Energy and Buildings最新文献

Ten differences of seasonal borehole thermal energy storage system from ground-source heat pump system 季节性钻孔蓄热系统与地源热泵系统的十大区别

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114994

Since both the cross-seasonal borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system and the ground source heat pump (GSHP) system use buried tubes for heat exchange, GSHP is often mistaken for a BTES system. However, there are essential differences between the GSHP system and the BTES system, and the purpose of this study is to elucidate in detail the differences between these two systems. This study first summarizes the practical application cases of seasonal BTES globally, and then deeply compares and analyzes the differences between the seasonal BTES system and GSHP system from ten different perspectives, including system definition, technology timeline, purpose of buried tube heat exchanger, heat sources, soil temperature changes, buried tube heat exchanger volume, design of the buried tube heat exchanger, energy storage modes, biggest drawback, system performance evaluation. Finally, the future development prospects and research directions of the seasonal BTES system are further discussed. In summary, although the GSHP system may be confused with the seasonal BTES system in some aspects, they are indeed two different systems. Compared to the GSHP system, the seasonal BTES system can solve the contradiction between energy supply and demand in time and space, and effectively improve energy utilization efficiency.

由于跨季节钻孔热能储存（BTES）系统和地源热泵（GSHP）系统都使用埋管进行热交换，GSHP 经常被误认为是 BTES 系统。然而，GSHP 系统与 BTES 系统之间存在本质区别，本研究的目的就是要详细阐明这两种系统之间的区别。本研究首先总结了全球范围内季节性 BTES 的实际应用案例，然后从系统定义、技术年限、地埋管换热器的用途、热源、土壤温度变化、地埋管换热器体积、地埋管换热器设计、储能模式、最大缺点、系统性能评估等十个方面深入对比分析了季节性 BTES 系统与 GSHP 系统的差异。最后，进一步讨论了季节性 BTES 系统的未来发展前景和研究方向。总之，尽管在某些方面，GSHP 系统与季节性 BTES 系统可能会被混淆，但它们确实是两种不同的系统。与 GSHP 系统相比，季节性 BTES 系统可以解决能源供需在时间和空间上的矛盾，有效提高能源利用效率。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing commercial building resiliency through microgrids with distributed energy sources and battery energy storage systems 通过采用分布式能源和电池储能系统的微电网增强商业建筑的复原力

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114980

Resilience analysis is gaining focus, but no extensive research exists for commercial buildings. This research presents the results of a novel analysis of the resiliency in commercial buildings by examining the relationship between electric microgrids, Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). As energy systems face increasing challenges, including extreme weather events and grid vulnerabilities, integrating microgrids, DERs, and BESS has emerged as a promising solution to strengthen the resilience of commercial buildings. Microgrids can harness renewable energy sources and reduce environmental impacts when integrated with DERs. Most literature studies focus on residential or commercial buildings with peak-valley tariffs and simplified electrical market models. In contrast, this study focuses on BESS’ pivotal role in DER output and ensuring uninterrupted power during grid disruptions and presents an innovative approach to analyzing resilience in commercial building microgrids and an economic optimization of commercial building microgrids with Time of Use tariffs utilizing DERS and BESS. The analysis includes the technical aspects of BESS integration and control strategies that optimize their operation. It also studies the economic and environmental benefits of microgrids, DERs, and BESS, focusing on cost savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and grid support services.

抗灾能力分析日益受到关注，但目前还没有针对商业建筑的广泛研究。本研究通过考察电力微电网、分布式能源资源（DER）和电池储能系统（BESS）之间的关系，对商业建筑的抗灾能力进行了新颖的分析，并展示了分析结果。随着能源系统面临极端天气事件和电网脆弱性等日益严峻的挑战，整合微电网、分布式能源资源和电池储能系统已成为加强商业楼宇抗灾能力的可行解决方案。微电网与 DER 集成后，可以利用可再生能源并减少对环境的影响。大多数文献研究的重点是采用峰谷电价和简化电力市场模型的住宅或商业建筑。相比之下，本研究重点关注 BESS 在 DER 输出和确保电网中断期间不间断供电方面的关键作用，并提出了一种创新方法来分析商业建筑微电网的恢复能力，以及利用 DERS 和 BESS 的使用时间电价对商业建筑微电网进行经济优化。分析包括 BESS 集成的技术方面以及优化其运行的控制策略。它还研究了微电网、DER 和 BESS 的经济和环境效益，重点关注成本节约、温室气体减排和电网支持服务。

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引用次数: 0

Development and validation of the motivation for electricity saving behaviour scale (MESBS) among residents living in energy-efficient buildings in Sweden 瑞典节能建筑居民节电行为动机量表（MESBS）的开发与验证

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114978

Even though energy-efficient technologies are well developed, the behaviour of building occupants plays an important role in the search for the optimum level of energy efficiency. In academic literature, however, very few studies have used psychological theories to understand individuals’ drivers of energy use behaviour when interacting with energy-efficient technologies. Specifically, there are no studies solely focused on individuals' motivations for electricity saving behaviour. This paper is based on an empirical study carried out in energy-efficient residential buildings to develop and test a new scale by applying self-determination theory (SDT). A postal survey about the Motivation for Electricity Saving Behaviour Scale (MESBS), including self-reported electricity use, was sent out to 1,084 residents living in newly built energy-efficient multifamily dwellings and eco-villages in Southern Sweden. The answers obtained from 235 participants were analysed for the reliability and validity of MESBS. The findings indicated that i) MESBS items have good internal consistency and are in line with expectations based on SDT, and ii) the autonomous motivation component of MESBS is strongly associated with electricity saving behaviour (i.e. turning off lights when not needed) in energy-efficient buildings. Our results emphasise the importance of considering individuals’ motivations for undertaking electricity saving behaviour in energy-efficient buildings. The study also provides useful information for future studies of energy-efficient buildings as well as designing new technologies and interventions to reach the optimum level of energy-efficiency.

尽管节能技术已经发展成熟，但建筑使用者的行为在寻求最佳能效水平的过程中仍扮演着重要角色。然而，在学术文献中，很少有研究利用心理学理论来理解个人在与节能技术互动时的用能行为动机。具体来说，目前还没有专门针对个人节电行为动机的研究。本文基于一项在节能住宅建筑中开展的实证研究，运用自我决定理论（SDT）开发并测试了一个新的量表。研究人员向居住在瑞典南部新建节能多户住宅和生态村的 1084 名居民邮寄了一份关于节电行为动机量表（MESBS）的调查问卷，其中包括自我报告的用电量。对 235 名参与者的回答进行了分析，以确定 MESBS 的可靠性和有效性。研究结果表明：i）MESBS 项目具有良好的内部一致性，符合基于 SDT 的预期；ii）MESBS 的自主动机部分与节能建筑中的节电行为（即不需要时关灯）密切相关。我们的研究结果强调了在节能建筑中考虑个人节电行为动机的重要性。这项研究还为未来的节能建筑研究以及设计新技术和干预措施以达到最佳节能水平提供了有用的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Hourly temperature downscaling method based on clustering and linear transformation: Utilizing mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures 基于聚类和线性变换的逐小时气温降尺度方法：利用平均气温、最高气温和最低气温

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114975

The temperature profile under climate change is likely to differ from historical patterns. To understand how energy consumption and long-term load curves will be impacted by temperature variations, higher granularity temperature data is required. This study uses the AR6 statistically downscaled daily data provided by the TCCIP platform for Taiwan as a case study, proposing a method for downscaling daily temperature data to hourly data. The k-means algorithm clusters historical daily temperature profiles by month, using average, maximum, and minimum temperatures. Future temperature profiles are identified based on these characteristics, and a linear transformation is applied to align the downscaled hourly data. This method better captures the timing of maximum and minimum temperatures and the connection between daily profiles. Ultimately, 96% of the daily data, after downscaling, met the daily average, maximum, and minimum temperature values provided by TCCIP. Validation using data from January to June 2024 shows the method achieves an average absolute hourly error of 0.17–0.55 °C and a monthly average absolute hourly error of 0.2–0.4 °C, outperforming existing methods. The approach provides more comprehensive and accurate long-term temperature data, supporting studies on climate change impacts on energy demand, building design, and power system operations.

气候变化下的温度分布可能与历史模式不同。要了解温度变化将如何影响能源消耗和长期负荷曲线，需要更高分辨率的温度数据。本研究以 TCCIP 平台提供的台湾 AR6 统计降尺度日数据为例，提出了一种将日温度数据降尺度为小时数据的方法。k-means 算法使用平均气温、最高气温和最低气温按月对历史日气温曲线进行聚类。根据这些特征确定未来的温度曲线，并应用线性变换来调整降尺度的小时数据。这种方法能更好地捕捉最高气温和最低气温的时间以及每日剖面图之间的联系。最终，降尺度后 96% 的日数据符合 TCCIP 提供的日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温值。利用 2024 年 1 月至 6 月的数据进行的验证显示，该方法的平均绝对小时误差为 0.17-0.55 ℃，月平均绝对小时误差为 0.2-0.4 ℃，优于现有方法。该方法可提供更全面、更准确的长期气温数据，为研究气候变化对能源需求、建筑设计和电力系统运行的影响提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the operating characteristic of a combined radiant floor and fan coil cooling system 辐射地板和风机盘管组合冷却系统运行特性的实验研究

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114979

The radiant floor and fan coil cooling (RF–FCC) system has a wide application range in residential and office buildings due to its high thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The studies on RF–FCC systems often focus on increasing the cooling capacity, reducing the energy consumption, and optimizing the control strategies while overlooking variations in radiant floor surface temperature and indoor temperature during system operations. Therefore, this study uses experimental methods to analyze the radiant floor surface and indoor temperature of the RF-FCC system in order to provide a theoretical basis for the application of the RF–FCC systems. The operating characteristics of the RF-FCC system are then determined from the variations of the radiant floor surface temperature during system operation, variations of the radiant floor surface temperature after shutdown, impact of the sudden variations of the indoor load on the indoor temperature, and impacts of different outdoor weather conditions on the indoor temperature. The obtained results show that the radiant floor surface temperature stabilizes at approximately 23 °C under different weather conditions. After shutdown, the variation of the radiant floor temperature follows the first-order exponential function growth law. The indoor load step change only slightly affects the temperature of each indoor wall surface, while indoor load step change exerts a minimal impact on the radiant floor surface temperature.

地板辐射和风机盘管冷却（RF-FCC）系统因其高热舒适度和高能效而在住宅和办公建筑中有着广泛的应用。有关 RF-FCC 系统的研究通常侧重于提高制冷量、降低能耗和优化控制策略，而忽略了系统运行时地板辐射表面温度和室内温度的变化。因此，本研究采用实验方法对 RF-FCC 系统的地板辐射表面温度和室内温度进行分析，为 RF-FCC 系统的应用提供理论依据。然后，从系统运行时地板辐射表面温度的变化、停机后地板辐射表面温度的变化、室内负荷突变对室内温度的影响以及不同室外天气条件对室内温度的影响等方面确定 RF-FCC 系统的运行特性。结果表明，在不同天气条件下，地板辐射表面温度稳定在 23 °C左右。停机后，地板辐射温度的变化遵循一阶指数函数增长规律。室内负荷阶跃变化仅对室内各墙面温度产生轻微影响，而室内负荷阶跃变化对地板辐射表面温度的影响微乎其微。

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引用次数: 0

Operational and embodied energy of residential buildings in the Andean region between 1980 and 2020 1980 至 2020 年安第斯地区住宅建筑的运行能耗和体现能耗

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114982

The relationship between operational energy (OE) and embodied energy (EE) in buildings is a highly complex issue. In countries with extreme climates and high sustainability standards, efforts are made to reduce OE for climatization with materials and technologies that eventually increase the EE. The case of non-extreme climates such as the Ecuadorian Andean region is different. New building systems and construction elements are introduced in buildings to replicate the model adopted in other climates and, consequently, EE experiments an increase. However, it remains unclear what impact these changes have on OE and in the total life cycle energy. To assess the effects of these construction changes, 40 residential buildings constructed between 1980 and 2020 in Cuenca, Ecuador, were analyzed. Their OE was obtained through energy simulations validated with measurements (Heating plus Cooling, Lighting plus Electrical Appliances) and mathematical calculations (Domestic Hot Water plus Cooking). Their EE values were obtained from prior research. The findings indicate that buildings in the Ecuadorian Andean region have experienced an increase in total life cycle energy: EE has risen from 1643 to 3600 MJ/m² over the last forty years, and OE for heating and cooling has also increased (from 1000 to 2195 MJ/m²), also increasing the total life cycle energy of the building. Unlike in other countries where a reduction in OE demand leads to an increase in EE, in the studied case, the upward trend in EE results in an increase in OE demand.

建筑中的运行能耗（OE）和体现能耗（EE）之间的关系是一个非常复杂的问题。在气候极端且可持续发展标准较高的国家，人们会努力通过材料和技术来降低OE，从而提高EE。厄瓜多尔安第斯地区等非极端气候地区的情况则不同。建筑物中引入了新的建筑系统和建筑元素，以复制在其他气候条件下采用的模式，从而增加了能源效率。然而，目前仍不清楚这些变化对运行能耗和总生命周期能耗有何影响。为了评估这些建筑变化的影响，我们对厄瓜多尔昆卡市 1980 年至 2020 年间建造的 40 栋住宅楼进行了分析。这些建筑的 OE 值是通过能源模拟、测量验证（供暖加制冷、照明加电器）和数学计算（生活热水加烹饪）获得的。这些建筑的能源效率值是通过先前的研究获得的。研究结果表明，厄瓜多尔安第斯地区建筑物的总生命周期能源有所增加：在过去的四十年中，能效值从 1643 兆焦耳/平方米上升到 3600 兆焦耳/平方米，供暖和制冷的消耗臭氧层物质也在增加（从 1000 兆焦耳/平方米上升到 2195 兆焦耳/平方米），这也增加了建筑物的总生命周期能耗。与其他国家不同的是，在其他国家，OE 需求的减少会导致 EE 的增加，而在本研究案例中，EE 的上升趋势会导致 OE 需求的增加。

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引用次数: 0

Transitioning positive energy buildings towards positive energy Communities: Leveraging performance indicators for site planning assessments 将正能量建筑转变为正能量社区：利用性能指标进行场地规划评估

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114976

Harnessing energy surpluses and technological advances from positive energy buildings (PEBs) within a community offers a logical transition pathway from PEBs to positive energy communities (PECs). This study proposes a set of reasonable performance indicators (KPIs) for streamlining site planning assessments based on existing PEBs, aiming to transition to PECs for achieving energy autonomy in off-grid states. The proposed KPIs include energy surplus ratio, PEB area coverage ratio, community energy difference, shared energy matching ratio, and PEB impact coefficient. A sample of 81 PEBs provided by a real database in North America was selected for testifying these KPIs, and relevant geographic analyses and simulations were performed. Four PV installation scenarios and three radius ranges were considered for building energy generation and energy consumption. The results show that the establishment of a PEC through a PEB is promising. In existing communities, the physical boundary of the transition from PEB to PEC can be determined to be between 150 and 250 m. The study also found that educational buildings should be closely integrated with residential buildings in the energy resilience planning process. KPIs offer crucial insights for initial PEC site selection, offering practical guidance for PEC development and informing strategic decisions in planning PECs through PEBs. This study’s findings serve as actionable guidance for stakeholders, such as urban planners, policymakers, developers, and researchers, facilitating the creation of sustainable and energy-positive communities.

在社区内利用正能量建筑（PEBs）的能源盈余和技术进步，提供了从 PEBs 向正能量社区（PECs）过渡的合理途径。本研究提出了一套合理的绩效指标（KPIs），用于简化基于现有 PEBs 的场地规划评估，旨在过渡到 PECs，以实现离网状态下的能源自治。建议的关键绩效指标包括能源盈余率、PEB 区域覆盖率、社区能源差异、共享能源匹配率和 PEB 影响系数。为验证这些关键绩效指标，我们选择了北美真实数据库提供的 81 个 PEB 作为样本，并进行了相关的地理分析和模拟。考虑了四种光伏安装方案和三种半径范围的建筑发电量和能耗。结果表明，通过 PEB 建立 PEC 是很有前景的。在现有社区中，从 PEB 过渡到 PEC 的物理边界可确定为 150 米至 250 米。研究还发现，在能源恢复能力规划过程中，教育建筑应与住宅建筑紧密结合。关键绩效指标为 PEC 的初步选址提供了至关重要的见解，为 PEC 的开发提供了实用指导，并为通过 PEB 规划 PEC 的战略决策提供了信息。这项研究的结果为城市规划者、决策者、开发商和研究人员等利益相关者提供了可操作的指导，有助于创建可持续的、积极的能源社区。

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引用次数: 0

Demonstration of the carbon capture with building make-up air unit 利用楼宇补风装置进行碳捕获示范

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114966

Building-integrated carbon capture technology has the potential to reduce the cost of CO₂ capture while improving indoor air quality (IAQ). To promote the adoption of CO₂ capture in a building environment, this study investigated the possibility of integrating carbon capture technology with an existing rooftop make-up air unit (MAU) system to trap CO₂. Here, a modular compact CO₂ capture system containing amine-functionalized polymer fibers was examined. The system, which was installed at the exhaust of the MAU, captures CO₂ before it leaves the building to enter the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas. The demonstrated average amount of CO₂ captured was 1.1–1.4 mmol/g of adsorbent material. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) was further performed on the CO₂ capture system, considering material costs, energy costs, as well as transportation and regeneration costs. These results were then used to estimate the levelized cost per ton CO₂ captured (LCOC). To achieve LCOC below $100/t-CO₂, adsorbents should have working capacities of 4.9 t and 3 t-CO₂/year for 5 years and 10 years of operation, respectively. In summary, this study highlights a viable path toward the decarbonization of the commercial buildings sector and provides quantitative performance and economic insight on the suitability of building-integrated carbon capture technology.

建筑集成碳捕集技术有可能降低二氧化碳捕集成本，同时改善室内空气质量（IAQ）。为了促进二氧化碳捕集技术在建筑环境中的应用，本研究调查了将碳捕集技术与现有屋顶补风装置（MAU）系统集成以捕集二氧化碳的可能性。在这里，我们研究了一种含有胺功能化聚合物纤维的模块化紧凑型二氧化碳捕集系统。该系统安装在 MAU 的排气口，可在二氧化碳作为温室气体离开建筑物进入大气之前将其捕获。经证实，二氧化碳的平均捕获量为 1.1-1.4 mmol/g（吸附材料）。考虑到材料成本、能源成本以及运输和再生成本，对二氧化碳捕集系统进一步进行了技术经济分析（TEA）。这些结果被用于估算每吨二氧化碳捕集的平准化成本（LCOC）。若要实现低于 100 美元/吨-CO2 的 LCOC，吸附剂在 5 年和 10 年运行期内的工作能力应分别为 4.9 吨和 3 吨-CO2/年。总之，本研究强调了商业建筑领域去碳化的可行途径，并就建筑一体化碳捕集技术的适用性提供了定量性能和经济见解。

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引用次数: 0

Temperature adaptive passive daytime radiative cooling: The impact of their essential properties on energy performance of different building types 温度适应性日间被动辐射冷却：其基本特性对不同类型建筑节能性能的影响

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114955

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials can reduce building cooling demands during hot periods but increase heating needs in colder times, known as heating penalties, limiting their practicality. Temperature adaptive (TA) materials offer a solution, yet optimal TA PDRC properties, such as changes in reflectivity or emissivity from high surface temperature (HST) to low surface temperature (LST) states and the switch temperature at which these changes occur, are under-researched. To address this, a wavelength-dependent PDRC model was coupled with EnergyPlus to identify the optimal reflectivity or emissivity in HST and LST states and determine the appropriate switch temperature. Results show that different reflectivity and emissivity values are needed for various climates to maximize TA PDRC benefits. Switch temperatures from 15 °C to 30 °C primarily affect cooling benefits with minimal impact on heating penalties. Additionally, the heating penalty and cooling benefit of TA PDRC vary across building types, requiring alignment between TA PDRC operational characteristics and HVAC systems to optimize advantages. Among building types, malls benefit the most from PDRC application.

被动式日间辐射冷却（PDRC）材料可在炎热时期减少建筑物的制冷需求，但在寒冷时期会增加供暖需求，即所谓的供暖惩罚，从而限制了其实用性。温度自适应（TA）材料提供了一种解决方案，但对其最佳的 TA PDRC 特性，如从高表面温度（HST）到低表面温度（LST）状态的反射率或发射率变化，以及发生这些变化时的开关温度，研究尚不充分。为了解决这个问题，我们将与波长相关的 PDRC 模型与 EnergyPlus 相结合，以确定 HST 和 LST 状态下的最佳反射率或发射率，并确定适当的切换温度。结果表明，不同气候条件下需要不同的反射率和发射率值，以最大限度地发挥 TA PDRC 的优势。从 15 °C 到 30 °C 的切换温度主要影响冷却效益，而对加热惩罚的影响很小。此外，TA PDRC 的供热损失和制冷效益因建筑类型而异，因此需要调整 TA PDRC 的运行特性和暖通空调系统，以优化优势。在各种建筑类型中，商场从 PDRC 应用中获益最多。

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引用次数: 0

Combining energy generation and radiant systems: Challenges and possibilities for plus energy buildings 能源生产与辐射系统相结合：加能源建筑的挑战与可能性

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114965

Radiant heating and cooling (RHC) systems are being more widely adopted considering the well-known technical advantages: increased thermal comfort, space saving, and reduced energy use. Since the building sector is currently one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels, many directives and regulations have been enacted to address the intense concern about energy use for space conditioning.

Even though radiant systems are considered as an energy efficient technology for building heating and cooling, more effort is needed to fulfil the zero energy requirements outlined by recent standards and directives. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are an effective solution to avoid using finite fossil fuels and related geopolitical issues enhanced by the recent world conflicts. Despite being primarily intermittent and subject to economic and regional constraints, RES offer suitable temperature levels to supply low temperature heating and high temperature cooling operation, a major advantage of RHC system.

Although a limited number of studies directly report energy savings or CO₂ emission reduction as the main outcomes of the research related to this combination, valuable insights have been obtained for the present review. Primary energy can decrease between 40% and 80% with different integration of RHC, photovoltaic, heat pumps and district heating. TABS can lead to load shifting up to 100%, allowing an increased self −consumption of renewable energy.

This paper provides evidence on whether coupling radiant systems with renewables is a promising strategy for achieving nearly-zero annual energy balances in building stocks. It investigates recent trends, limitations and potential to support decarbonization goals.

辐热供暖和制冷（RHC）系统具有众所周知的技术优势：提高热舒适度、节省空间和减少能源消耗，因此正在被越来越广泛地采用。尽管辐热系统被认为是建筑供暖和制冷的节能技术，但要达到最新标准和指令中规定的零能耗要求，还需要付出更多努力。可再生能源（RES）是避免使用有限化石燃料和避免因近期世界冲突而加剧的相关地缘政治问题的有效解决方案。尽管可再生能源主要是间歇性的，并受到经济和地区的限制，但可再生能源可提供适当的温度水平，以提供低温加热和高温冷却操作，这是 RHC 系统的一个主要优势。通过将 RHC、光伏、热泵和区域供热进行不同程度的整合，一次能源可减少 40% 至 80%。本文提供了证据，说明辐射系统与可再生能源的结合是否是实现建筑存量近零年度能源平衡的可行策略。本文就辐射系统与可再生能源的耦合是否是在建筑中实现近零年度能源平衡的可行策略提供了证据，并调查了近期的趋势、局限性以及支持去碳化目标的潜力。

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引用次数: 0