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A portable balloon integrated photovoltaic system deployed at low altitude 低空部署的便携式气球集成光伏系统

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133722

Tingsheng Zhang , Lingfei Qi , Zutao Zhang , Jinyue Yan

This paper proposed a portable balloon-integrated photovoltaic system (BIPVS) deployed at low altitude. The inflatable and deflatable design enhances the proposed system flexibility and mobility, enabling it have a wider range of application scenarios. Case studies were conducted based on cities' data of Vasteras, Vancouver, New York, Shanghai and Hong Kong to evaluate 10,000 BIPVS's annual power generation potential. Mid-to-high latitudes are not suitable for photovoltaic power generation in winter due to snow and ice coverage. Excluding the unsuitable winter months, simulation results show that the average monthly power generation of the BIPVSs amounts to 3.921 GWh, 4.238 GWh, 4.275 GWh, 3.337 GWh, and 3.379 GWh, respectively, during the effective working months within a year, which shows the superior performance of mid-to-high latitudes over their low latitudes. Over the life cycle, the BIPVSs exhibit a cumulative power generation capacity, amounting to 479.492 GWh, 592.18 GWh, 672.105 GWh, 641.155 GWh, and 708.334 GWh, respectively, and their total profits are 79.614 million USD, 37.007 million USD, 75.146 million USD, 12.946 million USD, 107.369 million USD, accompanied by the return on investment of 218.6 %, 101.6 %, 206.3 %, 35.5 %, 294.8 %, respectively. These findings illustrate the significant energy and economic advantages and potential of BIPVS.

本文提出了一种可在低空部署的便携式气球集成光伏系统（BIPVS）。充气和放气设计增强了系统的灵活性和机动性，使其具有更广泛的应用场景。根据瓦斯塔斯、温哥华、纽约、上海和香港等城市的数据进行了案例研究，以评估 10,000 个 BIPVS 的年发电量潜力。由于冰雪覆盖，中高纬度地区冬季不适合光伏发电。剔除不适宜的冬季月份，模拟结果显示，在一年内的有效工作月份，BIPVS 的月平均发电量分别为 3.921 千兆瓦时、4.238 千兆瓦时、4.275 千兆瓦时、3.337 千兆瓦时和 3.379 千兆瓦时，这表明中高纬度地区的性能优于低纬度地区。在整个生命周期内，BIPVS 的累计发电量分别为 479.492 GWh、592.18 GWh、672.105 GWh、641.155 GWh 和 708.334 GWh，总利润分别为 79.6.14亿美元、3700.7万美元、7514.6万美元、1294.6万美元、10736.9万美元，投资回报率分别为218.6%、101.6%、206.3%、35.5%、294.8%。这些结果说明了 BIPVS 在能源和经济方面的巨大优势和潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Mining interpretable fuzzy If-Then linguistic rules from energy and economic data to forecast CO2 emissions of regions in China 从能源和经济数据中挖掘可解释的模糊 "如果-那么 "语言规则，预测中国各地区的二氧化碳排放量

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133631

Liting Deng , Yanyan Xu , Feng Xue , Zheng Pei

Forecasting CO

_{2}

emission is the one of most important issues for the “

30 \cdot 60

” CO

_{2}

emission target in China. Due to unbalanced socio-economic developments of regions in China, exactly forecasting CO

_{2}

emissions of provinces depend on their energy consumptions and economic developments. In the paper, a novel method based on

K

-means clustering method and computing with words is proposed to forecast CO

_{2}

emissions of 30 provinces, which is consisted by (1)

K

-means clustering method is used to respectively cluster energy consumption and economic datasets of provinces and the interpretable fuzzy If-Then linguistic rules of CO

_{2}

emissions are mined from the clusters; (2) computing with words method is utilized to transform fuzzy If-Then linguistic rules into fuzzy If-Then rules with membership functions on the universe of discourse; (3) a fuzzy inference method is adopted to forecast CO

_{2}

emissions of 30 provinces. To show the usefulness and effectiveness of the novel method, energy consumptions and economic datasets of 30 provinces from 1997 to 2021 are employed to forecast CO

_{2}

emissions, metrics of MAE, MAPE, RMSE and the out-of-sample

R_{o o s}^{2}

are utilized to evaluate CO

_{2}

emission forecasting of 30 provinces, means of them reach 13.304, 15.279, 0.081 and 0.965. By comparative analysis for forecasting CO

_{2}

emissions of 30 provinces, means of MAE, MAPE, RMSE and the out-of-sample

R_{o o s}^{2}

by the novel method are more than SVM, ANFIS and MLR methods. In addition, four kinds of mechanisms influencing CO

_{2}

are discovered and analyzed by the fuzzy If-Then linguistic rules of 30 provinces, which can help to improve energy consumption and sustainable development of 30 provinces in China.

二氧化碳排放预测是中国实现 "30⋅60 "二氧化碳排放目标的最重要问题之一。由于中国各地区社会经济发展不平衡，准确预测各省的二氧化碳排放量取决于各省的能源消耗和经济发展状况。本文提出了一种基于 K-means 聚类方法和词计算的新型方法来预测 30 个省份的二氧化碳排放量，该方法包括：（1）使用 K-means 聚类方法分别对各省的能源消耗和经济数据集进行聚类，并从聚类中挖掘出可解释的二氧化碳排放量模糊 If-Then 语言规则；(3）采用模糊推理方法预测 30 个省份的二氧化碳排放量。为了证明新方法的实用性和有效性，采用了 30 个省份 1997 年至 2021 年的能源消耗和经济数据集来预测二氧化碳排放量，利用 MAE、MAPE、RMSE 和样本外 Roos2 等指标来评价 30 个省份的二氧化碳排放量预测，其均值分别为 13.304、15.279、0.081 和 0.965。通过对 30 个省份二氧化碳排放量预测的比较分析，新方法的 MAE、MAPE、RMSE 和样本外 Roos2 均值均高于 SVM、ANFIS 和 MLR 方法。此外，利用模糊 If-Then 语言规则发现并分析了 30 个省份的四种二氧化碳影响机制，有助于改善中国 30 个省份的能源消耗和可持续发展状况。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the effect of low carbon alcohol gasoline stratified injection strategy on engine knock combustion under lean burn conditions 研究低碳醇类汽油分层喷射策略对贫燃条件下发动机爆震燃烧的影响

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133716

Ruixiu Ma, Hongqing Feng, Shuo Zhang, Lin Wang, Zhenze Niu, Xiaofan Chen

This paper focuses on the "oxygenated fuel concentration stratified lean burn to improve combustion and thermal efficiency" as a starting point and investigates the effects of combustion of high-octane oxygenated fuels in gasoline engines under overall lean burn conditions by using different injection strategies on the performance and knock combustion. The study shows that: the flame during the knock shows the characteristics of spontaneous combustion flame and normal flame collision along the cylinder wall propagation alternately, followed by local deflagration and auto-ignition point to the center of the cylinder, and then turned to the center of the surrounding flow of disordered stacked high-speed fluctuations. Combustion under concentration stratification manifests phase lag, with heat release characterized by either a single-peak continuous pattern or a double-peak staged pattern, which interchange dynamically. The single-variable method was used to obtain the optimal working condition for concentration stratification: n-butanol volume ratio of 15 %, secondary injection moment of 150°CA BTDC and injection ratio of 15 %, which improves the thermal efficiency by about 3.2 % and reduces the intensity of knock by about 20.7 %. When the proportion of ethanol replacement increases, the thermal efficiency maximum increase is about 5.2 %, but the knock situation tends to be serious.

本文以 "含氧燃料浓度分层贫燃提高燃烧和热效率 "为切入点，研究了汽油发动机在整体贫燃条件下，采用不同喷油策略燃烧高辛烷值含氧燃料对性能和爆震燃烧的影响。研究表明：爆震时火焰呈现自燃火焰和正常火焰碰撞沿气缸壁交替传播的特点，随后局部爆燃和自燃点转向气缸中心，再转向中心周围流体无序叠加高速波动。浓度分层下的燃烧表现为相位滞后，放热特征为单峰连续模式或双峰分段模式，两者动态交替。采用单变量法获得了浓度分层的最佳工况：正丁醇体积比为 15%，二次喷射时刻为 150°CA BTDC，喷射比为 15%，热效率提高了约 3.2%，爆震强度降低了约 20.7%。当乙醇替代比例增加时，热效率最大提高约 5.2%，但爆震情况趋于严重。

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引用次数: 0

A three-stage framework for optimal site selection of hybrid offshore wind-photovoltaic-wave-hydrogen energy system: A case study of China 海上风能-光伏-波能-氢能混合能源系统最佳选址的三阶段框架：中国案例研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133723

Jicheng Liu , Xuying Ma , Chaoran Lu

The integration of offshore wind-photovoltaic-wave-hydrogen production is a sustainable energy development concept that could smooth the intermittency of renewable energy generation, reduce energy abandonment, and improve energy efficiency. However, the successful deployment of a hybrid offshore wind-photovoltaic-wave-hydrogen energy system is premised on the selection of an appropriate location, which necessitates a robust framework to support this decision. This study proposes a three-stage decision framework based on Geographic Information System and multi-criteria decision-making to determine the optimal location from macro and micro perspectives. To ensure the effectiveness of site selection, it develops a comprehensive criteria system, including exclusion criteria and evaluation criteria, encompassing geographical, resource, economy, risk, and sustainable potential aspects. Then, the spatial simulation of alternative sites is conducted according to exclusion criteria to rule out infeasible alternative sites. The multi-criteria decision-making in the third stage is performed in a rough-fuzzy environment to eliminate the uncertainty in decision-making. Finally, a case study is conducted on Hainan Island, China. The results show that the western sea area of Dongfang City is the optimal location to deploy the hybrid offshore wind-photovoltaic-wave-hydrogen energy system. The proposed framework offers a reference for practical offshore renewable energy project implementation.

近海风能-光伏-波能-氢能生产一体化是一种可持续能源发展理念，可缓解可再生能源发电的间歇性，减少能源弃置，提高能源效率。然而，成功部署海上风能-光伏-波浪能-氢能混合能源系统的前提是选择一个合适的地点，这就需要一个强有力的框架来支持这一决策。本研究提出了一个基于地理信息系统和多标准决策的三阶段决策框架，以从宏观和微观角度确定最佳地点。为确保选址的有效性，本研究建立了一个综合标准体系，包括排除标准和评价标准，涵盖地理、资源、经济、风险和可持续发展潜力等方面。然后，根据排除标准对备选地点进行空间模拟，以排除不可行的备选地点。第三阶段的多标准决策在粗糙模糊环境中进行，以消除决策中的不确定性。最后，在中国海南岛进行了案例研究。结果表明，东方市西部海域是部署海上风光互补波氢混合能源系统的最佳地点。所提出的框架为海上可再生能源项目的实际实施提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Game-theoretic optimization strategy for maximizing profits to both end-users and suppliers in building rooftop PV-based microgrids 基于博弈论的优化策略，在建设屋顶光伏微电网时实现终端用户和供应商的利润最大化

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133715

Jianing Luo , Karthik Panchabikesan , Kee-hung Lai , Timothy O. Olawumi , Modupe Cecilia Mewomo , Zhengxuan Liu

Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) with battery storage offers a promising avenue for enhancing renewable energy integration in buildings. Creating microgrids with backup power from closely spaced solar buildings is widely recognized as an effective strategy. Nevertheless, a notable gap exists between the preferences and priorities of electricity consumers residing in these solar-powered buildings and the interests of microgrid investors. The electricity consumers focus on decreasing the levelized cost of energy, while the microgrid investors focuses on achieving high net profit. This study proposes a novel game theory-based microgrid optimal design approach for designing power generations of the microgrid system and PV installation with battery storage on the building roofs, considering the different requirements and interests of electricity consumers and microgrid investors. The design optimization is framed around the Nash Equilibrium of the Stackelberg game, incorporating a bi-level optimization cycle that addresses the conflict and cooperation of electricity consumers and microgrid investors. A win-win situation can be yielded using the developed optimal design approach compared to conventional optimal design approaches. The results demonstrate a significant improvement, with the microgrid power generation yielding a large net profit (up to 0.08 USD/kWh) and concurrently reducing the levelized cost of energy by approximately 14 %.

屋顶光伏发电（PV）与电池储能为加强建筑物中的可再生能源集成提供了一条前景广阔的途径。人们普遍认为，利用间距较近的太阳能建筑的备用电力创建微电网是一种有效的策略。然而，居住在这些太阳能建筑中的用电户的偏好和优先事项与微电网投资者的利益之间存在明显差距。电力消费者关注的是降低平准化能源成本，而微电网投资者关注的是实现高净利润。考虑到电力消费者和微电网投资者的不同要求和利益，本研究提出了一种基于博弈论的新型微电网优化设计方法，用于设计微电网系统的发电量以及在建筑物屋顶安装带蓄电池的光伏发电装置。设计优化以斯塔克尔伯格博弈的纳什均衡为框架，结合双层优化循环，解决电力消费者和微电网投资者的冲突与合作问题。与传统的优化设计方法相比，所开发的优化设计方法可实现双赢。结果表明，微电网发电的净利润非常可观（高达 0.08 美元/千瓦时），同时能源平准化成本降低了约 14%。

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引用次数: 0

Deep reinforcement learning based resource allocation for electric vehicle charging stations with priority service 基于深度强化学习的电动汽车充电站优先服务资源分配

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133637

Aslinur Colak , Nilgun Fescioglu-Unver

The demand for public fast charging stations is increasing with the number of electric vehicles on roads. The charging queues and waiting times get longer, especially during the winter season and on holidays. Priority based service at charging stations can provide shorter delay times to vehicles willing to pay more and lower charging prices for vehicles accepting to wait more. Existing studies use classical feedback control and simulation based control methods to maintain the ratio of high and low priority vehicles’ delay times at the station’s target level. Reinforcement learning has been used successfully for real time control in environments with uncertainties. This study proposes a deep Q-Learning based real time resource allocation model for priority service in fast charging stations (DRL-EXP). Results show that the deep learning approach enables DRL-EXP to provide a more stable and faster response than the existing models. DRL-EXP is also applicable to other priority based service systems that act under uncertainties and require real time control.

随着道路上电动汽车数量的增加，对公共快速充电站的需求也在增加。充电排队和等待时间越来越长，尤其是在冬季和节假日。充电站的优先服务可以为愿意支付更多费用的车辆提供更短的延迟时间，为接受更多等待时间的车辆提供更低的充电价格。现有研究使用经典反馈控制和基于模拟的控制方法，将高优先级和低优先级车辆的延迟时间比例保持在充电站的目标水平。强化学习已成功用于不确定环境下的实时控制。本研究提出了一种基于深度 Q 学习的快速充电站优先服务实时资源分配模型（DRL-EXP）。结果表明，与现有模型相比，深度学习方法能使 DRL-EXP 提供更稳定、更快速的响应。DRL-EXP 还适用于其他基于优先级的服务系统，这些系统在不确定情况下运行，需要实时控制。

引用次数: 0

The apparatus for atmospheric water harvesting in an arid climate - Prototype design and testing in laboratory conditions 干旱气候下的大气集水装置--原型设计和实验室测试

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133692

Vladimír Zmrhal , Tomáš Matuška , Bořivoj Šourek

The paper describes the development of a prototype system for water extraction from the air. The aim was to develop a device that allows one to autonomously obtain, without the need for external energy, an annual average of 100 L of water per day during extreme desert conditions. In this paper, a mathematical model simulating the operation of the unit for extracting water from the air in any climatic conditions is presented. Psychrometric calculations for different climatic conditions were carried out for two basic principles: condensation and sorption. The analyses confirmed that devices based on the condensation of water vapour from the air can only be used to a limited extent in extreme desert conditions. The average water production of a condensation-based system is only 20 l/day in Riyadh, with an air flow rate of 2000 m³/h. A unit with a desiccant wheel and an integrated heat pump was designed for water harvesting from the air. The prototype of the unit was tested in a climate chamber with the possibility of adjusting the climatic conditions and the presented mathematical model was experimentally verified. The final prototype designed for a nominal outdoor air flow rate of 2000 m³/h will produce 168 l of water per day under dry desert conditions (Riyadh) with continuous operation. The verification of the computational model allows one to determine the real water production and the required unit performance. An analyses of energy requirements and evaluation of levelized cost of water (LCOW) have been performed. Sorption unit has lower LCOW in target arid desert climate and electricity prices under 0.1 EUR/kWh compared to direct condensation technology.

本文介绍了从空气中提取水的原型系统的开发过程。其目的是开发一种设备，使人们能够在极端沙漠条件下，无需外部能源，自主获取年平均每天 100 升的水。本文提出了一个数学模型，模拟在任何气候条件下从空气中提取水的装置的运行。针对两种基本原理：冷凝和吸附，对不同气候条件下的湿度进行了计算。分析表明，基于从空气中凝结水蒸气的装置只能在极端的沙漠条件下有限地使用。在利雅得，空气流量为 2000 立方米/小时时，冷凝式系统的平均产水量仅为 20 升/天。为了从空气中收集水，设计了一种带有干燥剂轮和集成热泵的设备。该设备的原型在气候室中进行了测试，可以调整气候条件，并对所提出的数学模型进行了实验验证。在干燥的沙漠条件下（利雅得），最终设计的原型机室外空气流量为 2000 立方米/小时，连续运行时每天可生产 168 升水。通过对计算模型的验证，可以确定实际的产水量和所需的设备性能。对能源需求进行了分析，并对水的平准化成本（LCOW）进行了评估。与直接冷凝技术相比，吸附装置在目标干旱沙漠气候条件下的平准化水成本较低，电价低于 0.1 欧元/千瓦时。

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引用次数: 0

Performance analysis of coupling vapor compression cycle to freeze and humidification-dehumidification based high-performance desalination 基于高性能海水淡化的蒸汽压缩循环与冷冻和加湿除湿耦合的性能分析

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133697

Trevor Hocksun Kwan, Ding Zhang, Ziyang Chen, Zhixin Liao, Zhuohang Zhang, Jiale Huang

Although freeze desalination has a lower latent heat of ice formation (334 kJ/kg), its energy performance is still insufficient because of energy loss associated with not using the waste heat of the active cooling system. To address this challenge, this research introduces an innovative hybrid desalination system that synergistically combines freeze, humidification-dehumidification (HDH), and vapor compression cycle (VCC) technologies. The novelty of our approach lies in simultaneously leveraging the VCC's cooling and thermal energy for freeze and dehumidification processes, respectively, which greatly increases the desalination energy performance over only achieving freeze desalination. A thermodynamic model is developed to analyze the proposed system, and a series of parametric analyses are carried out to determine the system configuration that obtains the highest performance. Ultimately, a higher ice recovery rate of 20 % offers the best total desalination performance of only 63 Wh/kg. Furthermore, the HDH desalination unit can make up the for loss of freeze desalination performance at higher feed seawater temperatures, ensuring robust performance even under high-temperature conditions.

虽然冷冻海水淡化的成冰潜热较低（334 kJ/kg），但由于没有利用主动冷却系统的余热，其能源性能仍然不足。为了应对这一挑战，本研究引入了一种创新的混合海水淡化系统，该系统协同结合了冷冻、加湿-除湿（HDH）和蒸汽压缩循环（VCC）技术。我们方法的新颖之处在于同时利用蒸汽压缩循环的冷却能和热能，分别用于冷冻和除湿过程，从而大大提高了海水淡化的能效，而不是仅仅实现冷冻海水淡化。我们开发了一个热力学模型来分析拟议的系统，并进行了一系列参数分析，以确定获得最高性能的系统配置。最终，较高的 20% 冰回收率可提供最佳的总脱盐性能，仅为 63 Wh/kg。此外，HDH 海水淡化装置可以弥补在较高进水温度下冰冻海水淡化性能的损失，确保即使在高温条件下也能保持稳定的性能。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a trans-critical CO2 energy storage system integrated with ORC and solar energy 集成 ORC 和太阳能的跨临界二氧化碳储能系统的热力学和经济分析

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133667

Zhongyan Liu, Hongwei Guan, Xu Jin, Wei Su, Jiawei Shao, Jing Fan, Hao Zhang, Heng Li, Dahan Sun

In this paper, a CO₂ energy storage system that integrates an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with solar energy is proposed to support grid peaking, enhance the efficient use of renewable energy sources, and optimize system performance. A thermodynamic analysis of the system has been performed and the performance under different operating models is evaluated. In model A, the energy storage efficiency of the system is 77.28 %, the solar energy conversion efficiency is 30.7 %, and the exergy efficiency is 66.1 %. In models B and C, the energy storage efficiency is 76.72 % and 80 %, the solar conversion efficiency is 32.2 % and 31.5 %, and the exergy efficiency is 66.8 % and 65.2 %, respectively. To evaluate the thermodynamic and economic performance of the system, the effect of the decision variables on the system performance is analyzed. Then, the NSGA-II optimization algorithm was applied to optimize the system, and the TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the optimization results. The results show that the energy storage efficiencies under optimal operating conditions are 78.8 %, 77.5 %, and 81.1 % for operating models A, B, and C, respectively. In addition, the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for operating models A, B, and C are 0.307$/(kW∙h), 0.316$/(kW∙h), and 0.318$/(kW∙h), respectively.

本文提出了一种将有机郎肯循环（ORC）与太阳能集成在一起的二氧化碳储能系统，以支持电网调峰，提高可再生能源的使用效率，并优化系统性能。对该系统进行了热力学分析，并评估了其在不同运行模式下的性能。在模式 A 中，系统的储能效率为 77.28%，太阳能转换效率为 30.7%，放能效率为 66.1%。在模型 B 和 C 中，储能效率分别为 76.72 % 和 80 %，太阳能转换效率分别为 32.2 % 和 31.5 %，放能效率分别为 66.8 % 和 65.2 %。为了评估系统的热力学和经济性能，分析了决策变量对系统性能的影响。然后，应用 NSGA-II 优化算法对系统进行优化，并采用 TOPSIS 方法对优化结果进行评估。结果表明，在最佳运行条件下，运行模式 A、B 和 C 的储能效率分别为 78.8%、77.5% 和 81.1%。此外，运行模式 A、B 和 C 的平准化储能成本（LCOS）分别为 0.307 美元/（kW∙h）、0.316 美元/（kW∙h）和 0.318 美元/（kW∙h）。

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引用次数: 0

Cooperative energy and reserve trading strategies for multiple integrated energy systems based on asymmetric nash bargaining theory 基于非对称纳什讨价还价理论的多综合能源系统能源和储备合作交易策略

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133703

Biao Wu, Shaohua Zhang, Chenxin Yuan, Xian Wang, Fei Wang, Shengqi Zhang

To tackle the issues of cooperative energy and reserve trading as well as fair cooperative benefit allocation among multiple integrated energy systems (IESs), this paper proposes a two-stage cooperative energy and reserve trading model for multiple integrated energy systems (MIESs). Specifically, at day-ahead stage, MIESs aim to maximize their overall profit through cooperative electricity and heat trading. At real-time stage, MIESs trade demand response (DR) reserve to minimize the overall wind power deviation compensation cost. To reduce the complexity in model solution, we transform the model into two sub-problems. In sub-problem 1, we determine the energy and DR reserve trading volumes. Here, distributionally robust optimization (DRO) is utilized to manage the severe uncertainties in wind power distribution. In sub-problem 2, based on the outcomes from sub-problem 1, we settle the energy and DR reserve trading prices. To ensure the fairness of benefit allocation, asymmetric Nash bargaining theory is applied to assess each IES's contributions in trading volumes and profit growth. Interval adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers (IA-ADMM) is used to preserve each IES's privacy. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that, compared with independent operation, cooperative trading among MIESs increases profits for all IESs, thereby motivating their participation in cooperative trading.

为了解决多个综合能源系统（IES）之间的能源和储备合作交易以及公平的合作利益分配问题，本文提出了一个多综合能源系统（MIES）两阶段能源和储备合作交易模型。具体来说，在日前阶段，MIES 通过电力和热力的合作交易实现整体利益最大化。在实时阶段，MIES 交易需求响应储备，以最小化整体风电偏差补偿成本。为降低模型求解的复杂性，我们将模型转化为两个子问题。在子问题 1 中，我们确定能源和 DR 储备交易量。在此，利用分布式鲁棒优化（DRO）来管理风电分布中的严重不确定性。在子问题 2 中，根据子问题 1 的结果，我们确定能源和 DR 储备交易价格。为确保利益分配的公平性，我们采用非对称纳什讨价还价理论来评估每个 IES 在交易量和利润增长方面的贡献。采用区间自适应交替乘法（IA-ADMM）来保护每个 IES 的隐私。最后，模拟结果表明，与独立运营相比，MIES 之间的合作交易会增加所有 IES 的利润，从而激励它们参与合作交易。

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