though are incapable of projecting this information before faults are corrected and providing motivation. Additionally, their installation and maintenance costs in existing buildings are often prohibitive. Virtual meters (VMs) which leverage HVAC controls data offer a cost-effective alternative to physical meters. Furthermore, inverse-model (IM)-based VMs enable scalable FIA by employing derived IMs at the system and zone level to emulate alternative control scenarios. This paper presents the first ever field implementation of FIA-capable VM algorithms. An automated and BAS-integrated VM algorithm was deployed in a living-lab facility in Ottawa, Canada, and the VM-estimated energy-use impact of correcting common soft faults is presented and compared with savings reported by thermal meters and savings projected by the FIA. For combined system- and zone-level heating, VMs estimated 85% of the measured energy-use savings, and a 65% reduction in energy use was projected prior to correcting faults where a 62% reduction was realized after faults were corrected. VMs can appropriately assess and project energy savings for fault correction so long as the method to baseline pre-correction energy use persists after correction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115169"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115186
Yoonhong Yi, Neslihan Akdeniz, Christopher Y. Choi, John M. Shutske
The Venlo ventilation system is one of the most widely adopted designs for greenhouses, and it is known for its distinctive roof structure that promotes natural airflow. However, despite its widespread use, it is often inadequate in maintaining the desired temperatures during the summer. This increases the risk of heat stress for greenhouse workers, particularly under the high humidity conditions typically encountered in aquaponic greenhouses. In this study, we developed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models simulating temperature and air velocity distributions using a commercial-scale Venlo-style aquaponic greenhouse as a reference. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of applying reflective whitewash and installing positive pressure ventilation tubes (PPVT) in worker areas on the heat stress experienced by the workers. The standard k-ε turbulence and solar ray tracing models were employed in CFD simulations. A total of 1,776 lettuce at three different growth stages were placed inside the aquaponic pools. The CFD models were validated using an experimental-scale greenhouse, and with these validated models, air velocities at the worker’s height were calculated to be 3.1±0.13 m s−1, 3.2±0.16 m s−1, and 3.8±0.04 m s−1 for the control, whitewash, and PPVT + whitewash conditions, respectively. When whitewash and positive pressure ventilation tubes were both in use, the air exchange rate increased from 27.3 to 31.8 per hour. Although there was only a 4.5 increase in air exchanges, strategically placing the ventilation tubes resulted in a 7.3 °C decrease in temperature at the average worker height. This reduction shifted the heat index from the “extreme danger” to the “caution” zone, allowing workers to safely work up to four consecutive hours with adequate water intake. The annual cost for running the PPVT inline fans was calculated to be as low as $245, which was 2.6 times less than the previously reported operating costs for greenhouse ventilation systems.
{"title":"Mitigating heat stress for agricultural workers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations","authors":"Yoonhong Yi, Neslihan Akdeniz, Christopher Y. Choi, John M. Shutske","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Venlo ventilation system is one of the most widely adopted designs for greenhouses, and it is known for its distinctive roof structure that promotes natural airflow. However, despite its widespread use, it is often inadequate in maintaining the desired temperatures during the summer. This increases the risk of heat stress for greenhouse workers, particularly under the high humidity conditions typically encountered in aquaponic greenhouses. In this study, we developed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models simulating temperature and air velocity distributions using a commercial-scale Venlo-style aquaponic greenhouse as a reference. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of applying reflective whitewash and installing positive pressure ventilation tubes (PPVT) in worker areas on the heat stress experienced by the workers. The standard k-ε turbulence and solar ray tracing models were employed in CFD simulations. A total of 1,776 lettuce at three different growth stages were placed inside the aquaponic pools. The CFD models were validated using an experimental-scale greenhouse, and with these validated models, air velocities at the worker’s height were calculated to be 3.1±0.13 m s<sup>−1</sup>, 3.2±0.16 m s<sup>−1</sup>, and 3.8±0.04 m s<sup>−1</sup> for the control, whitewash, and PPVT + whitewash conditions, respectively. When whitewash and positive pressure ventilation tubes were both in use, the air exchange rate increased from 27.3 to 31.8 per hour. Although there was only a 4.5 increase in air exchanges, strategically placing the ventilation tubes resulted in a 7.3 °C decrease in temperature at the average worker height. This reduction shifted the heat index from the “extreme danger” to the “caution” zone, allowing workers to safely work up to four consecutive hours with adequate water intake. The annual cost for running the PPVT inline fans was calculated to be as low as $245, which was 2.6 times less than the previously reported operating costs for greenhouse ventilation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115186"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115196
Shafquat Rana , Nelson Sommerfeldt , Joshua M. Pearce
One of the most promising methods of decarbonizing the global building heating and cooling load is with solar photovoltaic (PV) powered heat pumps (HP). The complex nature of these systems and the interdependent interactions between each technology and the energy markets involve various sophisticated models to simulate accurately. This often leaves model descriptions lacking, particularly when qualitative discussion is required. This article reviews the models that exist and provides best practices for designing and simulating PV + HP systems of various complexities. The key performance indicators for electricity generation and total life cycle cost are summarized. This article then provides a detailed and comprehensive method for the techno-economic analysis of heat pumps powered with PV using an example of North American cold climates. For each component of the system, a model and boundary condition are described, and motivations are explained, as well as descriptions of alternatives and motivations for not using them. The result shows a method that combines five disparate models across multiple computer programs into a single analysis that produces critical metrics for technical, economic, and climate impact analysis. This paper identified the best practices for building energy demand and supply simulation with a particular focus on prosumer electrification via PV and HPs. This model is generalizable and the economic and policy implications of replacing fossil fuel heating with solar-powered heat pumps in both rural and urban areas that are discussed here, and future work is proposed to eliminate natural gas used for heating. High-leverage opportunities exist to enhance support for the development of free and open-source integrated systems modeling tools as well as open data to provide transparent trusted results to help guide policymakers and investors.
{"title":"Best practices of techno-economic methods for solar photovoltaic coupled heat pump analysis in cold climates","authors":"Shafquat Rana , Nelson Sommerfeldt , Joshua M. Pearce","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most promising methods of decarbonizing the global building heating and cooling load is with solar photovoltaic (PV) powered heat pumps (HP). The complex nature of these systems and the interdependent interactions between each technology and the energy markets involve various sophisticated models to simulate accurately. This often leaves model descriptions lacking, particularly when qualitative discussion is required. This article reviews the models that exist and provides best practices for designing and simulating PV + HP systems of various complexities. The key performance indicators for electricity generation and total life cycle cost are summarized. This article then provides a detailed and comprehensive method for the techno-economic analysis of heat pumps powered with PV using an example of North American cold climates. For each component of the system, a model and boundary condition are described, and motivations are explained, as well as descriptions of alternatives and motivations for not using them. The result shows a method that combines five disparate models across multiple computer programs into a single analysis that produces critical metrics for technical, economic, and climate impact analysis. This paper identified the best practices for building energy demand and supply simulation with a particular focus on prosumer electrification via PV and HPs. This model is generalizable and the economic and policy implications of replacing fossil fuel heating with solar-powered heat pumps in both rural and urban areas that are discussed here, and future work is proposed to eliminate natural gas used for heating. High-leverage opportunities exist to enhance support for the development of free and open-source integrated systems modeling tools as well as open data to provide transparent trusted results to help guide policymakers and investors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115196"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115214
Xiaoqing Zhou , Simin Deng , Yongbo Cui , Chengliang Fan
The thermal environment of university campuses significantly impacts human comfort and building energy consumption, particularly in regions with hot and humid climates. Optimizing green space can effectively alleviate high-temperature issues and enhance cooling effects (), ventilation effects (), and carbon sequestration benefits (). Given the limited land resources in campus areas, it is critical to optimize the design of green spaces to maximize their multiple benefits. This study aims to propose co-benefits evaluation model for optimizing campus green coverage ratios (GCRs), employing the CRITIC weighting method, while considering multiple evaluation indicators (i.e., , , , and plantation management costs ()). This study used ENVI-met software to simulate and quantify the outdoor environmental effects of various GCRs scenarios in a Guangzhou university campus, a typical hot-humid area in China. The model’s accuracy was validated against on-site measurements. Results revealed a parabolic relationship between co-benefits and GCRs. As GCRs increased from 10 % to 47 %, co-benefits gradually decreased from 0.48 to 0.40. Subsequently, with additional GCR increases, co-benefits rose to 0.52, reaching a maximum enhancement of 21.6 %. Moreover, co-benefits improved by about 1.2 % to 9.3 % for each 10% increase in GCR. The GCRs exhibited positive correlations with , and , and negative correlations with . Compared to 10 % GCR scenario, the air temperature, wind velocity, and CO2 concentration in 90 % GCR scenario decreased by 8.7 %, 44.3 %, and 1.62 %, respectively, and plantation management costs were increased by 90.4 %. This study offers valuable guidance for optimal campus green space design, promoting low-carbon and comfortable educational environments.
{"title":"Developing a co-benefits evaluation model to optimize greening coverage designs on university campuses in hot and humid areas","authors":"Xiaoqing Zhou , Simin Deng , Yongbo Cui , Chengliang Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal environment of university campuses significantly impacts human comfort and building energy consumption, particularly in regions with hot and humid climates. Optimizing green space can effectively alleviate high-temperature issues and enhance cooling effects (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), ventilation effects (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>), and carbon sequestration benefits (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). Given the limited land resources in campus areas, it is critical to optimize the design of green spaces to maximize their multiple benefits. This study aims to propose co-benefits evaluation model for optimizing campus green coverage ratios (GCRs), employing the CRITIC weighting method, while considering multiple evaluation indicators (i.e., <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, and plantation management costs (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>)). This study used ENVI-met software to simulate and quantify the outdoor environmental effects of various GCRs scenarios in a Guangzhou university campus, a typical hot-humid area in China. The model’s accuracy was validated against on-site measurements. Results revealed a parabolic relationship between co-benefits and GCRs. As GCRs increased from 10 % to 47 %, co-benefits gradually decreased from 0.48 to 0.40. Subsequently, with additional GCR increases, co-benefits rose to 0.52, reaching a maximum enhancement of 21.6 %. Moreover, co-benefits improved by about 1.2 % to 9.3 % for each 10% increase in GCR. The GCRs exhibited positive correlations with <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>,<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>s</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, and negative correlations with <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>v</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>. Compared to 10 % GCR scenario, the air temperature, wind velocity, and CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in 90 % GCR scenario decreased by 8.7 %, 44.3 %, and 1.62 %, respectively, and plantation management costs were increased by 90.4 %. This study offers valuable guidance for optimal campus green space design, promoting low-carbon and comfortable educational environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115214"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142884329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115170
Zhansheng Liu, Mingming Li, Weiyu Ji
Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) represent a significant opportunity to reduce building energy consumption and achieve the climate and energy goals that will be necessary in the future. Nevertheless, the effective operation and maintenance (O&M) management of NZEB remains a significant challenge. This is largely due to the inadequate management of the O&M phase and the lack of comprehensive data integration and application. Accordingly, this study proposes an O&M digital twin modeling approach for integrating data in the O&M phase of NZEB and realizing efficient management. The twin modeling process comprises data collection, model construction, simulation analysis, and validation iteration. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the proposed twin model markedly enhances the utilization efficiency of O&M data, facilitating the perception, visualization, and automated feedback control of NZEB. The proposed digital twin modeling method offers technical guidance for O&M managers seeking to achieve efficient O&M management of NZEB.
{"title":"Development and application of a digital twin model for Net zero energy building operation and maintenance utilizing BIM-IoT integration","authors":"Zhansheng Liu, Mingming Li, Weiyu Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) represent a significant opportunity to reduce building energy consumption and achieve the climate and energy goals that will be necessary in the future. Nevertheless, the effective operation and maintenance (O&M) management of NZEB remains a significant challenge. This is largely due to the inadequate management of the O&M phase and the lack of comprehensive data integration and application. Accordingly, this study proposes an O&M digital twin modeling approach for integrating data in the O&M phase of NZEB and realizing efficient management. The twin modeling process comprises data collection, model construction, simulation analysis, and validation iteration. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the proposed twin model markedly enhances the utilization efficiency of O&M data, facilitating the perception, visualization, and automated feedback control of NZEB. The proposed digital twin modeling method offers technical guidance for O&M managers seeking to achieve efficient O&M management of NZEB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115170"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115140
Qudama Al-Yasiri, Ahmed Kadhim Alshara, Murtadha Al Sudani, Ali Al Khafaji, Mohammed Al-Bahadli
Considering building envelope elements in hot locations, windows contribute to about one-third of the building’s total cooling load since heat is transferred effortlessly through transparent elements more than opaque ones. The present work experimentally explores the energy advancements of a phase change material (PCM) loaded in the air gap of a double-pane window. The PCM window was examined under Southern Iraq weather conditions and compared with an identical air–gap double-pane window at various orientations. Numerous energy indicators were analyzed, including the improvement in the average indoor temperature, attenuation coefficient, and time delay to quantify the PCM’s usefulness to the built environment at different orientations. Study outcomes depicted remarkable energy improvements for the PCM in all orientations over the reference window in which the indoor temperature was reduced as much as 23 °C, and shifted by up to 50 min over the reference case. Conclusively, the PCM window could notably shave peak temperature when exposed to high solar radiation for a short period, while it could shift peak temperature mostly if oriented towards longtime solar radiation.
{"title":"Advanced building envelope by integrating phase change material into a double-pane window at various orientations","authors":"Qudama Al-Yasiri, Ahmed Kadhim Alshara, Murtadha Al Sudani, Ali Al Khafaji, Mohammed Al-Bahadli","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering building envelope elements in hot locations, windows contribute to about one-third of the building’s total cooling load since heat is transferred effortlessly through transparent elements more than opaque ones. The present work experimentally explores the energy advancements of a phase change material (PCM) loaded in the air gap of a double-pane window. The PCM window was examined under Southern Iraq weather conditions and compared with an identical air–gap double-pane window at various orientations. Numerous energy indicators were analyzed, including the improvement in the average indoor temperature, attenuation coefficient, and time delay to quantify the PCM’s usefulness to the built environment at different orientations. Study outcomes depicted remarkable energy improvements for the PCM in all orientations over the reference window in which the indoor temperature was reduced as much as 23 °C, and shifted by up to 50 min over the reference case. Conclusively, the PCM window could notably shave peak temperature when exposed to high solar radiation for a short period, while it could shift peak temperature mostly if oriented towards longtime solar radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115160
Juejun Ge , Yupeng Wang , Ye Guo , Jicheng Wang , Dian Zhou , Zhaolin Gu
Air conditioning systems transfer heat from indoors to the outdoors during hot summers, exaggerating the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and the risks of relevant climatic disasters. Urban form renewal strategies are urgently required to improve the diffusion of building heat emissions (BHEs). In this study, the impacts of BHEs on the outdoor airflow and air temperature fields of 42 typical urban blocks in Xi’an were simulated using scSTREAM program. BHEs increased the near-surface UHI intensities by 1.0 °C and 1.4 °C in residential and mixed-use blocks, respectively. The diffusion conditions of the BHEs were better for blocks with lower building densities. However, the UHI increase caused by the BHEs was positively correlated with the floor area ratio only in the mixed-use blocks. Regression formulas describing the relationships between the UHI increase caused by the BHEs and block-form indicators were then proposed. In a district renewal project for urban climate optimization, these formulas were used as the fitness functions of genetic algorithm to determine the form indicators for all blocks therein. The district UHI intensity caused by BHEs could be reduced by 0.3 °C with the maintaining of the district development intensity.
{"title":"Multiple-scale urban form renewal strategies for improving diffusion of building heat emission—A case in Xi’an, China","authors":"Juejun Ge , Yupeng Wang , Ye Guo , Jicheng Wang , Dian Zhou , Zhaolin Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air conditioning systems transfer heat from indoors to the outdoors during hot summers, exaggerating the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and the risks of relevant climatic disasters. Urban form renewal strategies are urgently required to improve the diffusion of building heat emissions (BHEs). In this study, the impacts of BHEs on the outdoor airflow and air temperature fields of 42 typical urban blocks in Xi’an were simulated using scSTREAM program. BHEs increased the near-surface UHI intensities by 1.0 °C and 1.4 °C in residential and mixed-use blocks, respectively. The diffusion conditions of the BHEs were better for blocks with lower building densities. However, the UHI increase caused by the BHEs was positively correlated with the floor area ratio only in the mixed-use blocks. Regression formulas describing the relationships between the UHI increase caused by the BHEs and block-form indicators were then proposed. In a district renewal project for urban climate optimization, these formulas were used as the fitness functions of genetic algorithm to determine the form indicators for all blocks therein. The district UHI intensity caused by BHEs could be reduced by 0.3 °C with the maintaining of the district development intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115160"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143169792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115147
Nasim Ildiri , Emma Biesiada , Tullio Facchinetti , Norma Anglani , Nouman Ahmed , Mark Hernandez
Energy-efficiency interventions are crucial for sustainable building operations to accommodate emerging indoor air quality (IAQ) criteria into their engineering life cycles. While several studies have addressed building energy consumption and IAQ considerations separately, few provide integrated analysis of these aspects in response to building hygiene practices. In response, this study evaluates the effectiveness of routine heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) cleaning on energy consumption and supply airflow patterns in non-residential public buildings. This study juxtaposes HVAC energy consumption and ventilation performance before, during and after routine HVAC cleaning, across buildings situated in four different climate zones, while operating in cooling mode. Each site had nearly identical HVAC systems serving similar architectural features and occupational loads; these were segregated into an intervention (cleaned HVAC system) that could be compared to an otherwise identically operating HVAC (control system), which was not cleaned. Following prescriptive cleaning, HVAC systems exhibited significant energy consumption reductions and delivered higher airflows compared to their uncleaned counterparts. On average, intervention systems saved between 41 % and 60 % on conveyance (fan/blower) energy, with one exception, and supplied 10 % and 46 % more airflow compared to their uncleaned counterparts. This research demonstrates how a new generation of low-cost HVAC system monitors can compile Internet of Things (IoT) archives to show immediate energy consumption benefits associated with cleaning HVAC components and their associated ductwork serving relatively high occupancy commercial and educational spaces.
{"title":"Impacts of HVAC cleaning on energy consumption and supply airflow: A multi-climate evaluation","authors":"Nasim Ildiri , Emma Biesiada , Tullio Facchinetti , Norma Anglani , Nouman Ahmed , Mark Hernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-efficiency interventions are crucial for sustainable building operations to accommodate emerging indoor air quality (IAQ) criteria into their engineering life cycles. While several studies have addressed building energy consumption and IAQ considerations separately, few provide integrated analysis of these aspects in response to building hygiene practices. In response, this study evaluates the effectiveness of routine heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) cleaning on energy consumption and supply airflow patterns in non-residential public buildings. This study juxtaposes HVAC energy consumption and ventilation performance before, during and after routine HVAC cleaning, across buildings situated in four different climate zones, while operating in cooling mode. Each site had nearly identical HVAC systems serving similar architectural features and occupational loads; these were segregated into an intervention (cleaned HVAC system) that could be compared to an otherwise identically operating HVAC (control system), which was not cleaned. Following prescriptive cleaning, HVAC systems exhibited significant energy consumption reductions and delivered higher airflows compared to their uncleaned counterparts. On average, intervention systems saved between 41 % and 60 % on conveyance (fan/blower) energy, with one exception, and supplied 10 % and 46 % more airflow compared to their uncleaned counterparts. This research demonstrates how a new generation of low-cost HVAC system monitors can compile Internet of Things (IoT) archives to show immediate energy consumption benefits associated with cleaning HVAC components and their associated ductwork serving relatively high occupancy commercial and educational spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115147"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143170125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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