Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"An empirical comparison of a calibrated white-box versus multiple LSTM black-box building energy models","authors":"José Eduardo Pachano ,&nbsp;Cristina Nuevo-Gallardo ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández Bandera","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building energy simulation plays a critical role in establishing the impact of new energy conservation measures (ECMs) in buildings, in recent years it has become a go-to tool when developing sustainable energy saving solutions in modern architecture. The present study explores the energy performance gap in building energy models (BEMs), specifically a series of black-box Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) BEMs and a traditional white-box or physical model, by comparing their simulated energy consumption results against real data measured in-situ. It evaluates different LSTM case studies that integrate climate, building operation, and explore different configurations of the data provided by Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) subsystems as input variables. The black-box LSTM models are trained on time series data collected from the building, and their performance is compared against a calibrated white-box model. The study emphasizes the importance of data quality and quantity when training black-box models. It highlights the physical white-box model's stability and reliability in predicting energy consumption, noting that these qualities come at the cost of significantly longer development and computer processing times than its black-box counterparts. To this aim, two validation periods are evaluated: the first considers winter conditions between January and March 2020, and the second includes spring conditions in April 2019. Among the case studies, only one configuration surpassed the white-box model's performance, requiring twice as much data at a finer resolution. This model reached an NMBE of -4.140%, CV(RMSE) of 12.570%, and R² of 84.398% for the winter checking period, and an NMBE of -1.797%, CV(RMSE) of 10.799% with an R² of 96.268% for spring checking period; both meeting international standards of IPMVP. The findings also suggest that LSTM BEM hyper-parameter calibration could improve the models adaptability and robustness, ensuring that simulations remain reliable across different operating conditions of the building's life-cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115485"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing material and energy consumption in single-story buildings through 3D-printed wall designs","authors":"Hamid Bayat,&nbsp;Alireza Kashani","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reveals significant material savings and enhanced energy efficiency in 3D-printed walls for single-story buildings. As the construction industry increasingly turns to 3D printing for its potential to reduce material use and improve sustainability, understanding the energy performance of these structures is crucial. This research investigates the thermal behavior of various double-skin wall configurations, including air cavities, concrete infill, and composite layers, and compares them to conventional masonry walls. The study’s findings are significant, revealing that double-skin wall designs with strategically incorporated air cavities can enhance thermal insulation more effectively than the use of lightweight, low-conductivity printing mortars alone. Specifically, the innovative wall configuration demonstrated up to a 12% reduction in heating energy consumption compared to traditional masonry walls. Using double-skin walls in 3D printing also reduced material consumption by 55% compared to infilled concrete walls. Additionally, this research demonstrated that 3D-printed buildings are more effective at reducing heating energy consumption than cooling energy consumption. By emphasizing the critical role of wall geometry in reducing material and energy consumption, this study offers valuable insights for architects, engineers, and builders seeking to leverage 3D printing technology for the next generation of sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115497"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DPP-GAN: A decentralized and privacy-preserving GAN system for collaborative smart meter data generation","authors":"Jianbin Li ,&nbsp;Xi Xi ,&nbsp;Shike Li ,&nbsp;Sixing Wu ,&nbsp;Ting Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy demand management, especially energy consumption analysis, is crucial for rational energy allocation and monitoring consumption behaviors. Data privacy and regulatory issues limit the sharing of smart meter data among power companies, challenging the acquisition of sufficient training data. Generating synthetic data through generative adversarial networks (GANs) offers an effective alternative to sharing and using real data. However, the limited quantity and diversity of data samples hinder power companies from independently training well-performing GAN models. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes DPP-GAN, a distributed and privacy-preserving GAN system for collaborative smart meter data generation. Specifically, DPP-GAN aggregates dispersed resources through federated learning (FL) to enrich the global GAN model, generating usable data without actual data transmission. Meanwhile, considering the security risks FL faces, such as single point of failure and poisoning attacks, blockchain is employed to store and share local training models in a decentralized manner. It also performs validity verification and aggregation operations through the consensus algorithm to ensure secure joint learning. In addition, a new adaptive weighted model aggregation method and an incentive mechanism are presented to aggregate and reward with reference to local model contributions, enhancing the performance of the global generative model. Simulation results on real-world datasets demonstrate that DPP-GAN maintains high model generation performance while ensuring data privacy and overall security. The generated smart meter data effectively captures the temporal and periodic characteristics of real data, providing essential data support for research and applications in efficient energy management of smart grids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115489"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model-based continuous commissioning method for an efficient integration of ground source heat pumps in the building ecosystem","authors":"Giulio Tonellato ,&nbsp;Michaël Kummert ,&nbsp;José Candanedo ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Beaudry ,&nbsp;Philippe Pasquier","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a model-based continuous commissioning (MBCCx) methodology specifically designed for the identification of control-related performance gaps within heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems equipped with ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs). While conventional continuous commissioning (CCx) is effective in detecting energy performance gaps, MBCCx goes further by using a system model as a reference to pinpoint operational inefficiencies and control faults arising from subsystem integration. The core of the proposed methodology lies in a calibrated physics-based model that represents the system performance as intended during the design phase. A key advantage is its applicability early in a building’s operational phase, when data is limited, unlike data-driven methods that rely on extensive historical datasets. This enables the identification of energy-saving opportunities before the system reaches a stable operational state. To address the limitations of prior studies that often focus solely on individual GSHP component performance, this work pioneers the application of MBCCx to whole buildings equipped with GSHPs. The proposed approach employs a detailed 3D building model and component-level HVAC modeling to predict parameters such as room temperatures, heat pump power, and ground heat exchanger temperatures under normal conditions. Significant deviations between monitored values and model predictions serve as indicators of underperforming components or control sequence anomalies. The anomaly detection accuracy is then improved by merging HVAC system and GSHP performance indicators. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study of a recently retrofitted elementary school in Québec, Canada, equipped with five standing column wells as ground heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115492"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and study of n-Tridecane@Silica low-temperature Nano-Encapsulated phase change microcapsules","authors":"Sikai Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Sheng ,&nbsp;Haikun Zheng ,&nbsp;Shishun Pan ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Maierzukejiang Bayizi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change cold storage technology and using nanoparticles to create superhydrophobic surfaces for frost suppression contribute to energy savings in cold chain transportation processes. A series of low-temperature nano-encapsulated phase change microcapsules with different core–shell ratios were prepared using in-situ polymerization method. The shell of the nano-capsules was silica derived from the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), while the core material was n-tridecane. The characterization results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) confirm the successful encapsulation of n-tridecane within the silica shell. The SEM image shows that the microcapsules are spherical and exhibit a nanometer-scale particle size. DSC testing shows that the phase change nano-capsules prepared with n-tridecane as the phase change material have two phase change peaks. When the core–shell ratio is 1:1, the latent heat of melting and freezing reaches 124.46 J·g⁻¹, with an encapsulation efficiency of 69.79 %. TGA results demonstrate enhanced stability of phase change materials due to silica encapsulation. After 500 phase change cycles, the latent heat of the nano-capsules exhibits negligible changes, demonstrating robust thermal reliability. Low-temperature nano-encapsulated phase change microcapsules show promising potential in surface applications for cold chain logistics buildings, energy storage, and the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115490"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupant-centric multicriteria optimization of hybrid personalized HVAC system: Impact of supply inlet layout and return air ratio","authors":"Ken Bryan Fernandez ,&nbsp;Ryu Itokazu ,&nbsp;Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most studies on personalized ventilation (PV) neglected the impact of main ventilation settings. Furthermore, research often focuses on only one or two of the crucial factors in built environments: thermal comfort (TC), air quality (AQ), and energy consumption. Therefore, this study investigated and optimized the performance of hybrid personalized system (HPS), combining main and personalized ventilation, in achieving occupant-centric air quality, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency in a two-person office room. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of various parameters, including main ventilation supply temperature, flow rate, return air ratio, and personalized ventilation supply temperature and flow rate. Configurations such as bottom-supply or hybrid displacement ventilation (DV-PV), near-ceiling supply or hybrid near-ceiling ventilation (NCV-PV), and a case with 100 % return air (DV-PV with 1.0 return air ratio), were explored. Using the “technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution” (TOPSIS), the study found that for well-designed main ventilation systems, personalized ventilation might not be necessary, as indicated by the highest TOPSIS scores across the 66 simulations. However, personalized ventilation can significantly improve inhaled CO₂ concentrations in scenarios where the main system lacks proper fresh air introduction—such as those relying on slits or frequent door and window openings. This is demonstrated in the 1.0 return air ratio cases, which require a personalized ventilation flow rate of 6 L/s. As air quality, thermal comfort, and energy consumption are critical parameters in built environments, this study provides valuable insights for the design and implementation of HPS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115494"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of indoor thermal-luminous environments on humans: A review and meta-analysis","authors":"Hongyu Guan ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jilong Dong ,&nbsp;Songtao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal and luminous environments are critical to human health and comfort. Existing research has considered this in the specific case, and this review explores whether and to what degree the interaction of thermal-luminous environments on humans through an extensive literature review and <em>meta</em>-analysis. 79 publications were investigated to discuss the interaction of thermal-luminous environments on humans, such as potential mechanisms, thermal perceptions, visual perceptions, and physiological parameters. Among these, 14 studies met the criteria for <em>meta</em>-analysis of luminous environment on thermal sensation votes. Meta-analyses of these studies revealed that high illumination levels are associated with higher thermal sensation votes (SDM 0.41, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.71), while high color temperatures are associated with lower thermal sensation votes compared to low color temperatures (SDM −0.29, 95% CI −0.52 to −0.06). Luminous environments are closely related to the body’s ability to regulate temperature. Exposure to light can alter thermal-related physiological responses. Additionally, the thermal environment can impact the visual perception of warmth or coolness and preferences for different lighting conditions. This paper discusses potential improvements and future developments in the research on the combined effects of thermal and luminous environments on humans. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable reference for further investigations aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of, or making predictions about, the relationship between thermal-luminous environments and human comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115487"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An advanced numerical model for dynamic daylight and energy consumption analysis of thermal-responsive complex fenestration system with adaptive solar absorption","authors":"Yang Ming ,&nbsp;Mingke Hu ,&nbsp;Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Yanping Yuan ,&nbsp;Yupeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Thermotropic Parallel Slat Transparent Insulation Material (TT PS-TIM) smart façade system offers substantial potential for solar regulation, thereby enhancing indoor daylight comfort and overall building energy performance. However, existing simplified operational models, which are primarily based on glass surface temperatures, fail to accurately account for the temperature of TT slat surfaces within this complex system and potentially affect the accuracy of energy and daylight analysis. This study investigated the performance of TT PS-TIM smart facade system for energy-saving and daylight optimization in buildings. Using integrated EnergyPlus and RADIANCE simulations, along with a novel developed and experimentally/numerically validated dynamic control model based on TT slat solar absorption and glass surface temperature, the study evaluated TT PS-TIM’s energy-saving potential and daylight comfort enhancement in various scenarios. The findings from the advanced model revealed that TT PS-TIM systems outperform conventional double glazing (DG) in enhancing daylight comfort, notably increasing Useful Daylight Illuminance (<em>UDI_300-3000</em>) and reducing indoor glare. Additionally, the system significantly reduced cooling energy consumption in summer, though it may slightly increase heating and lighting energy use in winter due to its temperature-responsive solar regulation. Among all scenarios, the system achieved maximum energy savings of 11% compared to double glazing (DG) in London, 16% in Beijing, and 10% in Stockholm. The energy-saving effectiveness of TT PS-TIM systems was influenced by transition temperatures and slat intervals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115491"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the performance and energy consumption of air-conditioning systems in a plant factory during a cooling season","authors":"Eun Jung Choi,&nbsp;Doyun Lee,&nbsp;Sang Min Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growth of urban populations and increasing food security concerns, plant factories have emerged as viable solutions for sustainable food production. These systems ensure consistent quality and yield through precise environmental controls in a closed system. However, the high energy costs of plant factories pose significant challenges. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems account for 16–54% of the total energy consumption. Thus, highly efficient systems and optimal control strategies are essential to reduce the energy consumption. This study compared the performance of a conventional electric heat pump system (System 1) with that of a system combining an electric heat pump and a dehumidification unit (System 2) in a lettuce-growing container farm. A building energy simulation model was employed to evaluate system performance. The results indicated that although both systems maintained adequate temperature control, System 1 allowed the relative humidity to reach 95.7%, making it challenging to maintain a suitable environment for crop growth. In contrast, System 2 significantly improved the humidity management, creating a more suitable environment for crop growth and improving the cooling efficiency of the electric heat pump. Consequently, System 2 achieved a 13.7–24.5% reduction in the monthly energy consumption of the electric heat pump. The total annual energy saving of System 2 was 5.9%, accounting for the energy consumption of the dehumidification system. Future research should focus on optimizing the system capacity and control strategies to further maximize the energy savings based on the findings of this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 115483"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive impact of two advanced thermotropic façades designs on building daylight and energy performance","authors":"Yang Ming ,&nbsp;Fujian Jiang ,&nbsp;Cemil Alkan ,&nbsp;Yanping Yuan ,&nbsp;Yupeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermotropic (TT) materials have emerged as a promising solution for achieving building energy savings and enhancing indoor environmental quality. However, current research has primarily focused on a single type of TT smart window design. To fully optimize the application of TT hydrogels for both energy efficiency and daylight performance, a comprehensive comparative analysis of various TT smart window configurations is imperative. Additionally, more extensive experimental evaluations across a range of climatic conditions are necessary to validate numerical models of adaptive TT smart windows in energy simulations. This study focuses on the design and development of different TT smart window systems to comprehensively evaluate their impact on building energy consumption and daylight performance. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm), a TT material, was selected for its favourable properties, and its optical characteristics were systematically characterized through a combination of experimental methods and numerical simulations. Two TT smart window systems were designed and developed: one with a TT film integrated into double glazing (DG) and another with TT blinds. The optical properties, as well as the energy and daylight performance of buildings equipped with these TT smart window designs, were analysed using Ray-tracing, EnergyPlus, and RADIANCE simulation tools. The study was conducted for two distinct geographical locations: London (UK) and Ankara (Türkiye), allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the systems’ performance under varying climatic conditions. The reliability of the EnergyPlus model was validated through dynamic outdoor experiments conducted in Türkiye. Results indicated that both TT smart window systems effectively regulate solar energy by transitioning from a clear state at low temperatures to a translucent state at higher temperatures. Compared to conventional DG systems, TT smart windows improve daylight comfort, particularly in areas close to the window. Among the two TT smart window designs, the DG integrated with TT blinds demonstrated superior daylight comfort for indoor occupants and higher heating and lighting energy savings than the DG with a TT film. The TT blinds system exhibited the highest energy efficiency, achieving approximately 10.8 % energy savings in London and 18.9 % in Ankara at a transition temperature of 22 °C. In contrast, the TT film system showed maximum energy savings of 3.5 % in London and 11.2 % in Ankara at a transition temperature of 32 °C. These findings underscore the significant potential of TT smart window systems to enhance energy efficiency and daylight comfort across diverse climatic conditions. Optimal design and implementation of TT smart window systems can further improve both energy savings and indoor environmental quality, contributing substantially to sustainable building practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115488"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}