Energy and Buildings最新文献_第10页

Multi-scale retrofit pathways for improving building performance and energy equity across cities: A UBEM framework 改善城市建筑性能和能源公平的多规模改造途径：UBEM 框架

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114931

Lauren E. Excell , Alex Nutkiewicz , Rishee K. Jain

Institutional inequality has created an environment in which our physical surroundings reflect racial and economic biases – causing inequitable thermal comfort and energy consumption across neighborhoods. Just as energy and thermal comfort challenges are unique to each climate and built environment, the solutions to address these issues should be optimized for their context. We introduce a novel integrated data-driven and building energy simulation method that incorporates urban context, satellite imagery, and socioeconomic data to analyze multi-scale retrofit scenarios across disparate communities. We apply this method to case studies in New York City and Los Angeles to analyze energy and thermal comfort inequities across distinct climate zones and urban morphologies. Through parametric analysis, we demonstrate the efficacy of multi-scale retrofits at improving building performance and reducing existing thermal inequities. Our research shows that retrofit effectiveness is influenced by the microclimatic changes induced by the urban context and existing infrastructural inequity. For example, instantaneous building cooling energy demand in a disadvantaged community of Los Angeles is reduced more due to window retrofits (around 30 kWh) than by a greenspace retrofit (around 3 kWh). Greenspace installation dissipates more heat overnight and in the early morning, whereas window retrofits reduce solar heat gain during the day, showing the different heat reduction pathways that retrofits can achieve. Although the window retrofits lead to an order of magnitude higher utility cost savings ($70 savings from windows vs $9 for greenspace and $12 for reduced cars), the district-scale retrofits show promising pathways for reducing the cost burden across all residents. We also analyze pathways for achieving city-specific

C O_{2}

reduction targets and find that building-level retrofits are most effective at meeting building performance standards (reducing

C O_{2}

by 40%), whereas district-level retrofits should be used to achieve city-scale climate goals because of the sequestered and abated emissions offered by these pathways. This generalizable modeling framework empowers policymakers, urban planners, and building owners around the world to analyze pathways for meeting their climate action plan goals by reducing extreme heat, reducing greenhouse emissions, and reducing energy cost burden while improving environmental justice in their cities.

制度上的不平等造成了一种环境，在这种环境中，我们的物质环境反映了种族和经济偏见，导致不同社区的热舒适度和能源消耗不平等。正如能源和热舒适方面的挑战对每种气候和建筑环境都是独特的一样，解决这些问题的方案也应根据具体情况进行优化。我们介绍了一种新颖的数据驱动和建筑能源模拟综合方法，该方法结合了城市环境、卫星图像和社会经济数据，可分析不同社区的多规模改造方案。我们将该方法应用于纽约市和洛杉矶的案例研究，分析不同气候带和城市形态下的能源和热舒适度不平等问题。通过参数分析，我们证明了多尺度改造在提高建筑性能和减少现有热不平等方面的功效。我们的研究表明，改造效果受到城市环境和现有基础设施不平等所引起的微气候变化的影响。例如，在洛杉矶的一个贫困社区，窗户改造（约 30 千瓦时）比绿地改造（约 3 千瓦时）减少的建筑瞬时制冷能源需求更多。绿地在夜间和清晨散热更多，而窗户改造则减少了白天的太阳辐射热量，这表明改造可以实现不同的热量减少途径。虽然窗户改造节省的公用事业成本要高出一个数量级（窗户改造节省 70 美元，绿地改造节省 9 美元，减少汽车改造节省 12 美元），但地区规模的改造显示出降低所有居民成本负担的可行途径。我们还分析了实现城市特定二氧化碳减排目标的途径，发现建筑级改造在达到建筑性能标准（减少 40% 的二氧化碳）方面最为有效，而地区级改造则可用于实现城市规模的气候目标，因为这些途径可封存和减少排放。这一可推广的建模框架使世界各地的政策制定者、城市规划者和建筑业主有能力分析实现气候行动计划目标的途径，即减少极端高温、减少温室气体排放、减少能源成本负担，同时改善城市的环境正义。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a Kirigami-inspired double-skin adaptive façade for natural ventilation and solar harvesting to enhance indoor environment and energy performance 评估桐神启发的双层自适应外墙，利用自然通风和太阳能收集改善室内环境和能源性能

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114927

Rodrigo Arauz , Evgeni Filipov , Alessandro Fascetti , Dale T. Clifford , John C. Brigham

A novel kirigami-inspired design concept for an environmentally responsive adaptive façade is presented and evaluated for the objectives of solar energy harvesting and adaptive ventilation through controllable surface orientation and opening. The concept is a double-skin façade where the outer skin includes a straight cut kirigami-inspired adaptive component. Controllable actuation of the kirigami-inspired section opens the outer skin for ventilation while also changing the orientation of the outer surface for solar tracking. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the potential benefits for this concept integrated within a building façade for solar energy harvesting, air changes, and indoor temperature control. As such, a computational study is used to estimate the proposed facade concept's performance within various generalized building-environment scenarios. The methodology is detailed to computationally estimate the potential environmental performance of this concept with respect to solar harvesting with adhered solar panels, as well as air changes and HVAC cost for associated interior spaces. The example scenarios include various building components, from a single room to multiple building stories, and two geographic locations with significantly different environmental conditions, and both daily and yearly performance estimates are shown. The component is most effective when the outdoor temperature is near to the desired indoor temperature and wind speeds are mild, but can still reduce HVAC usage for more disparate temperatures. For example, in the scenarios shown the component can eliminate HVAC use for a

5 °

C difference between outdoor and indoor temperature and reduces HVAC usage for temperature differences up to

15 °

C. Moreover, the component has the potential to significantly increase net energy generation, with yearly performance estimated for the scenarios to be as much as 25% greater than that of a flat closed façade. However, the component cut parameters can have a significant impact on environmental performance, and thus require careful design consideration.

本文介绍了一种新颖的桐木启发式自适应外墙设计概念，并对其进行了评估，目的是通过可控的表面朝向和开口实现太阳能收集和自适应通风。该概念是一种双层外墙，其中外层包括一个直切叽里呱啦启发式自适应组件。叽里咕噜启发部分的可控驱动可打开外表皮进行通风，同时还可改变外表面的朝向以实现太阳跟踪。本研究的主要目的是评估将这一概念集成到建筑外墙中，在太阳能收集、空气变化和室内温度控制方面的潜在优势。因此，本研究使用计算研究来估算拟议的外墙概念在各种通用建筑环境场景中的性能。该方法详细介绍了如何通过计算估算该概念在利用附着太阳能电池板收集太阳能方面的潜在环境性能，以及相关室内空间的空气变化和暖通空调成本。示例场景包括各种建筑组件，从单个房间到多层建筑，以及两个环境条件明显不同的地理位置，并显示了每日和每年的性能估算。当室外温度接近理想的室内温度且风速较小时，该组件最为有效，但在温度差异较大的情况下，仍可减少暖通空调的使用。例如，在所示场景中，当室外温度与室内温度相差 5°C 时，该组件可以消除暖通空调的使用，而当温差达到 15°C 时，则可以减少暖通空调的使用。此外，该组件还有可能显著提高净发电量，据估计，该组件的年度性能比平面封闭外墙高出 25%。然而，组件的切割参数会对环境性能产生重大影响，因此在设计时需要仔细考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal performance of thermochromic smart windows in different indoor environments 热致变色智能窗在不同室内环境中的热性能

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114941

Wenxin Li , Tao Tao , Jiakui Xu , Zhenqian Chen

Thermochromic (TC) smart windows can passively respond to the exterior and interior temperature, which further adjust their indoor thermal environments due to the varied photo-thermal parameters. This study investigated the thermal performances of practical TC windows in a room with/without air-conditioning or with stratified temperature distribution through a validated 3D CFD model. The application of TC windows could decrease the window, indoor ambient and floor temperatures, and also improve their temperature uniformity. The upper interior window could be 3.13 °C higher than the bottom in a room without air-conditioning, which could be reduced to 2.48 °C if the TC window was utilized. The uniformity improvement could be more significant for indoor environments with apparent air temperature differences, especially for the air-conditioning case. It is suggested that the indoor air temperature and its uniformity may affect the temperature and uniformity of the TC window surface in turn, specifically its phase transition time.

热致变色（TC）智能窗可以被动地响应室外和室内温度，并根据不同的光热参数进一步调节室内热环境。本研究通过一个经过验证的三维 CFD 模型，研究了实用 TC 窗在有/无空调或温度分层分布房间中的热性能。TC 窗的应用可降低窗户、室内环境和地板的温度，并改善其温度均匀性。在没有空调的房间中，室内窗户上部的温度可能比底部高出 3.13 °C，而如果使用温度调节窗，则可降低至 2.48 °C。对于有明显空气温差的室内环境，尤其是有空调的情况，均匀性的改善可能会更明显。这表明，室内空气温度及其均匀性可能会反过来影响 TC 窗表面的温度和均匀性，特别是其相变时间。

引用次数: 0

Optimization study on circadian tunability and Rec. 2020 of RGB-LED-based displays considering the users with different ages 考虑到不同年龄段的用户，对基于 RGB-LED 显示器的昼夜节律可调性和 Rec.

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114938

Qinzhen Lin , Ruoping Lian , Haoyang Liu , Wenhui Li , Junying Li , Yating Feng , Yi Lin , Suyao Liu , Weijie Liu , Kaiyu Yang , Yinxiao Yang , Yaling Chai , Zhong Chen , Ziquan Guo

The reasonable design of spectral power distribution (SPD) of GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) display becomes more and more important and popular. In this work, we perform an investigation on the circadian effects of three-primary (red R, green G, and blue B, also denoted as RGB) LED based self-luminous displays (such as emerging mini-LED or micro-LED based displays) considering the users with different ages. With the increment of peoples’ ages from 1 year to 100 years, the optical transmittance of humans’ eyes may decrease due to the aging of their body functions. Therefore, it is important and meaningful for performing a spectral optimization study on the circadian effects of light that is emitting from self-luminous LED-based displays for the users with different ages. Here, the melanopic efficacy of luminous radiation (MELR) is mainly used to evaluate the circadian effects of white light coming from RGB-LED displays. With the aid of multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm (MOGA), the maximum MELR and the minimum MELR value are separately obtained for the standard observers at the age of 32, while maintaining at a certain high color gamut of Rec. 2020 standard (i.e., 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, and 90 % Rec. 2020, respectively) for these LED-based displays. Then, an extrapolation of optimal SPD at the age of 32 is done to other ages. Another parameter that can be denoted as circadian stimulus (CS) is also calculated and discussed for different ages. It is believable that this work is helpful for guiding the design and fabrication of future RGB-LED-based displays in consideration of the users with different ages, meeting large requirements of human-centric lighting (HCL) in the future.

合理设计氮化镓基发光二极管（LED）显示屏的光谱功率分布（SPD）越来越重要，也越来越流行。在这项工作中，我们考虑到不同年龄段的用户，对基于三基色（红色 R、绿色 G 和蓝色 B，也称为 RGB）LED 的自发光显示器（如新兴的基于 mini-LED 或 micro-LED 的显示器）的昼夜节律效应进行了研究。随着人们的年龄从 1 岁增加到 100 岁，人眼的透光率可能会因身体机能的老化而降低。因此，针对不同年龄段的用户，对自发光 LED 显示器发出的光的昼夜节律效应进行光谱优化研究是非常重要和有意义的。在这里，发光辐射的黑色素效应（MELR）主要用于评估来自 RGB-LED 显示器的白光的昼夜节律效应。在多目标优化遗传算法（MOGA）的帮助下，分别为 32 岁的标准观察者获得了最大 MELR 值和最小 MELR 值，同时这些基于 LED 的显示器保持了 Rec.然后，将 32 岁时的最佳 SPD 推断到其他年龄段。此外，还计算并讨论了不同年龄段的昼夜节律刺激（CS）参数。可以相信，这项工作有助于指导未来基于 RGB-LED 的显示器的设计和制造，同时考虑到不同年龄段的用户，满足未来以人为本的照明（HCL）的大量要求。

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引用次数: 0

The role of the electricity grid in operation-induced greenhouse gas emissions by a residential building: A multi-year retrospective simulation study 电网在住宅楼运行引起的温室气体排放中的作用：多年回顾性模拟研究

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114870

A.L. Rouws, R.C.G.M. Loonen, J.L.M. Hensen

In view of the growing shares of renewables in the electricity grid in combination with the electrification of hvac (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) systems in residential buildings, the grid intensity (in terms of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electric energy) becomes increasingly sensitive to weather conditions, and synchronicity between weather and the grid becomes a more critical aspect in building performance assessment. Using building performance simulation techniques to seek robust building designs requires awareness about the uncertainties in circumstantial factors that affect performance. This 2016 – 2022 retrospective study highlights the effects of using low or high temporal resolution grid emissions intensity data on projected operation-induced carbon dioxide emissions for a terraced dwelling in the Netherlands. Building fabric quality, the occupant profile, and systems configurations (i.e., hvac and photovoltaics) are varied to investigate the effects of the applied grid model resolution. This study shows that ignoring high-resolution grid intensity data is getting increasingly problematic; applying low resolution (annual) instead of high-resolution (15-minute) grid intensity data leads to an increasingly unjustified optimistic assessment both for net and gross emissions (either or not allowing for carbon displacement by feeding locally generated electricity into the grid).

鉴于可再生能源在电网中的比重不断增加，加上住宅建筑中暖通空调系统的电气化，电网强度（单位电能的二氧化碳排放量）对天气条件越来越敏感，天气与电网之间的同步性在建筑性能评估中变得更加重要。使用建筑性能模拟技术寻求稳健的建筑设计，需要认识到影响性能的环境因素的不确定性。这项 2016 - 2022 年回顾性研究强调了使用低或高时间分辨率网格排放强度数据对荷兰一栋梯田式住宅的运行引起的二氧化碳排放预测的影响。通过改变建筑结构质量、居住者特征和系统配置（如暖通空调和光伏）来研究应用网格模型分辨率的影响。这项研究表明，忽略高分辨率电网强度数据的问题越来越严重；采用低分辨率（年度）而非高分辨率（15 分钟）电网强度数据，会导致对净排放量和总排放量的评估越来越不合理和乐观（或者不考虑通过将本地产生的电力输入电网而产生的碳排放）。

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引用次数: 0

Innovative server simulator for data centers and critical indices of performance evaluation 用于数据中心的创新型服务器模拟器和性能评估的关键指标

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114937

Nan Li , Yigang Li , Xiaoming Gong , Wen-Quan Tao

Server simulators, also known as dummy loads, are used to simulate real IT equipment for performance examining of data centers. Without these tests, potential failures could result in significant losses. Due to oversimplified designs and lack of evaluation methods, commercial dummy loads often fail to reflect accurately the true conditions of the real servers in data centers. In this study, a novel dummy-chip server simulator (DCSS) is developed, which can well reproduce the working mechanism of real servers. In this paper, three indices are proposed for the first time to evaluate the performance from different perspectives, i.e. Coefficient of Heat Removal (CHR) for heat removal capability, Coefficient of Temperature Deviation (α) for temperature rating, and Power Usage per Computing (PUC) for energy and computation efficiency. Experimental tests are conducted in this study, and results show that the good performance of the DCSS approaching the real server, and the values of CHR, α, and PUC indicate significant improvements compared to the commercial dummy load. The findings of this study present straightforward guidance for IT server simulator design, and demonstrate the advancement of DCSS and proposed index for data center performance evaluation.

服务器模拟器也称为假负载，用于模拟真实的 IT 设备，以对数据中心进行性能检测。如果没有这些测试，潜在的故障可能会导致重大损失。由于设计过于简化和缺乏评估方法，商用假负载往往不能准确反映数据中心真实服务器的真实情况。本研究开发了一种新型假芯片服务器模拟器（DCSS），它能很好地再现真实服务器的工作机制。本文首次提出了从不同角度评估性能的三个指标，即表示散热能力的散热系数（CHR）、表示温度等级的温度偏差系数（α）以及表示能源和计算效率的每次计算耗电量（PUC）。本研究进行了实验测试，结果表明 DCSS 具有接近真实服务器的良好性能，而且 CHR、α 和 PUC 的值与商用虚拟负载相比有显著改善。本研究的结果为 IT 服务器模拟器的设计提供了直接指导，并证明了 DCSS 和所建议的数据中心性能评估指标的先进性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the carbon emission reduction in construction and demolition waste management in China 评估中国建筑和拆除垃圾管理的碳减排情况

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114932

Yanqing Yi , Jingkuang Liu , Maria Cristina Lavagnolo , Alessandro Manzardo

Construction and demolition waste reduction (C&DWR) is an important measure to protect the environment and promote sustainable development in the construction sector. The present policy in China remains a lack of emphasis on carbon tax and penalty for reducing construction waste. This paper proposes a construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management model to identify the waste reduction effects of various policies in China. It simulates the effects of single policies and combined policies on waste reduction and carbon emission by using the approach of integrating system dynamics and grey model theory. The results reveal that: (1) Penalties can effectively reduce the amount of illegal dump waste and carbon emissions from illegal dump waste, with an appropriate penalty value (in Chinese CNY) suggested as

\in (160, 320)

. (2) Subsidies can vastly increase the amount of waste recycled and a carbon tax can reduce carbon emissions; the recommended values are suggested as subsidies

\in (30, 45)

and carbon tax

\in (40, 70)

. (3) Compared to other policies, the combined policy of penalty–waste disposal charging fee–subsidy–carbon tax (160, 60, 45, 70) achieves the greatest environmental benefits in terms of reducing waste and carbon emission. (4) Governments should improve waste minimization incentive policies and gradually introduce trials for a carbon tax policy, encourage the use of digital governance combined with blockchain technology to regulate C&DW. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to develop effective waste reduction strategies and promote sustainability through the implementation of C&DWR theories.

减少建筑和拆除垃圾（C&DWR）是保护环境和促进建筑行业可持续发展的重要措施。中国目前的政策仍然缺乏对减少建筑垃圾的碳税和碳罚的重视。本文提出了一个建筑和拆除垃圾（C&DW）管理模型，以确定中国各种政策的减废效果。该模型采用系统动力学和灰色模型理论相结合的方法，模拟了单一政策和组合政策对垃圾减量和碳排放的影响。结果表明(1）处罚能有效减少非法倾倒垃圾量和非法倾倒垃圾的碳排放量，建议处罚值（人民币）∈160,320。 2）补贴能大幅增加垃圾回收量，碳税能减少碳排放量，建议补贴值∈30,45，碳税∈40,70。(3）与其他政策相比，"惩罚--垃圾处理费--补贴--碳税 "组合政策（160、60、45、70）在减少垃圾和碳排放方面的环境效益最大。(4）政府应完善垃圾减量激励政策，并逐步试行碳税政策，鼓励利用数字治理结合区块链技术对 C&DW 进行监管。这些研究结果为政策制定者提供了有价值的启示，有助于制定有效的废物减量战略，并通过实施 C&DWR 理论促进可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing dynamics of urban solar PV power generation using grid divisional method 利用电网划分法评估城市太阳能光伏发电动态

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114935

Akshay Kaleshwarwar, Sarika Bahadure

The assessment of solar energy potential and urban density has become a crucial prerequisite for urban sustainable development. However, two significant challenges persist: the high computational cost associated with assessments across large urban areas and the lack of detailed rooftop information for each building. This study aims to integrate solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in urban environments of varying built density in an Indian city and assesses the solar energy potential (SEP) using grid divisional method and simulations. The methodology involved extracting, filtering and developing a 2.5 D model with GIS using the open buildings dataset, followed by simulations of grid-connected PV systems using PV-Sol. The results demonstrated the dynamics in correlation of SEP and grid morphology indicators, with built density and roof area showing a strong positive relation. The financial analysis resulted in average payback period of 8–10 years. The study also highlighted significant CO₂ emission reductions, with thermal power plants generating 26,982 tons/kWh compared to just 1,513 tons/kWh for solar power. The findings demonstrate the financial viability and environmental benefits of PV adoption in urban areas, offering crucial insights for sustainable energy planning and policy development.

太阳能潜力和城市密度评估已成为城市可持续发展的重要前提。然而，两个重大挑战依然存在：对大面积城市区域进行评估的计算成本过高，以及缺乏每栋建筑的详细屋顶信息。本研究旨在将太阳能光伏（PV）系统集成到印度某城市不同建筑密度的城市环境中，并采用网格划分法和模拟法评估太阳能潜力（SEP）。研究方法包括利用开放式建筑数据集提取、过滤和开发 2.5 D 地理信息系统模型，然后利用 PV-Sol 对并网光伏系统进行模拟。结果显示了 SEP 与电网形态指标的动态相关性，建筑密度和屋顶面积显示出很强的正相关性。财务分析得出的平均投资回收期为 8-10 年。研究还强调了二氧化碳排放量的显著减少，火力发电厂的发电量为 26,982 吨/千瓦时，而太阳能发电的发电量仅为 1,513 吨/千瓦时。研究结果证明了在城市地区采用光伏发电的经济可行性和环境效益，为可持续能源规划和政策制定提供了重要启示。

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引用次数: 0

From urban heat islands to intra-urban heat islands: Role of urban fabric in redefining microclimates of tomorrow’s compact cities 从城市热岛到城市内部热岛：城市结构在重新定义未来紧凑型城市微气候中的作用

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114900

V.M. Jayasooriya, M.D. Adams

A compact city is a urban area characterized by high density, mixed land use, and limited sprawl, designed to promote sustainable development, reduce urban sprawl, and enhance quality of life. This investigation focuses on the Intra Urban Heat Island (IUHI) effect, an intensified progression of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, specifically within a compact city transitioning from urban sprawl. The study employed advanced spatial analytics, which employed the concept of “space-time cube”, incorporating Getis Ord Gi*, and per pixel, Mann Kendall tests for the space–time pattern mining on a time series of high-resolution Remote Sensing data spanning from 1999 to 2023. The findings reveal distinctive spatial and temporal patterns in IUHI, identifying a total of 693,900 m² of intensifying hot-spot areas in the selected compact city characterized by industrial, warehousing, and commercial developments. The detailed examination of urban fabric at a finer resolution (7.5 cm × 7.5 cm) identified rooftops with specific spectral characteristics (red/copper hue) as significant contributors to the IUHI phenomenon, inducing surface temperature increases above 5 °C compared to neighboring cells. Furthermore, high-rise developments emerge as land use forms that create cold spots in the urban fabric, improving the city’s thermal environment. The implications underscore the necessity for future urban planning to consider IUHI as a concentrated development of the UHI effect, urging a holistic understanding of the complex interconnections among various factors influencing microclimates in urban environments.

紧凑型城市是以高密度、混合土地利用和有限扩张为特征的城市区域，旨在促进可持续发展、减少城市扩张和提高生活质量。这项调查的重点是城市内部热岛效应（IUHI），即城市热岛（UHI）现象的强化发展，特别是在从城市无计划扩张过渡的紧凑型城市中。研究采用了先进的空间分析方法，其中运用了 "时空立方体 "的概念，结合 Getis Ord Gi* 和每个像素的 Mann Kendall 检验，对 1999 年至 2023 年的高分辨率遥感数据时间序列进行时空模式挖掘。研究结果揭示了 IUHI 的独特时空模式，在所选的紧凑型城市中确定了总面积为 693,900 平方米的强化热点区域，其特点是工业、仓储和商业开发。以更精细的分辨率（7.5 厘米×7.5 厘米）对城市结构进行的详细研究发现，具有特定光谱特征（红色/铜色）的屋顶是造成 IUHI 现象的重要因素，与邻近小区相比，屋顶会导致地表温度升高 5 ℃ 以上。此外，高层建筑作为一种土地利用形式，在城市结构中形成了冷点，改善了城市的热环境。这些影响突出表明，未来的城市规划必须将 IUHI 视为 UHI 效应的集中发展，并敦促人们全面了解影响城市环境微气候的各种因素之间复杂的相互联系。

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引用次数: 0

A convolutional neural network to control sound level for air conditioning units in four different classroom conditions 在四种不同教室条件下控制空调机声级的卷积神经网络

IF 6.6 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Energy and Buildings

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114913

Kiranraj Muthuraj , Cherif Othmani , Ralph Krause , Thomas Oppelt , Sebastian Merchel , M. Ercan Altinsoy

Air conditioning units (ACUs) are widely used in educational areas like classrooms in order to ensure the occupant’s well-being and to control CO₂ concentration (by ventilating using fresh outdoor air). However, the noise level of these ACUs can disrupt the learning environment. Consequently, we propose an approach based on machine learning that is able to distinguish between the different acoustic situations in a classroom, and to dynamically adjust the air volume flow accordingly. To this end, the present algorithm was trained with sound recordings in four different scenarios in a classroom. Both Mel spectrogram and Cochleagram are considered and applied for the task of training the convolutional neural networks (CNN) model, thus enhancing published works in the literature, which only considered the Mel spectrogram. Results show how the Cochleagram is pre-eminent to handle the CNN model training over the Mel spectrogram. Accordingly, we use the Cochleagram for the CNN model training, which is subsequently used for detecting the current situation in the room and adapting the ACU operation to this situation. The results show that running ACUs in high mode provides a learning environment with low CO₂ concentration and high noise. Instead, controlling ACU based scenario predictions made by the CNN model provides a good learning environment with adequate CO₂ concentration and acceptable noise level. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of using sound classification as a trigger for ventilation control, with the CNN model achieving a good accuracy rate in sound recognition. This underscores the potential of integrating advanced machine learning techniques into building management systems to foster environments that adapt to the needs of their inhabitants automatically. The results of the present work are useful for improving the comfort of the occupants through dynamic ACUs adjustments based on acoustical situations.

空调设备（ACU）被广泛应用于教室等教育场所，以确保居住者的健康并控制二氧化碳浓度（通过使用室外新鲜空气通风）。然而，这些空调设备的噪音水平会破坏学习环境。因此，我们提出了一种基于机器学习的方法，该方法能够区分教室中的不同声学情况，并相应地动态调整风量。为此，我们利用教室中四种不同场景的录音对本算法进行了训练。在训练卷积神经网络（CNN）模型时，考虑并应用了梅尔频谱图和Cochleagram，从而改进了文献中仅考虑梅尔频谱图的已发表作品。结果表明，在处理 CNN 模型训练时，Cochleagram 比 Mel 图谱更胜一筹。因此，我们使用 Cochleagram 进行 CNN 模型训练，然后利用 CNN 模型检测房间内的当前情况，并根据这种情况调整 ACU 的运行。结果表明，在高模式下运行空调机组可提供低二氧化碳浓度和高噪音的学习环境。相反，根据 CNN 模型做出的情景预测来控制空调设备，则能提供一个二氧化碳浓度充足、噪音水平可接受的良好学习环境。我们的研究结果表明，使用声音分类作为通风控制的触发器非常有效，CNN 模型在声音识别方面达到了很高的准确率。这凸显了将先进的机器学习技术集成到楼宇管理系统中的潜力，以营造能自动适应居民需求的环境。本研究的成果有助于根据声学情况动态调节空调机组，从而提高居住者的舒适度。

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