Photovoltaic Shading Devices (PVSDs) serve as integral components of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), fulfilling both architectural shading functions and supplying on-site renewable energy to buildings. Previous studies have primarily focused on the energy efficiency of PVSDs in single-story or low-rise buildings, often overlooking the thermal hotspot effects caused by the shading of upper devices on lower ones in multi-story settings, which significantly impairs the efficiency and lifespan of the PV systems. This study focuses on a residential high-rise in Hong Kong, where a kinetic PVSD was designed alongside three innovative control strategies aimed at minimizing energy consumption and optimizing photovoltaic efficiency. Results indicate that in Hong Kong’s context, a ratio of PV panel width to the vertical spacing of adjacent PVSDs below 1:10 prevents vertical shading between devices. Moreover, setting the PVSDs at a constant optimal angle of 65° throughout the year, adjusting to optimal monthly angles, or employing real-time angle optimization can reduce energy consumption by 25%, 31.9%, and 36.5%, respectively, compared to units without PVSDs. Furthermore, the hourly control strategy generated 6.4% and 11.4% more electricity than the monthly and yearly control strategies. The kinetic photovoltaic solar devices (PVSD) and the diverse control strategies discussed in this research provide valuable practical insights for the integration of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) on urban facades in densely populated cities. These findings also support the advancement of zero-carbon building practices in high-density environments.
{"title":"Optimizing the tilt angle of kinetic photovoltaic shading devices considering energy consumption and power Generation— Hong Kong case","authors":"Mengmeng Wang, Zhuoying Jia, Lulu Tao, Wanting Wang, Changying Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115072","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic Shading Devices (PVSDs) serve as integral components of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), fulfilling both architectural shading functions and supplying on-site renewable energy to buildings. Previous studies have primarily focused on the energy efficiency of PVSDs in single-story or low-rise buildings, often overlooking the thermal hotspot effects caused by the shading of upper devices on lower ones in multi-story settings, which significantly impairs the efficiency and lifespan of the PV systems. This study focuses on a residential high-rise in Hong Kong, where a kinetic PVSD was designed alongside three innovative control strategies aimed at minimizing energy consumption and optimizing photovoltaic efficiency. Results indicate that in Hong Kong’s context, a ratio of PV panel width to the vertical spacing of adjacent PVSDs below 1:10 prevents vertical shading between devices. Moreover, setting the PVSDs at a constant optimal angle of 65° throughout the year, adjusting to optimal monthly angles, or employing real-time angle optimization can reduce energy consumption by 25%, 31.9%, and 36.5%, respectively, compared to units without PVSDs. Furthermore, the hourly control strategy generated 6.4% and 11.4% more electricity than the monthly and yearly control strategies. The kinetic photovoltaic solar devices (PVSD) and the diverse control strategies discussed in this research provide valuable practical insights for the integration of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) on urban facades in densely populated cities. These findings also support the advancement of zero-carbon building practices in high-density environments.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"250 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115048
João Carlos Simões, Hugo M. Nunes, Guilherme Carrilho da Graça, Nuno R. Martins
This study proposed a novel approach for naturally ventilated buildings to address the challenges of rising temperatures and increased urban heat island effect in African cities. Existing research often overlooks the performance of combined wind and buoyancy-driven systems in the context of climate change. This research introduced a novel chimney-enhanced cross-ventilation configuration that effectively combined both wind and buoyancy effects for optimal performance. By conducting CFD simulations and detailed building energy simulations, the study aimed to quantify the contributions of these driving forces to assess the performance of the proposed innovative ventilation approach in various urban settings, and analyze its adaptability to future climate scenarios. The cross-ventilation system showed superior performance to a single-sided ventilation solution with identical opening areas. The proposed solution achieved airflow rates up to 20 times higher than that of the single-sided alternative, even in urban environments shielded by tall buildings, due to its ability to effectively harness both wind and stack effects. Consequently, this allowed an improvement in thermal comfort, shown by the higher fraction of occupied time within the thermal comfort range, in comparison with single-sided ventilation. Furthermore, the cross-ventilation system could significantly decrease energy use by mechanical cooling systems by up to 31 %, when compared to the single-sided solution. Finally, the use of night cooling further increased energy savings, and significantly reduced peak mechanical cooling thermal loads. Overall, the chimney-enhanced cross-ventilation system is a promising solution for improving indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency in buildings in African cities, since it is particularly well-suited for the climate change-induced challenges in that continent. The findings of this study can inform the design and implementation of sustainable building practices, promoting the adoption of natural ventilation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
{"title":"Assessment of cooling capacity of chimney-enhanced cross-ventilation systems for kindergartens in African cities","authors":"João Carlos Simões, Hugo M. Nunes, Guilherme Carrilho da Graça, Nuno R. Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115048","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposed a novel approach for naturally ventilated buildings to address the challenges of rising temperatures and increased urban heat island effect in African cities. Existing research often overlooks the performance of combined wind and buoyancy-driven systems in the context of climate change. This research introduced a novel chimney-enhanced cross-ventilation configuration that effectively combined both wind and buoyancy effects for optimal performance. By conducting CFD simulations and detailed building energy simulations, the study aimed to quantify the contributions of these driving forces to assess the performance of the proposed innovative ventilation approach in various urban settings, and analyze its adaptability to future climate scenarios. The cross-ventilation system showed superior performance to a single-sided ventilation solution with identical opening areas. The proposed solution achieved airflow rates up to 20 times higher than that of the single-sided alternative, even in urban environments shielded by tall buildings, due to its ability to effectively harness both wind and stack effects. Consequently, this allowed an improvement in thermal comfort, shown by the higher fraction of occupied time within the thermal comfort range, in comparison with single-sided ventilation. Furthermore, the cross-ventilation system could significantly decrease energy use by mechanical cooling systems by up to 31 %, when compared to the single-sided solution. Finally, the use of night cooling further increased energy savings, and significantly reduced peak mechanical cooling thermal loads. Overall, the chimney-enhanced cross-ventilation system is a promising solution for improving indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency in buildings in African cities, since it is particularly well-suited for the climate change-induced challenges in that continent. The findings of this study can inform the design and implementation of sustainable building practices, promoting the adoption of natural ventilation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of state-of-the-art technological advancements in building integration insmartgrids, with a focus on enabling their participation in demand response (DR). We consolidate knowledge from high-quality sources on the main research topics, helping researchers, building owners, and energy stakeholders to stay informed about the latest developments, trends, and best practices inthe field.Our review covers reputable journals papers that offer technological enablers and evidence-based insights onbuilding interoperability, AI-based energy prediction models, demand optimization and coordination, data privacy, and decentralization.Managing buildings in DR requires careful coordination and control,thuswe provide valuable insights into current practices and opportunities by examining the EU innovation projects and identifying technological innovation trends that aim to increase resident engagement by addressing regulatory and socio-economic concerns. We also discuss the main barriers to buildings’ participation in DR identifying future research directions in the field and providing mitigation insights to the building owners and grid operators. Our findings indicate that despite their potentialbuildingparticipation is limited due to the absence of a clear regulatory framework and lack of mature technologiesto fully support and automate theprogramsimplementation. While AI and optimization technologiesshow promise for improving demand coordination, challenges such as limited interoperability between buildings and energy grids, privacy concerns, and insufficient financial incentivization significantly limit the building’s participation in DR.
{"title":"Demand response optimization for smart grid integrated buildings: Review of technology enablers landscape and innovation challenges","authors":"Liana Toderean, Tudor Cioara, Ionut Anghel, Elissaios Sarmas, Vasilis Michalakopoulos, Vangelis Marinakis","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115067","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of state-of-the-art technological advancements in building integration in<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>smart<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>grids, with a focus on enabling their participation in demand response (DR). We consolidate knowledge from high-quality sources on the main research topics, helping researchers, building owners, and energy stakeholders to stay informed about the latest developments, trends, and best practices in<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>the field.<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>Our review covers reputable journals papers that offer technological enablers and evidence-based insights on<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>building interoperability, AI-based energy prediction models, demand optimization and coordination, data privacy, and decentralization.<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>Managing buildings in DR requires careful coordination and control,<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>thus<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>we provide valuable insights into current practices and opportunities by examining the EU innovation projects and identifying technological innovation trends that aim to increase resident engagement by addressing regulatory and socio-economic concerns. We also discuss the main barriers to buildings’ participation in DR identifying future research directions in the field and providing mitigation insights to the building owners and grid operators. Our findings indicate that despite their potential<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>building<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>participation is limited due to the absence of a clear regulatory framework and lack of mature technologies<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>to fully support and automate the<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>programs<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>implementation. While AI and optimization technologies<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>show promise for improving demand coordination, challenges such as limited interoperability between buildings and energy grids, privacy concerns, and insufficient financial incentivization significantly limit the building’s participation in DR.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115062
Haifei Chen, Tao Hong, Mingguo Peng, Yanyan Liu, Pengcheng Du, Yanglong Zhao, Yunjie Wang, Huihan Yang
The application of renewable energy in the building sector has received increasing attention. In this work, a zero-energy photocatalytic double-layer ventilation window was proposed to reduce building energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. The effects of environmental and operational parameters on the system’s performance were investigated through experimental testing and simulation analysis. The results show that the thermal efficiency of the system increases with the rise in solar irradiation, while the degradation rate initially increases and then decreases. The performance of the system is significantly affected by the inlet air speed and temperature. When the photocatalyst is coated on both sides of the window compared to one side under solar irradiation of 600 W/m2, the thermal efficiency and degradation rate of the system increase by 29 % and 74 %, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of photocatalytic double-layer ventilation windows in energy-efficient buildings and provides an important reference for sustainable building design.
{"title":"Performance analysis of a novel photocatalytic double-layer ventilation window","authors":"Haifei Chen, Tao Hong, Mingguo Peng, Yanyan Liu, Pengcheng Du, Yanglong Zhao, Yunjie Wang, Huihan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115062","url":null,"abstract":"The application of renewable energy in the building sector has received increasing attention. In this work, a zero-energy photocatalytic double-layer ventilation window was proposed to reduce building energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. The effects of environmental and operational parameters on the system’s performance were investigated through experimental testing and simulation analysis. The results show that the thermal efficiency of the system increases with the rise in solar irradiation, while the degradation rate initially increases and then decreases. The performance of the system is significantly affected by the inlet air speed and temperature. When the photocatalyst is coated on both sides of the window compared to one side under solar irradiation of 600 W/m<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup>, the thermal efficiency and degradation rate of the system increase by 29 % and 74 %, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of photocatalytic double-layer ventilation windows in energy-efficient buildings and provides an important reference for sustainable building design.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115044
Fabrizio Ascione, Sandro Nižetić, Fuqiang Wang
This Editorial briefly introduces and organizes the worthy studies provided in the Special Issue of Energy and Buildings, entitled “Future technologies for building sector to accelerate energy transition: a special issue”. The main topics of selected papers are herein summarized, proposing scientific studies concerning the next generation buildings, and thus mandatory targets of energy efficiency, reduction of energy demands, novel technologies for building envelope and active energy systems, on-site conversion from renewable energy sources. Both areas of the building industry are considered, and thus decarbonization of existing buildings and novel constructions characterized by mandatory energy performance levels of nearly, net- and plus-energy buildings. These topics are crucial for improving building performance, and reducing energy consumption, with reference to both the heating and cooling seasons, therefore addressing the new and mandatory challenges of zero-energy and zero-emission buildings, also taking into account climate change. The results of manuscripts published in this special issue show worthy potential and real achievements, with significant reductions in energy demands and emissions, and therefore they underline the usefulness of traditional and novel technologies and strategies for buildings, highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of novel design and retrofitting methods and solutions. The debated topics are essential to dealing with climate change, reducing energy poverty, environmental impact, local overheating and UHIs, going, finally, in the direction of a mandatory, sustainable, and smart future for the building sector.
{"title":"Future technologies for building sector to accelerate energy transition","authors":"Fabrizio Ascione, Sandro Nižetić, Fuqiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115044","url":null,"abstract":"This Editorial briefly introduces and organizes the worthy studies provided in the Special Issue of Energy and Buildings, entitled “Future technologies for building sector to accelerate energy transition: a special issue”. The main topics of selected papers are herein summarized, proposing scientific studies concerning the next generation buildings, and thus mandatory targets of energy efficiency, reduction of energy demands, novel technologies for building envelope and active energy systems, on-site conversion from renewable energy sources. Both areas of the building industry are considered, and thus decarbonization of existing buildings and novel constructions characterized by mandatory energy performance levels of nearly, net- and plus-energy buildings. These topics are crucial for improving building performance, and reducing energy consumption, with reference to both the heating and cooling seasons, therefore addressing the new and mandatory challenges of zero-energy and zero-emission buildings, also taking into account climate change. The results of manuscripts published in this special issue show worthy potential and real achievements, with significant reductions in energy demands and emissions, and therefore they underline the usefulness of traditional and novel technologies and strategies for buildings, highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of novel design and retrofitting methods and solutions. The debated topics are essential to dealing with climate change, reducing energy poverty, environmental impact, local overheating and UHIs, going, finally, in the direction of a mandatory, sustainable, and smart future for the building sector.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115064
Chi Feng, Biao Lu, Yue He, Xianqi Huang, Gang Liu, Shan Gao
The cooling requirements of communication base stations (CBSs) align with the effects of radiative cooling coatings. However, these effects have not been comprehensively verified by in-situ measurements heretofore. To evaluate the cooling efficacy of radiative cooling coatings on CBSs, in this study, the radiative properties of a radiative cooling coating were tested in the laboratory. The cooling and electricity-saving effects of the radiative cooling coating were assessed using field measurements in Chengdu, China. Based on the experimental data, electricity savings, and carbon emission reductions in summer were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the radiative cooling coating’s shortwave reflectivity and longwave emissivity were both 0.90. The radiative cooling coating effectively lowered the exterior and interior surface temperatures of the CBS roof by 20.8 °C and 3.7°C, respectively, and consequently stabilized fluctuations in the CBS indoor air temperature. The measured daily electricity consumption of the air conditioning system was reduced by approximately 10 %. Additionally, the daily electricity consumption was found to be linearly related to the daily average ambient air temperature, particularly after applying the radiative cooling coating. This relationship was used to predict the electricity-saving effects of radiative cooling coatings on a large scale. If all the 80,000 CBSs in Chengdu used the same radiative cooling coating, the electricity savings in summer could reach 11.54 million kWh every year, corresponding to an annual carbon emission reduction of 1.41 million kgCO2.
通信基站（CBS）的冷却要求与辐射冷却涂层的效果一致。然而，这些效果尚未通过现场测量得到全面验证。为了评估 CBS 辐射冷却涂层的冷却效果，本研究在实验室中测试了辐射冷却涂层的辐射特性。通过在中国成都进行实地测量，评估了辐射冷却涂层的冷却和节电效果。根据实验数据，评估了夏季的节电和碳减排效果。实验结果表明，辐射冷却涂层的短波反射率和长波发射率均为 0.90。辐射冷却涂层有效地将 CBS 屋顶的外部和内部表面温度分别降低了 20.8°C 和 3.7°C，从而稳定了 CBS 室内空气温度的波动。经测量，空调系统的日耗电量降低了约 10%。此外，还发现日耗电量与日平均环境空气温度呈线性关系，尤其是在使用辐射冷却涂层之后。利用这一关系可以预测辐射冷却涂层的大规模节电效果。如果成都的 8 万个中央空调都使用相同的辐射冷却涂层，那么每年夏季的节电量可达 1154 万千瓦时，相当于每年减少碳排放 141 万千克二氧化碳。
{"title":"Experimental study on the cooling and electricity-saving effects of radiative cooling coating applied to communication base station","authors":"Chi Feng, Biao Lu, Yue He, Xianqi Huang, Gang Liu, Shan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115064","url":null,"abstract":"The cooling requirements of communication base stations (CBSs) align with the effects of radiative cooling coatings. However, these effects have not been comprehensively verified by in-situ measurements heretofore. To evaluate the cooling efficacy of radiative cooling coatings on CBSs, in this study, the radiative properties of a radiative cooling coating were tested in the laboratory. The cooling and electricity-saving effects of the radiative cooling coating were assessed using field measurements in Chengdu, China. Based on the experimental data, electricity savings, and carbon emission reductions in summer were evaluated. The experimental results showed that the radiative cooling coating’s shortwave reflectivity and longwave emissivity were both 0.90. The radiative cooling coating effectively lowered the exterior and interior surface temperatures of the CBS roof by 20.8 °C and 3.7°C, respectively, and consequently stabilized fluctuations in the CBS indoor air temperature. The measured daily electricity consumption of the air conditioning system was reduced by approximately 10 %. Additionally, the daily electricity consumption was found to be linearly related to the daily average ambient air temperature, particularly after applying the radiative cooling coating. This relationship was used to predict the electricity-saving effects of radiative cooling coatings on a large scale. If all the 80,000 CBSs in Chengdu used the same radiative cooling coating, the electricity savings in summer could reach 11.54 million kWh every year, corresponding to an annual carbon emission reduction of 1.41 million kgCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115053
Alet van den Brink , Shalika Walker , Wim Zeiler , Rick Kramer
Low delta-T syndrome is known to decrease the energy efficiency of chilled water systems and jeopardize human thermal comfort. Many studies have addressed low delta-T syndrome, suggesting possible measures to solve or mitigate its symptoms. However, while numerous measures have been proposed, a connection to the fundamental causes and the potential side effects that could cause low delta-T syndrome is lacking. This systematic literature review aims to identify measures to address low delta-T syndrome in various parts of chilled water systems and classify the 25 identified measures for the four subclasses of low delta-T syndrome as treatments or fixes. For the subclass of low delta-T syndrome without increased flow, fifteen measures were classified as a treatment; five were classified as a fix and five could not be classified. For the three subclasses of low delta-T syndrome with increased flow, 11 were classified as fixes, nine as a treatment and five could not be classified. The main reason four of the six measures could not be classified is due the disputed cause of laminar or transitional flow condition inside the cooling coil tubes. Despite the reported positive effects in existing chilled water systems, many measures are considered fixes because they do not address the fundamental causes of low delta-T syndrome but merely mitigate its signs and symptoms.
{"title":"A systematic review of treatments and fixes for low delta-T syndrome in cooling systems","authors":"Alet van den Brink , Shalika Walker , Wim Zeiler , Rick Kramer","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low delta-T syndrome is known to decrease the energy efficiency of chilled water systems and jeopardize human thermal comfort. Many studies have addressed low delta-T syndrome, suggesting possible measures to solve or mitigate its symptoms. However, while numerous measures have been proposed, a connection to the fundamental causes and the potential side effects that could cause low delta-T syndrome is lacking. This systematic literature review aims to identify measures to address low delta-T syndrome in various parts of chilled water systems and classify the 25 identified measures for the four subclasses of low delta-T syndrome as treatments or fixes. For the subclass of low delta-T syndrome without increased flow, fifteen measures were classified as a treatment; five were classified as a fix and five could not be classified. For the three subclasses of low delta-T syndrome with increased flow, 11 were classified as fixes, nine as a treatment and five could not be classified. The main reason four of the six measures could not be classified is due the disputed cause of laminar or transitional flow condition inside the cooling coil tubes. Despite the reported positive effects in existing chilled water systems, many measures are considered fixes because they do not address the fundamental causes of low delta-T syndrome but merely mitigate its signs and symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 115053"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115035
Meng Wang, Georgios N. Lilis, Dimitris Mavrokapnidis, Kyriakos Katsigarakis, Ivan Korolija, Dimitrios Rovas
Building Energy Models (BEM) are widely utilized throughout all stages of a building's lifecycle to understand and enhance energy usage. However, creating these models demands significant effort, particularly for larger buildings or those with complex HVAC systems. While a substantial amount of information can be extracted from Building Information Models (BIM) — which are increasingly accessible and provide necessary data for geometric and HVAC contexts — this information is not readily usable in setting up BEM and typically requires manual translation. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) framework that focuses on automating the generation of HVAC parts of BEM models from BIM data. Core to the methodology is the extraction of HVAC system topologies from the BIM model and the creation of a knowledge graph with the HVAC topology. The topology transformation unfolds in three key stages: first, a geometry-induced knowledge graph is established by examining the geometric relationships among HVAC elements; second, this graph is converted into an informative HVAC topology with enhanced properties from additional data sources; and finally, the informative topology is simplified into a BEM-oriented HVAC topology compliant with BEM platforms such as EnergyPlus. A case study of a large university building with a complex HVAC system showcases that the proposed framework achieves automatic and precise generation of building performance simulation models. The model's predictions are then validated against actual measurements from the building.
建筑能源模型（BEM）被广泛应用于建筑生命周期的各个阶段，以了解和提高能源利用率。然而，创建这些模型需要耗费大量精力，尤其是对于大型建筑或具有复杂暖通空调系统的建筑而言。虽然可以从建筑信息模型（BIM）中提取大量信息（BIM 越来越容易获取，并提供了几何和暖通空调方面的必要数据），但这些信息并不能随时用于建立 BEM，通常需要手动翻译。为了应对这一挑战，本文介绍了一个 BIM 到 BEM（BIM2BEM）框架，该框架侧重于从 BIM 数据自动生成 BEM 模型的暖通空调部分。该方法的核心是从 BIM 模型中提取暖通空调系统拓扑结构，并创建包含暖通空调拓扑结构的知识图谱。拓扑转换分为三个关键阶段：首先，通过检查暖通空调元件之间的几何关系，建立一个由几何引发的知识图谱；其次，将该图谱转换为信息型暖通空调拓扑，并通过附加数据源增强属性；最后，将信息型拓扑简化为符合 BEM 平台（如 EnergyPlus）的面向 BEM 的暖通空调拓扑。通过对一栋大型大学建筑复杂的暖通空调系统进行案例研究，可以看出所提出的框架能够自动、精确地生成建筑性能模拟模型。然后，模型的预测结果将根据建筑物的实际测量结果进行验证。
{"title":"A knowledge graph-based framework to automate the generation of building energy models using geometric relation checking and HVAC topology establishment","authors":"Meng Wang, Georgios N. Lilis, Dimitris Mavrokapnidis, Kyriakos Katsigarakis, Ivan Korolija, Dimitrios Rovas","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115035","url":null,"abstract":"Building Energy Models (BEM) are widely utilized throughout all stages of a building's lifecycle to understand and enhance energy usage. However, creating these models demands significant effort, particularly for larger buildings or those with complex HVAC systems. While a substantial amount of information can be extracted from Building Information Models (BIM) — which are increasingly accessible and provide necessary data for geometric and HVAC contexts — this information is not readily usable in setting up BEM and typically requires manual translation. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) framework that focuses on automating the generation of HVAC parts of BEM models from BIM data. Core to the methodology is the extraction of HVAC system topologies from the BIM model and the creation of a knowledge graph with the HVAC topology. The topology transformation unfolds in three key stages: first, a geometry-induced knowledge graph is established by examining the geometric relationships among HVAC elements; second, this graph is converted into an informative HVAC topology with enhanced properties from additional data sources; and finally, the informative topology is simplified into a BEM-oriented HVAC topology compliant with BEM platforms such as EnergyPlus. A case study of a large university building with a complex HVAC system showcases that the proposed framework achieves automatic and precise generation of building performance simulation models. The model's predictions are then validated against actual measurements from the building.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115043
Antonio Gallo, Alfonso Capozzoli
Renewable Energy Communities (REC) can largely contribute to building decarbonization targets and provide flexibility through the adoption of advanced control strategies of the energy systems. This work investigates how the role of flexibility sources will be impacted by shifting towards advanced control strategies under a high penetration of variable Renewable Energy Sources, in the following years. A large residential area with diverse energy systems, building envelope configurations, and energy demand patterns is modeled with the simulation environment RECsim, a virtual testbed for the implementation of energy management strategies in REC. Photovoltaic (PV) panels, Battery Energy Storage and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) of different sizes for each household provide a realistic description of a REC which includes both consumers and prosumers.
{"title":"The role of advanced energy management strategies to operate flexibility sources in Renewable Energy Communities","authors":"Antonio Gallo, Alfonso Capozzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115043","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable Energy Communities (REC) can largely contribute to building decarbonization targets and provide flexibility through the adoption of advanced control strategies of the energy systems. This work investigates how the role of flexibility sources will be impacted by shifting towards advanced control strategies under a high penetration of variable Renewable Energy Sources, in the following years. A large residential area with diverse energy systems, building envelope configurations, and energy demand patterns is modeled with the simulation environment RECsim, a virtual testbed for the implementation of energy management strategies in REC. Photovoltaic (PV) panels, Battery Energy Storage and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) of different sizes for each household provide a realistic description of a REC which includes both consumers and prosumers.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142672819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115011
Gang Yao, Daojing Ding, Chao Xie, Haolan Tan
This study investigates the daylighting performance and energy efficiency optimization strategies of double-glazed photovoltaic windows (DS-STPV) in cold regions of China. By conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis with traditional and energy-efficient window systems, this research aims to identify high-efficiency building solutions tailored to extreme climatic conditions. Amidst the escalating global energy demand and the pressing need for energy conservation and emission reduction, Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technology is increasingly recognized for its potential and value as a critical method for harnessing green energy. However, the widespread adoption of BIPV technology faces several challenges, including cost-effectiveness, conversion efficiency, system stability, and architectural aesthetic integration. Utilizing the T&A House from the 3rd International Solar Decathlon as an empirical case study, this research employs Ecotect and DesignBuilder simulation software to systematically evaluate the daylighting effect and energy performance of DS-STPV. The analysis considers various key design parameters, including photovoltaic cell coverage, window orientation, and window-to-wall ratio. Through refined modeling and multi-dimensional analysis, this study aims to identify the optimal design configurations of DS-STPV windows in cold regions, with the goal of simultaneously achieving superior natural lighting quality and significant building energy efficiency. The findings indicate that a south-facing DS-STPV window design with approximately 30% photovoltaic cell coverage and a window-to-wall ratio of 30% effectively balances daylighting requirements and energy efficiency in cold regions of China. This design strategy not only ensures an abundance of natural light in the room, but also significantly reduces the building’s energy consumption, proving the superior performance of DS-STPV windows in cold climates. In addition, the unique optical properties of DS-STPV windows reduce glare, further improving the overall quality of the indoor environment. In summary, this study provides a robust scientific foundation for the application of DS-STPV windows in cold regions, offering practical guidance and reference for optimizing energy efficiency and facilitating green transformation in future building design.
{"title":"Optimized design and comparative analysis of double-glazed photovoltaic windows for enhanced light harvesting and energy efficiency in cold regions of China","authors":"Gang Yao, Daojing Ding, Chao Xie, Haolan Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the daylighting performance and energy efficiency optimization strategies of double-glazed photovoltaic windows (DS-STPV) in cold regions of China. By conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis with traditional and energy-efficient window systems, this research aims to identify high-efficiency building solutions tailored to extreme climatic conditions. Amidst the escalating global energy demand and the pressing need for energy conservation and emission reduction, Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) technology is increasingly recognized for its potential and value as a critical method for harnessing green energy. However, the widespread adoption of BIPV technology faces several challenges, including cost-effectiveness, conversion efficiency, system stability, and architectural aesthetic integration. Utilizing the T&A House from the 3rd International Solar Decathlon as an empirical case study, this research employs Ecotect and DesignBuilder simulation software to systematically evaluate the daylighting effect and energy performance of DS-STPV. The analysis considers various key design parameters, including photovoltaic cell coverage, window orientation, and window-to-wall ratio. Through refined modeling and multi-dimensional analysis, this study aims to identify the optimal design configurations of DS-STPV windows in cold regions, with the goal of simultaneously achieving superior natural lighting quality and significant building energy efficiency. The findings indicate that a south-facing DS-STPV window design with approximately 30% photovoltaic cell coverage and a window-to-wall ratio of 30% effectively balances daylighting requirements and energy efficiency in cold regions of China. This design strategy not only ensures an abundance of natural light in the room, but also significantly reduces the building’s energy consumption, proving the superior performance of DS-STPV windows in cold climates. In addition, the unique optical properties of DS-STPV windows reduce glare, further improving the overall quality of the indoor environment. In summary, this study provides a robust scientific foundation for the application of DS-STPV windows in cold regions, offering practical guidance and reference for optimizing energy efficiency and facilitating green transformation in future building design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 115011"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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