Energy and Buildings最新文献_第6页

Factors affecting households’ adaptive energy-efficient upgrades in response to the energy crisis: The Norwegian case 影响家庭适应性节能升级以应对能源危机的因素：挪威案例

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115054

Yechennan Peng, Christian A. Klöckner

Individual household energy-efficiency upgrading behaviours in relation to buildings are crucial in mitigating carbon emissions, yet understanding the predictors of these behaviours in the Norwegian context presents a research challenge. The principal aim of this study is to investigate the adoption patterns of energy-efficiency upgrades by Norwegian households, particularly in response to the energy crisis. It seeks to determine how socio-demographic, dwelling-related, household contextual, and psychological factors affect household behaviours concerning three upgrading measures – namely, private photovoltaic (PV) installation, flexible electricity use, and dwelling insulation. Based on survey data (N = 3514) collected in 2023 from Norwegian households, the study delineates a significant upsurge in all these three energy-efficiency upgrades within the past three years, driven by social norms, self-efficacy, and increased motivation to support the energy system after the energy crisis. The study also anticipates rapid growth in private PV systems and flexible electricity use over the next three years, influenced by social pressures, wider technology adoption, and a stronger desire to cut energy costs. The adoption of private PV systems is predominantly seen among high-income households, which is influenced by high fixed costs, inadequate institutional incentives, substantial rises in electricity prices, and a commitment to supporting the energy system post-crisis. The quick uptake of flexible electricity use is significantly influenced by social norms and technology’s compatibility with daily routines. Key factors driving insulation actions include the building age, the presence of younger household members with the necessary physical capability and skills, and the right timing perceptions. In addition, residential duration influences adoption patterns, with newer residents prioritizing personalization through high-tech measures and long-term residents focusing on maintaining insulation. This study will also discuss potential implications for policymakers in designing incentives tailored to households’ profiles and for investors in improving market strategies.

与建筑相关的家庭个人能效提升行为对减少碳排放至关重要，但在挪威，了解这些行为的预测因素是一项研究挑战。本研究的主要目的是调查挪威家庭采用能效升级的模式，尤其是在应对能源危机时。研究旨在确定社会人口、住宅相关、家庭背景和心理因素如何影响家庭在三种节能措施方面的行为，这三种措施是：安装私人光伏发电设备、灵活用电和住宅隔热。根据2023年从挪威家庭收集到的调查数据（N = 3514），研究指出，在过去三年中，由于社会规范、自我效能以及能源危机后支持能源系统的动力增强等因素的推动，所有这三项能效升级措施都出现了大幅增长。研究还预计，受社会压力、更广泛的技术应用以及降低能源成本的强烈愿望的影响，私人光伏系统和灵活用电将在未来三年内快速增长。采用私人光伏系统的主要是高收入家庭，这主要受到固定成本高、制度激励不足、电价大幅上涨以及危机后支持能源系统的承诺等因素的影响。灵活用电的快速普及在很大程度上受到社会规范和技术与日常生活的兼容性的影响。推动隔热行动的关键因素包括楼龄、具备必要体能和技能的年轻家庭成员的存在，以及正确的时间观念。此外，居住时间长短也会影响采用模式，较新的居民会优先考虑通过高科技措施实现个性化，而长期居住的居民则侧重于保持隔热性能。本研究还将讨论对政策制定者根据家庭情况设计激励措施以及对投资者改进市场策略的潜在影响。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing graphite-enhanced composite PCMs for superior thermal transport in shell and tube latent heat storage systems 优化石墨增强复合 PCM，在管壳式潜热储存系统中实现出色的热传输

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115008

Amit Shrivastava, Narender Kumar, Prodyut R. Chakraborty

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems are designed to store excess thermal energy, addressing supply-demand mismatches during periods of low supply. Integrating such systems in the field is challenging due to the slow charging caused by the low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM). This shortfall can be mitigated using composite PCM (CPCM) as the thermal storage medium, consisting of form-stable porous graphite foam impregnated with PCM. Compressed expanded graphite (CEG) is one such easily accessible form-stable porous material. The graphite foam in the CPCM causes a significant improvement in the effective thermal conductivity of the storage medium; however, it causes reduced latent heat storage capacity. Existing literature on CPCM mainly emphasizes positive aspects like enhanced thermal conductivity and reduced melting time while overlooking the adverse impact on latent heat storage capacity. This trade-off must be addressed while designing such a system, particularly when the storage unit is of fixed size and shape. This study aims to find the optimal volumetric proportion of CEG in CPCM, striking the best balance between these two conflicting attributes. Objective parameters such as energy storage ratio (ESR) and capacity ratio (CR) are introduced, along with charging duration, and they are optimized based on control parameters like CEG foam porosity (ε), HTF inlet temperature (

T_{i n}

), and flow Reynolds number (Re). The analysis, obtained from a volume-averaged numerical model, involves diffusion-dominated energy transfer in the CPCM domain and provides crucial design guidelines for fixed-geometry LHTES units with CPCM as the storage medium.

潜热热能储存（LHTES）系统旨在储存多余的热能，以解决低供应期的供需错配问题。由于相变材料（PCM）的热传导率低，导致充电缓慢，因此在现场集成此类系统具有挑战性。使用复合 PCM（CPCM）作为蓄热介质可以缓解这一不足，复合 PCM 由浸渍了 PCM 的形态稳定的多孔石墨泡沫组成。压缩膨胀石墨 (CEG) 就是这样一种易于获得的形状稳定的多孔材料。CPCM 中的石墨泡沫可显著提高蓄热介质的有效热传导率，但会降低潜热蓄积能力。有关 CPCM 的现有文献主要强调了增强导热性和缩短熔化时间等积极方面，而忽略了对潜热储存能力的不利影响。在设计这种系统时，尤其是当存储单元的尺寸和形状固定时，必须考虑到这种权衡。本研究旨在找到 CEG 在 CPCM 中的最佳体积比例，在这两种相互冲突的属性之间取得最佳平衡。研究引入了储能比 (ESR) 和容量比 (CR) 等客观参数以及充电持续时间，并根据 CEG 泡沫孔隙率 (ε)、HTF 入口温度 (Tin) 和流动雷诺数 (Re) 等控制参数对这些参数进行了优化。该分析由体积平均数值模型得出，涉及 CPCM 域中以扩散为主的能量传递，为以 CPCM 为存储介质的固定几何 LHTES 装置提供了重要的设计指导。

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引用次数: 0

Application of supervised and unsupervised learning for enhancing energy efficiency and thermal comfort in air conditioning scheduling under uncertain and dynamic environments 在不确定的动态环境下，应用监督和非监督学习提高空调调度的能效和热舒适度

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115028

Minseo Kim, Soongeol Kwon

Air conditioning (AC) plays a major role in building energy management because it generally requires a large amount of energy to maintain indoor thermal comfort. The main objective of this study is to develop a novel method for scheduling AC operations to minimize energy costs and ensure the thermal comfort of occupants under uncertainty. The key challenge is the uncertainty and variability in time-series data and their serial dependence in determining AC operation. To address this challenge, we propose an optimization-informed learning approach that integrates unsupervised and supervised learning techniques with a stochastic optimization model. This method derives energy-efficient and thermal comfort-aware AC operation schedules through a comprehensive interpretation of uncertainties and variabilities in time-series data. Numerical experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can reduce energy costs by up to 15.6% and decrease thermal comfort violations by up to 63.6% compared to the Deep Q-learning method, while also reducing energy costs by 1.8% and decreasing thermal comfort violations by 37.5% compared to the forecast data-driven AC scheduling method.

空调（AC）在建筑能源管理中扮演着重要角色，因为它通常需要大量能源来维持室内热舒适度。本研究的主要目的是开发一种新颖的空调运行调度方法，以便在不确定的情况下最大限度地降低能源成本并确保居住者的热舒适度。主要挑战在于时间序列数据的不确定性和可变性，以及它们在确定空调运行时的序列依赖性。为应对这一挑战，我们提出了一种优化学习方法，它将无监督和有监督学习技术与随机优化模型相结合。该方法通过对时间序列数据中的不确定性和变异性进行综合解释，推导出节能且热舒适的交流运行计划。数值实验结果表明，与深度 Q 学习方法相比，所提出的方法可将能源成本最多降低 15.6%，将热舒适性违规行为最多降低 63.6%；与预测数据驱动的交流调度方法相比，所提出的方法还可将能源成本最多降低 1.8%，将热舒适性违规行为最多降低 37.5%。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid photovoltaic and gravity energy storage integration for smart homes with grid-connected management 光伏与重力储能混合集成，用于智能家居的并网管理

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114984

Fazal Hussain , Qi Huang , Jawad Hussain , Baqir Ali Mirjat , Kashif Manzoor , Syed Adrees Ahmed

This paper introduces a dynamic Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS) integrating a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and gravity energy storage (GES) system aimed at minimizing environmental impacts and household energy consumption. The novel SHEMS features a one-week dynamic forecasting model that adapts to variable electricity prices, smart appliance schedules, solar output, and energy storage states. These results demonstrate that the system not only reduces household energy usage but also cuts electricity bills significantly, supplying power autonomously for up to 8.5 hours daily. By leveraging real-time data from the Dark Sky API on cloud cover and temperature, this model accurately predicts solar radiation and PV generation, aligning it with both grid and residential demands. The forecasting accuracy was assessed using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), which improved to 12.55% and 4.91% respectively, from initial values of 22.46% for RMSE and 11.78% for MAPE. These advancements enhance grid stability and optimize energy storage during peak periods, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The integration of innovative renewable energy technologies and sophisticated forecast modeling significantly boosts the system's efficiency, promoting the sustainable use of energy resources in line with environmental and economic goals.

本文介绍了一种动态智能家居能源管理系统（SHEMS），该系统集成了混合光伏（PV）和重力储能（GES）系统，旨在最大限度地减少对环境的影响和家庭能源消耗。新型 SHEMS 具有一周动态预测模型，可适应可变电价、智能家电计划、太阳能输出和储能状态。这些结果表明，该系统不仅降低了家庭能源使用量，还大幅减少了电费支出，每天可自主供电长达 8.5 小时。通过利用来自黑暗天空应用程序接口（Dark Sky API）的云层和温度实时数据，该模型可以准确预测太阳辐射和光伏发电量，使其与电网和居民需求保持一致。预测精度采用均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）进行评估，从最初的均方根误差（RMSE）22.46% 和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）11.78% 分别提高到 12.55% 和 4.91%。这些进步增强了电网的稳定性，优化了高峰期的能源存储，减少了对化石燃料的依赖。创新的可再生能源技术与复杂的预测建模相结合，大大提高了系统的效率，促进了能源的可持续利用，实现了环境和经济目标。

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引用次数: 0

Size effect of typical hygrothermal properties test values for building insulation materials 建筑保温材料典型湿热性能测试值的尺寸效应

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115049

Wen Yang , Guanjie Zhang , Jun Wen , Chengyan Zhou , Jiaping Liu

Thermal and moisture properties of building insulation materials are crucial input parameters for analyzing thermal and moisture transfer phenomena in building environments. Accurate determination of these parameters under different conditions is essential for the correct application and assessment of materials and envelope structures. However, numerous factors influence thermal and moisture properties, and while extensive research has been conducted on this topic, the effects of specimen size on typical thermal and moisture property test values remain unclear. To address the issue of unreliable data caused by random specimen sizes in thermal and moisture property testing of building insulation materials, this study selects three materials—expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), and foamed cement—as test subjects to explore the size effects on typical thermal and moisture property test values. The results indicate that specimen size significantly affects the test values for typical thermal and moisture properties, with only a few experiments showing negligible size effects for certain materials. For foamed cement, recommended specimen sizes for thermal conductivity testing using the guarded hot plate method and the transient plane source method are 300 × 300 × 30 mm and 50 × 50 × 30 mm, respectively. Except for equilibrium moisture absorption experiments, the weight of other moisture property tests is generally represented by thickness > planar dimensions.

建筑隔热材料的热性能和湿性能是分析建筑环境中热传递和湿传递现象的重要输入参数。在不同条件下准确测定这些参数对于正确应用和评估材料和围护结构至关重要。然而，影响热性能和湿性能的因素很多，虽然对这一主题进行了广泛的研究，但试样尺寸对典型热性能和湿性能测试值的影响仍不清楚。为了解决建筑保温材料热性能和湿性能测试中试样尺寸随意造成数据不可靠的问题，本研究选择了三种材料--发泡聚苯乙烯（EPS）、挤塑聚苯乙烯（XPS）和发泡水泥--作为测试对象，以探讨试样尺寸对典型热性能和湿性能测试值的影响。结果表明，试样尺寸对典型热性能和湿性能的测试值有很大影响，只有少数实验显示某些材料的尺寸影响可以忽略不计。对于发泡水泥，建议使用护热板法和瞬态平面源法进行导热测试的试样尺寸分别为 300 × 300 × 30 毫米和 50 × 50 × 30 毫米。除平衡吸湿实验外，其他湿度特性测试的重量一般用厚度和平面尺寸表示。

{"title":"Size effect of typical hygrothermal properties test values for building insulation materials","authors":"Wen Yang , Guanjie Zhang , Jun Wen , Chengyan Zhou , Jiaping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal and moisture properties of building insulation materials are crucial input parameters for analyzing thermal and moisture transfer phenomena in building environments. Accurate determination of these parameters under different conditions is essential for the correct application and assessment of materials and envelope structures. However, numerous factors influence thermal and moisture properties, and while extensive research has been conducted on this topic, the effects of specimen size on typical thermal and moisture property test values remain unclear. To address the issue of unreliable data caused by random specimen sizes in thermal and moisture property testing of building insulation materials, this study selects three materials—expanded polystyrene (EPS), extruded polystyrene (XPS), and foamed cement—as test subjects to explore the size effects on typical thermal and moisture property test values. The results indicate that specimen size significantly affects the test values for typical thermal and moisture properties, with only a few experiments showing negligible size effects for certain materials. For foamed cement, recommended specimen sizes for thermal conductivity testing using the guarded hot plate method and the transient plane source method are 300 × 300 × 30 mm and 50 × 50 × 30 mm, respectively. Except for equilibrium moisture absorption experiments, the weight of other moisture property tests is generally represented by thickness > planar dimensions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 115049"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cementitious core–shell particles with optimized radiative and anti-wetting properties for efficient and durable passive building cooling 水泥基核壳颗粒具有优化的辐射和防湿性能，可用于高效、持久的被动式建筑制冷

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115045

Xiantong Yan , Shirui Peng , Meng Yang , Wenhui Duan , Hongzhi Cui

Developing a building-compatible radiative cooler that exhibits an all-day subambient cooling effect and maintains a clean surface for long-term stability is challenging. This study proposes a liquid marble-derived core–shell particle (LM-CSP) that combines excellent anti-wetting capability, efficient and durable daytime radiative cooling properties, and compatibility with building materials. A series of LM-CSP coated samples were fabricated with varying dosages of BaSO₄ and water-repellent agents, as well as different coating thicknesses. Comprehensive characterization of the as-prepared samples revealed that the optimal LM-CSP exhibited a solar reflectance of 91 % with a mid-infrared emissivity of 0.97 and a water contact angle of ∼151.9° with a roll-off angle of ∼7.8°, respectively. In-depth analyses using XRD, FT-IR, TGA/DTG, and XPS elucidated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the enhanced optical and wetting properties of the LM-CSP. The exceptional durability of the LM-CSP was validated by its subambient cooling effects after being contaminated with muddy slurry (subambient temperature drop of ∼5.4 °C) and after being rain-washed (subambient temperature drop of ∼2.1 °C). EnergyPlus simulations were employed to assess the year-round energy-saving potential of the LM-CSP, and a life-cycle economic and environmental analysis was performed to guide the practical application. The findings of this study are expected to provide new insights into functional cementitious materials with efficient and durable cooling capabilities, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable building design and energy efficiency.

开发一种与建筑兼容的辐射冷却器，既能实现全天候亚环境冷却效果，又能保持表面清洁以实现长期稳定性，是一项具有挑战性的工作。本研究提出了一种液态大理石衍生核壳粒子（LM-CSP），它兼具出色的防湿能力、高效持久的日间辐射冷却特性以及与建筑材料的兼容性。利用不同剂量的硫酸钡和憎水剂以及不同的涂层厚度，制备了一系列 LM-CSP 涂层样品。对制备的样品进行综合表征后发现，最佳 LM-CSP 的太阳反射率为 91%，中红外发射率为 0.97，水接触角为 151.9°，滚动角为 7.8°。利用 XRD、FT-IR、TGA/DTG 和 XPS 进行的深入分析阐明了 LM-CSP 增强光学和润湿特性的内在机理。LM-CSP 在受到泥浆污染（亚环境温度下降 5.4 °C）和雨水冲刷（亚环境温度下降 2.1 °C）后的亚环境冷却效果验证了其卓越的耐久性。EnergyPlus 模拟评估了 LM-CSP 的全年节能潜力，并进行了生命周期经济和环境分析，以指导实际应用。这项研究的结果有望为具有高效和持久冷却能力的功能性水泥基材料提供新的见解，最终促进可持续建筑设计和能源效率的提高。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation method and enhanced strategy for frosting suppression performance of variable speed air source heat pump based on frosting suppression performance map 基于结霜抑制性能图的变速空气源热泵结霜抑制性能评估方法和增强策略

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115047

Yao Lin , Jianfei Luo , Qing Luo , Xiaoli Li , Wei Wang , Yuying Sun

It is well established that the configuration and operation of variable speed air source heat pumps (VS ASHPs) can significantly influence their frosting performance. However, there is currently no effective method to conveniently and accurately evaluate the frosting suppression performance of these units. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a novel evaluation method based on a frosting suppression map for VS ASHPs. Firstly, an experimental setup with four ASHP units and developed frosting suppression maps is described. Second, a method for evaluating the frosting suppression performance of VS ASHP is developed based on the map. Thirdly, a comprehensive evaluation of the frosting suppression performance of the experimental unit is carried out. It is shown that the β values of the four units under the constitutive configuration were 0.74, 0.12, 0.21, and 0.52, and the frosting suppression performance was evaluated as Good, Poor, Fair, and Average, respectively. It could be enhanced and improved to 0.89 (Excellent), 0.24 (Fair), 0.64 (Good), and 0.63 (Good) after applying the frosting suppression operation method. The proposed novel frosting suppression evaluation method is simple and easy to implement, which could contribute to further guiding manufacturers to improve the frosting suppression performance of VS ASHPs.

众所周知，变速空气源热泵（VS ASHPs）的配置和运行会极大地影响其结霜性能。然而，目前还没有有效的方法来方便、准确地评估这些设备的结霜抑制性能。本文针对这一缺陷，提出了一种基于 VS ASHPs 结霜抑制图的新型评估方法。首先，介绍了四台 ASHP 设备的实验装置和开发的结霜抑制图。其次，基于该地图开发了一种评估 VS ASHP 结霜抑制性能的方法。第三，对实验机组的结霜抑制性能进行了综合评估。结果表明，四台机组在构成配置下的β值分别为0.74、0.12、0.21和0.52，抑霜性能分别被评价为好、差、一般和平均。在应用霜冻抑制操作方法后，其性能可提高并改善至 0.89（优）、0.24（一般）、0.64（良）和 0.63（好）。所提出的新型结霜抑制评价方法简单易行，有助于进一步指导制造商提高 VS ASHPs 的结霜抑制性能。

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引用次数: 0

Mitigating urban heat island effects using trees in planters with varied crown shapes 利用种植槽中树冠形状各异的树木缓解城市热岛效应

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115034

Ivana Bajšanski , Stevan Savić , Jelena Dunjić , Dragan Milošević , Vesna Stojaković , Bojan Tepavčević

Urban downtown areas are often overheated and contribute to the creation of urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Implementation of trees is considered an effective way to mitigate UHI and improve outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in densely built-up areas.

This study aims to investigate the potential of applying additional trees in planters to mitigate UHI effects and improve OTC in open urban areas. Simulation of OTC is performed for hot summer days using Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). In this study, we have devised a method to determine favourable locations for a predetermined number of additional trees, with different crown shapes (cylinder, sphere and cone), to improve OTC conditions. In the proposed method, an evolutionary algorithm based on natural selection was used as it is effective for solving problems that have a large number of combinations. The method considers the geometry of the built environment, the geometry, locations and number of additional trees, weather data and UTCI simulation.

The method was applied to three different urban morphologies located in the downtown of Novi Sad, Serbia. The results show that, depending on urban geometries and morphologies, different crown shapes lead to different UTCI reduction. Cylinder-shaped and sphere-shaped tree crowns showed to be the most effective in reducing heat stress. The positioning of additional trees reduced the UTCI values at single manikin locations by up to 6.11 °C, indicating that the process of determining their locations is crucial for mitigating the heat and improving OTC conditions during hot summer days.

城市中心区经常过热，导致城市热岛（UHI）现象的产生。在建筑密集的地区，种植树木被认为是缓解 UHI 和改善室外热舒适度（OTC）的有效方法。本研究旨在调查在开放的城市地区种植更多树木以缓解 UHI 影响和改善 OTC 的潜力。在炎热的夏季，使用通用热气候指数（UTCI）对 OTC 进行模拟。在这项研究中，我们设计了一种方法来确定预定数量的额外树木的有利位置，这些树木具有不同的树冠形状（圆柱形、球形和锥形），以改善 OTC 条件。在所提出的方法中，我们使用了基于自然选择的进化算法，因为这种算法对于解决具有大量组合的问题非常有效。该方法考虑了建筑环境的几何形状、附加树木的几何形状、位置和数量、天气数据和 UTCI 模拟。结果表明，根据城市的几何形状和形态，不同的树冠形状会导致不同的 UTCI 下降。圆柱形和球形树冠在减少热应力方面最为有效。在单个人体模型位置上，额外树木的位置可将 UTCI 值降低 6.11 °C，这表明在炎热的夏季，确定树木位置的过程对于减轻热量和改善 OTC 条件至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

GPT-based data-driven urban building energy modeling (GPT-UBEM): Concept, methodology, and case studies 基于 GPT 的数据驱动型城市建筑能源建模（GPT-UBEM）：概念、方法和案例研究

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115042

Sebin Choi , Sungmin Yoon

Achieving carbon neutrality is a critical global goal, with urban building energy modeling (UBEM) playing a pivotal role by providing data-driven insights to optimize energy consumption and reduce emissions. This paper introduces GPT-based urban building energy modeling (GPT-UBEM), a novel approach utilizing GPT’s advanced capabilities to address key UBEM challenges using GPT-4o. The study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of GPT-UBEM in performing UBEM tasks and to explore its potential in overcoming traditional limitations. Specifically, (1) basic analytics of urban data, (2) data analysis and energy prediction, (3) building feature engineering and optimization, and (4) energy signature analysis were conducted in four case studies. These analyses were applied to 2,000 buildings in Seoul and 31 buildings in Gangwon-do, South Korea. Through case study, the findings highlighted the ability of GPT-UBEM to integrate diverse data sources, optimize building features for high accuracy in prediction models, and provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers through the use of expert domain knowledge and intervention. Additionally, based on the results derived from GPT-UBEM in this study, the current limitations of GPT-UBEM (L1 to L3) and future research directions (F1 to F4) have been outlined.

实现碳中和是一个关键的全球目标，而城市建筑能源建模（UBEM）通过提供数据驱动的洞察力，在优化能源消耗和减少排放方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。本文介绍了基于 GPT 的城市建筑能源建模（GPT-UBEM），这是一种利用 GPT 先进功能的新方法，通过 GPT-4o 解决 UBEM 面临的关键挑战。该研究旨在证明 GPT-UBEM 在执行 UBEM 任务方面的有效性，并探索其在克服传统限制方面的潜力。具体而言，在四个案例研究中进行了（1）城市数据基本分析；（2）数据分析和能源预测；（3）建筑特征工程和优化；以及（4）能源特征分析。这些分析应用于韩国首尔的 2000 栋建筑和江原道的 31 栋建筑。通过案例研究，研究结果凸显了 GPT-UBEM 整合各种数据源、优化建筑特征以提高预测模型准确性的能力，以及通过使用专家领域知识和干预为城市规划者和决策者提供有价值见解的能力。此外，基于本研究中 GPT-UBEM 得出的结果，概述了 GPT-UBEM 当前的局限性（L1 至 L3）和未来的研究方向（F1 至 F4）。

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引用次数: 0

Metadata schema for virtual building models in digital twins: VB schema implemented in GPT-based applications 数字孪生中虚拟建筑模型的元数据模式：在基于 GPT 的应用程序中实施 VB 模式

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115039

Jeyoon Lee , Sungmin Yoon

A virtual building model (VBM) is a virtual entity that represents the physical behavior of a target building mathematically within a digital twin environment. The creation and synchronization of a VBM are achieved by utilizing various interrelated virtual sub-models, including behavior, correction, and distance models. To achieve continuous digital twinning, it is essential to manage the VBM with virtual sub-models. However, existing metadata schemas have limitations in describing VBMs representing operational building behaviors within the concept of building digital twins (DTs). Therefore, this study proposes a novel metadata schema, termed the virtual building model metadata schema (VB schema), to represent and manage VBMs in DT-built environments. The VB schema is established according to the mathematical and semantic ontology of the in-situ modeling and calibration approach for constructing and correcting virtual models during building operations, and it is linked to physical entities, data, and applications within DTs. Specifically, it involves: (1) determining classes for operational data and virtual models; (2) establishing relationships for interactions between model and data entities, between model classes, between model and physical entities, and between model and applications; (3) defining properties for each class of models; and (4) extending into the exiting metadata schema of Brick. To demonstrate the proposed VB schema, a virtual model describing supply pressure behaviors in a central heating system was developed and represented using the VB schema for DT-enabled building operations. Additionally, the VB schema was utilized for implementing generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based DT applications, which highlights its benefits in enhancing ontology comprehension of DTs in the context of VBMs, improving autonomous problem-solving capabilities in real building systems, and providing better interpretation of application results compared to cases where only the Brick schema was used. The VB schema is expected to enable continuous and autonomous in-situ management of VBMs for intelligent building services within the DT.

虚拟建筑模型（VBM）是一种虚拟实体，在数字孪生环境中以数学方式表示目标建筑的物理行为。虚拟建筑模型的创建和同步是通过利用各种相互关联的虚拟子模型（包括行为模型、校正模型和距离模型）来实现的。要实现连续的数字孪生，就必须用虚拟子模型来管理 VBM。然而，现有的元数据模式在描述数字孪生（DT）概念中代表建筑运行行为的 VBM 时存在局限性。因此，本研究提出了一种新颖的元数据模式，称为虚拟建筑模型元数据模式（VB 模式），用于表示和管理数字孪生建筑环境中的 VBM。VB 模式是根据原位建模和校准方法的数学和语义本体建立的，用于在建筑运行期间构建和校正虚拟模型，并与 DT 内的物理实体、数据和应用相连接。具体来说，它包括：(1) 确定运行数据和虚拟模型的类别；(2) 建立模型与数据实体之间、模型类别之间、模型与物理实体之间以及模型与应用之间的交互关系；(3) 为每类模型定义属性；以及 (4) 扩展到 Brick 的现有元数据模式。为了演示所提出的 VB 模式，我们开发了一个描述中央供暖系统中供暖压力行为的虚拟模型，并使用 VB 模式来表示支持 DT 的楼宇操作。此外，VB 模式还被用于实施基于生成式预训练变压器（GPT）的 DT 应用程序，与仅使用 Brick 模式的情况相比，VB 模式在增强 VBM 背景下 DT 的本体理解、提高实际楼宇系统中自主解决问题的能力以及提供更好的应用结果解释方面具有突出优势。VB 模式有望在 DT 内为智能楼宇服务对 VBM 进行持续和自主的现场管理。

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