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VoidGAN: A generative adversarial network for high-fidelity void fraction signal generation in nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics VoidGAN:一种用于核反应堆热液压系统中高保真空隙率信号生成的生成对抗网络
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140204
Hanyu Wang , Shuichiro Miwa , Wen Zhou , Ryo Yokoyama , Koji Okamoto
High-fidelity void-fraction signals constitute essential data for modeling two-phase flows. However, the scarcity of such data constrains the development and validation of high-accuracy models, thereby impeding the design and optimization of complex industrial systems, including nuclear reactors and other energy facilities. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel database enhancement framework, termed VoidGAN, based on conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs). The proposed model integrates Transformer modules with multi-scale convolutional Inception blocks, enabling it to capture both long-term temporal dependencies and local, irregular fluctuations. In addition, a physics-metrics-guided Bayesian hyperparameter optimization strategy is introduced to enhance the physical fidelity of the generated signals. A comprehensive multi-step validation framework is further established to rigorously assess the reliability of the generated data, encompassing direct comparisons with testing datasets and benchmarking against established mechanistic models, including the two-group drift-flux model and the two-phase flow-induced vibration (TP-FIV) excited force model. The results demonstrate that VoidGAN achieves the best overall performance among state-of-the-art time-series generative models, attaining a recall exceeding 99.8%, achieving the lowest nearest-neighbor distance (0.069), and maintaining inference times at the millisecond scale. These results confirm that both time-averaged and temporal characteristics, as well as their intricate relationships across diverse flow regimes, are accurately captured. This work provides a new perspective for mitigating data scarcity issues in two-phase flow modeling and paves the way for more efficient design and optimization of industrial systems.
高保真的空隙率信号是建立两相流模型的重要数据。然而,此类数据的缺乏限制了高精度模型的开发和验证,从而阻碍了包括核反应堆和其他能源设施在内的复杂工业系统的设计和优化。为了应对这一挑战,本研究提出了一种新的数据库增强框架,称为VoidGAN,基于条件生成对抗网络(gan)。提出的模型将Transformer模块与多尺度卷积Inception块集成在一起,使其能够捕获长期时间依赖性和局部不规则波动。此外,引入了物理度量导向的贝叶斯超参数优化策略来提高生成信号的物理保真度。进一步建立了一个全面的多步骤验证框架,以严格评估生成数据的可靠性,包括与测试数据集的直接比较以及与已建立的机制模型(包括两组漂移通量模型和两相流诱发振动(TP-FIV)激励力模型)的基准测试。结果表明,VoidGAN在最先进的时间序列生成模型中实现了最佳的整体性能,达到了超过99.8%的召回率,实现了最低的最近邻距离(0.069),并保持了毫秒级的推理时间。这些结果证实,时间平均和时间特征,以及它们在不同流动状态之间的复杂关系,都被准确地捕捉到了。这项工作为缓解两相流建模中的数据稀缺性问题提供了新的视角,为更有效地设计和优化工业系统铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Vortex-induced vibration piezoelectric energy harvester with arch beam for multi-directional operation and self-powered sensing 涡激振动多方向工作自供电拱梁压电能量采集器
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140251
Cuipeng Xia , Lihua Tang , Tianle Meng , Yawei Wang , Huaijun Li , Peilun Yin , Wan Sun , Weiqun Liu , Guobiao Hu , Kean C. Aw
Conventional vortex-induced vibration (VIV)-based piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) typically operate effectively only under a single incident wind direction and within a narrow lock-in speed range, resulting in reduced adaptability and efficiency in naturally fluctuating wind conditions. In this study, a VIV-based PEH incorporating an arch beam as a supporting structure is proposed to capture wind energy over a broad range of incident wind directions and multiple lock-in wind speed ranges by activating higher-order vibrational modes. Finite element analysis is first conducted to determine the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the VIV-based PEHs with both the conventional straight beam and the proposed arch beam configurations. Subsequently, wind tunnel experiments are performed to evaluate the wind energy harvesting performance, including the cut-in wind speed, lock-in wind speed range, incident wind direction range, and electrical output, by leveraging the harvester's multi-modal response. Finally, the superior configuration with a central angle of 3π/4 is selected to demonstrate its application potential, including powering wireless sensors. The results reveal that the proposed harvester can effectively capture wind energy with superior wind direction adaptability and across several lock-in wind speed ranges by activating multiple modes, achieving optimal performance when the second bending mode is excited. Overall, this novel design provides a promising approach for efficiently harvesting wind energy and for powering remote sensing devices under variable natural wind conditions.
传统的基于涡激振动(VIV)的压电能量采集器(PEHs)通常只能在单一入射风向和狭窄的锁定速度范围内有效工作,导致其在自然波动风条件下的适应性和效率降低。在这项研究中,提出了一种基于viv的PEH,该PEH采用拱梁作为支撑结构,通过激活高阶振动模式来捕获大范围入射风向和多个锁定风速范围内的风能。首先进行了有限元分析,确定了传统直梁和所提出的拱梁结构下基于viv的PEHs的固有频率和相应的振型。随后,通过风洞实验评估风能收集性能,包括切入风速、锁定风速范围、入射风向范围和电输出,利用收集器的多模态响应。最后,选择圆心角为3π/4的优越结构来展示其应用潜力,包括为无线传感器供电。结果表明,该风力收割机可通过激活多个模式有效捕获风能,具有良好的风向适应性和多个锁定风速范围,当第二弯曲模式被激发时,其性能最优。总的来说,这种新颖的设计为有效地收集风能和在可变自然风条件下为遥感设备供电提供了一种有前途的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Global energy transition under dynamic trade networks: Integrating complex-network and deep learning methods 动态贸易网络下的全球能源转型:复杂网络与深度学习方法的整合
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140305
Baojun Tang , Chongzhou Wang , Yun Wu , Jiaran Zhang , Ying Zou
The rapid advancement of energy technologies and profound geopolitical shifts have intensified uncertainties in global energy supply chains and added complexity to energy transitions. Existing transitions indicators, however, often fail to capture the evolution of international energy trade networks and the multidimensional interactions among countries embedded within them. To address this gap, this study integrates conventional transition indicators, weighted complex network analysis, and deep learning to jointly account for domestic energy system changes and external trade dynamics, thereby enabling a more comprehensive assessment of national energy transition performance. Specifically, a five-dimensional indicator framework is developed, encompassing energy security, energy equity, energy sustainability, transition support, and transition cost. The bilateral energy trade network of 115 countries are simulated for 2015-2023 in terms of scale, efficiency, and polarization. A Relational Graph Convolutional Network (R-GCN) is employed to integrate node-level attributes and relational features within the global energy trade network, producing a composite energy transition index and revealing cross-country trends. Results indicate that the global energy transition index exhibits a generally upward yet fluctuating trajectory, while transition support declines. Network centrality in global energy trade has risen by approximately 70%, with hub countries achieving sustained improvements, though the transition gap with lagging regions has widened by nearly 27%. Sensitivity to trade shocks varies substantially across dimensions, with energy sustainability being least affected. These findings underscore the need for countries to align transition strategies with regional trade network structures to improve both the efficiency and resilience of the global energy transition.
能源技术的快速发展和地缘政治的深刻变化加剧了全球能源供应链的不确定性,增加了能源转型的复杂性。然而,现有的过渡指标往往不能反映国际能源贸易网络的演变以及其中各国之间的多方面相互作用。为了解决这一差距,本研究将传统转型指标、加权复杂网络分析和深度学习结合起来,共同考虑国内能源系统变化和对外贸易动态,从而能够更全面地评估国家能源转型绩效。具体而言,本文构建了一个五维指标框架,包括能源安全、能源公平、能源可持续性、转型支持和转型成本。从规模、效率和极化等方面对2015-2023年115个国家的双边能源贸易网络进行了模拟。采用关系图卷积网络(R-GCN)对全球能源贸易网络中的节点级属性和关系特征进行整合,生成综合能源转换指数,揭示跨国趋势。结果表明,全球能源转型指数总体呈上升但波动的趋势,转型支持度下降。全球能源贸易的网络中心性提高了约70%,枢纽国家实现了持续改善,但与落后地区的过渡差距扩大了近27%。不同维度对贸易冲击的敏感性差异很大,能源可持续性受到的影响最小。这些研究结果强调,各国需要将转型战略与区域贸易网络结构结合起来,以提高全球能源转型的效率和韧性。
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引用次数: 0
Heat extraction mechanism in hot dry rock based on horizontal wells with multi-stage fracturing 基于多级压裂水平井的干热岩热抽采机理
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140217
Yu Shi , Yulong Zhang , Guangyi Wang , Xu Zhang , Xianzhi Song , Qiliang Cui , Gaosheng Wang
Multi-stage fracturing with horizontal wells is currently recognized as the most promising reservoir stimulation technique for the development of Hot Dry Rock (HDR) resources. While current research predominantly focuses on optimizing operational parameters during injection and extraction, the specific influence of fracture parameters remains underexplored. Experimental evidence confirms that shear-induced dilation significantly impacts reservoir permeability. Consequently, this study establishes a Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical (THM) coupled model based on Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) to quantitatively characterize network connectivity and investigate the dynamic evolution of fracture apertures driven by shear dilation in multi-stage fractured horizontal wells. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of fracture morphological parameters and operational parameters on heat extraction performance. Results indicate that rock deformation is predominantly localized around the injection well, while stress perturbations attenuate continuously toward the production well. Notably, fractures with larger strike angles exhibit significant aperture expansion induced by shear dilation, a phenomenon further amplified by increased in-situ stress differences. Crucially, the sensitivity analysis reveals that heat extraction performance exhibits significantly higher sensitivity to fracture morphological parameters than to operational parameters. Consequently, optimizing multi-stage fracturing configurations is identified as a key strategy to mitigate thermal breakthrough. These findings offer essential theoretical guidance for developing efficient heat extraction strategies in HDR reservoirs.
水平井多级压裂是目前公认的热干岩(HDR)资源开发中最有前途的增产技术。虽然目前的研究主要集中在优化注采过程中的操作参数,但裂缝参数的具体影响仍未得到充分探讨。实验证明,剪切膨胀对储层渗透率影响显著。为此,本研究建立了基于离散裂缝网络(DFN)的热-水-机械(THM)耦合模型,定量表征裂缝网络连通性,研究多级压裂水平井剪切扩张驱动裂缝的动态演化。通过综合敏感性分析,评价了断裂形态参数和操作参数对抽热性能的影响。结果表明,岩石变形主要集中在注水井周围,应力扰动向生产井方向不断衰减。值得注意的是,当走向角较大时,裂缝在剪切作用下表现出明显的孔径扩张,而地应力差的增大则进一步放大了这一现象。关键是,敏感性分析表明,热提取性能对断裂形态参数的敏感性明显高于对操作参数的敏感性。因此,优化多级压裂配置被认为是缓解热突破的关键策略。这些发现为开发高效的HDR油藏采热策略提供了重要的理论指导。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive stability analysis of pumped storage power station under wide-load operation across the full head range: Quantitative evaluation and global sensitivity 全水头范围内抽水蓄能电站大负荷运行综合稳定性分析:定量评价与全局敏感性
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140329
Sheng Chen , Xinxin Cao , Pengyu Zhang , Jian Zhang , Yi Liu
With the integration of large-scale intermittent energy sources into grids, pumped storage power stations (PSPSs) are required to operate under wide-load operation across the full head range (WLO-FHR), imposing higher demands for operational stability. However, existing research primarily focuses on some representative operating conditions, and systematic analysis of the PSPS stability under WLO-FHR remains insufficient. In this study, a stability analysis model for PSPS was established. The dimensionless stability region area was introduced to quantify the PSPS stability. Subsequently, the variation law of the PSPS stability with the operating conditions was revealed. Further, a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) of the PSPS stability was conducted. Finally, a parameter optimization strategy for enhancing stability is proposed. The results indicated that the head of the pump-turbine had minimal effect on the PSPS stability, whereas a higher output led to poorer stability. The PSPS exhibited the poorest stability under the rated head and output conditions. The system stability was primarily determined by the independent effects of the parameters. The water inertia time constant of the penstock (Tw) had the most significant impact on the stability, followed by the unit inertia time constant (Ta) and pump-turbine characteristic parameters (s2 and s4), whereas the head loss coefficient (k) and pump-turbine characteristic parameters (s1 and s3) had smaller effects. Reducing Tw significantly improved the system stability, and increasing Ta, decreasing s2, and increasing s4 also contributed to enhanced stability.
随着大规模间歇性能源并网,要求抽水蓄能电站在全水头范围(WLO-FHR)下大负荷运行,对运行稳定性提出了更高的要求。然而,现有的研究主要集中在一些具有代表性的工况上,对WLO-FHR下PSPS稳定性的系统分析还不够。本研究建立了PSPS的稳定性分析模型。引入无量纲稳定区域面积来量化PSPS的稳定性。揭示了PSPS稳定性随运行条件的变化规律。进一步,对PSPS的稳定性进行了全局敏感性分析。最后,提出了提高系统稳定性的参数优化策略。结果表明,水轮机扬程对PSPS稳定性的影响较小,而输出功率越大,稳定性越差。在额定水头和输出条件下,PSPS的稳定性最差。系统的稳定性主要取决于各参数的独立作用。压力管道水惯性时间常数(Tw)对稳定性的影响最为显著,其次是单位惯性时间常数(Ta)和水泵-水轮机特性参数(s2和s4),水头损失系数(k)和水泵-水轮机特性参数(s1和s3)的影响较小。降低Tw显著提高了体系稳定性,增加Ta、减少s2、增加s4也有助于增强稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical study on flow field characteristics of full-scale tidal current turbines in different array configurations 不同阵列配置下全尺寸潮汐水轮机流场特性数值研究
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140330
Yajing Gu , Tian Zou , Hongwei Liu , Yonggang Lin , Zhiwei Song , Kenan Ye
The array effect of tidal current turbines (TCTs) represents a critical challenge that restricts the large-scale development of marine renewable energy. To overcome the limitations of scaled experiments and simplified models in addressing Reynolds number effects and geometric details, and to resolve the trade-offs among array configuration, wake losses, and the balance between energy capture and load stability, this study develops a high-fidelity CFD framework for a full-scale 120 kW TCT. The framework is based on Large Eddy Simulation with the WALE subgrid model. It is validated against sea-trial power output and Cp data, with the Cp deviation <1.3% at optimum TSR and quantitative error metrics of RMSE = 1.81%, MAE = 1.79%, and MRE = 3.97%. Three representative staggered configurations (2–1, 1–2, 3–2) are examined under longitudinal spacings of 1D/5D/15D and co-versus counter-rotation, focusing on power performance, wake field structures, and load fluctuation characteristics. Power spectral density analysis is further employed to reveal the nonlinear mechanisms of wake-induced interference. Results reveal a non-monotonic spacing effect: counter-rotation at intermediate spacing (5D) delivers the higher total power (438 kW of 2–1 and 435 kW of 1–2) with the smaller fluctuations, compared with the long and compact spacing. Furthermore, counter-rotation is found to effectively weaken tip-vortex coherence and suppress low-frequency load oscillations, although severe performance degradation remains unavoidable in complex multi-row topologies (3–2). Based on these findings, a hybrid design strategy coupling rotational control with geometric optimization is proposed, providing a reliable reference for the optimized configuration of large-scale TCT arrays.
潮汐能涡轮机阵列效应是制约海洋可再生能源大规模开发的关键问题。为了克服规模实验和简化模型在解决雷诺数效应和几何细节方面的局限性,并解决阵列配置,尾流损失以及能量捕获和负载稳定性之间的平衡,本研究开发了一个用于120 kW全尺寸TCT的高保真CFD框架。该框架基于基于WALE子网格模型的大涡模拟。根据海试功率输出和Cp数据进行验证,最佳TSR时Cp偏差<;1.3%,定量误差指标RMSE = 1.81%, MAE = 1.79%, MRE = 3.97%。在一维/5D/15D的纵向间距和共转与反转条件下,研究了三种具有代表性的交错构型(2-1、1-2、3-2),重点研究了功率性能、尾流场结构和负荷波动特性。功率谱密度分析进一步揭示了尾迹干扰的非线性机理。结果表明,与长间距和紧凑间距相比,中间间距(5D)的反向旋转可提供更高的总功率(2-1时为438 kW, 1-2时为435 kW),且波动较小。此外,发现反旋转可以有效地削弱尖端涡相干性并抑制低频负载振荡,尽管在复杂的多排拓扑结构中严重的性能下降仍然是不可避免的(3-2)。在此基础上,提出了旋转控制与几何优化相结合的混合设计策略,为大规模TCT阵列的优化配置提供了可靠的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Construction mode and pricing strategy of electric vehicle swapping station 电动汽车换电站建设模式及定价策略
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140287
Lu Xiao, Ranning Yang, Jianxin Chen, Ping Shi
Amid the low-carbon transition in transportation, the popularity of electric vehicles is constrained by replenishment efficiency. The swapping service emerges as a potential high-efficiency solution, yet faces commercialization challenges in cost, standardization, and network effects. Based on the trend of charging-swapping integration, this paper constructs three construction modes for swapping stations (namely, the integrated mode, the independent mode, and the cooperative mode). Using game theory, it analyzes the equilibrium decisions of supply chain members and their impacts on service prices, demands, and profits. The EV manufacturer’s optimal mode choice dynamically depends on the industry stage and the strength of the network effect. Crucially, during the introduction period of swapping service, the cooperative mode synchronously improves profits and achieves a win-win outcome for manufacturer and third-part provider under a medium-high network effect. The independent mode achieves optimal consumer surplus and social welfare via market competition in the mature stage of swapping service. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the innovation and management practices of EV replenishment business models, offering insights for enterprises to promote transportation electrification.
在交通运输低碳转型的背景下,电动汽车的普及受到补货效率的制约。交换服务作为一种潜在的高效解决方案出现,但在成本、标准化和网络效应方面面临商业化挑战。基于充换一体化的发展趋势,本文构建了充换站的三种建设模式,即集成模式、独立模式和合作模式。运用博弈论分析供应链成员的均衡决策及其对服务价格、需求和利润的影响。电动汽车制造商的最优模式选择动态依赖于所处的产业阶段和网络效应的强弱。至关重要的是,在交换服务引入期间,合作模式同步提升了利润,在中高网络效应下实现了制造商和第三方供应商的双赢。在交换服务成熟阶段,独立模式通过市场竞争实现最优的消费者剩余和社会福利。本文为电动汽车充值商业模式创新和管理实践提供理论依据,为企业推进交通电气化提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Multi objective optimization of a discrete fracture geothermal reservoir using Bi-LSTM network 基于Bi-LSTM网络的离散裂缝型地热储层多目标优化
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140320
Abhishek Yadav, Md Irshad Ansari, Suresh Kumar Govindarajan
The hot dry rock holds a substantial amount of geothermal energy. An optimization study is necessary for field development in these reservoirs. The current study presents a multi objective optimization of a discrete fractured geothermal reservoir in the Puga geothermal field, Ladakh, using scCO2 as a geofluid. Initially, a numerical model is developed and verified with the existing analytical and numerical solutions. A set of simulations is designed using the sobol sequence sampling method to generate data for a machine learning model. Then, a surrogate model is proposed using a Bi-LSTM network architecture with multiple dense layers in the neural network to reduce the computational cost required for running multiple numerical simulations at different combinations of operational parameters. A genetic algorithm is employed for hyperparameter tuning to improve the performance and accuracy of model. Then, a Pareto front is obtained for three objective functions: average output power, reservoir flow impedance, and overall heat recovery, through an evolutionary algorithm (NSGA-II). Finally, the best scheme is selected using TOPSIS method for decision making. The optimal scheme has a well spacing of 700 m, injection fluid temperature of 313.15 K and pressures of 36 and 29 MPa at injection and production wells, respectively. On comparison with the base model, optimal scheme can extract 44.55 % additional geothermal energy from reservoir. The current research presents a reliable method for developing a geothermal system which can also be applied to design other similar geothermal projects.
干热的岩石蕴藏着大量的地热能。对这些储层的开发进行优化研究是必要的。首先,建立了一个数值模型,并用现有的解析解和数值解进行了验证。采用sobol序列采样方法设计了一组模拟,为机器学习模型生成数据。然后,利用神经网络中具有多个密集层的Bi-LSTM网络架构提出代理模型,以减少在不同操作参数组合下运行多个数值模拟所需的计算成本。采用遗传算法进行超参数整定,提高了模型的性能和精度。然后,通过进化算法(NSGA-II)对平均输出功率、储层流动阻抗和总热回收3个目标函数求出Pareto前沿。最后利用TOPSIS方法选择最佳方案进行决策。最优方案井距为700 m,注入液温度为313.15 K,注入井压力为36 MPa,生产井压力为29 MPa。与基本模型相比,优化方案可从储层中额外提取44.55%的地热能。本研究为地热系统的开发提供了一种可靠的方法,也可应用于其他类似地热工程的设计。
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引用次数: 0
A multiscale analysis of spillover effects and price forecasting in China's carbon market 中国碳市场溢出效应的多尺度分析与价格预测
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140304
Shuangyue Qian, Zhuoming He, Ruxing Wan, Ling Tang
As China transitions from regional carbon trading pilots to a unified national Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), understanding spillover effects between China's national and pilot ETSs and accurately predicting national carbon price becomes vital. However, existing studies often overlook multi-scale spillover effects, and rarely embed causal information into prediction models. To address these gaps, this study proposes a causality-guided multi-scale forecasting framework that integrates pilot markets' data, applies Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD), and incorporates machine learning models to analyze spillover dynamics and predict national carbon price. The results show that: (1) at the raw data level, no Granger causality relationship is observed between national and pilot ETSs; (2) markets appear uncorrelated at short time scales (2–4 days), exhibit strong bidirectional spillover effects at intermediate scales (approximately one week to one year) likely driven by major events and policy changes, and demonstrate a clear linear trend relationship at long-term scales; (3) incorporating pilot market information significantly improves prediction accuracy, reducing Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) by approximately 0.10%–37.98%. Overall, pilot ETSs offer valuable signals, and the causality-guided multi-scale forecasting framework helps manage the complexity of carbon price prediction. The findings offer insights into the development and improvement of China's national ETS and enhance the effectiveness of carbon price forecasting.
随着中国从区域性碳交易试点向统一的全国碳排放交易体系(ETS)过渡,了解中国全国碳排放交易体系和试点之间的溢出效应以及准确预测全国碳价格变得至关重要。然而,现有的研究往往忽略了多尺度溢出效应,并且很少将因果信息嵌入预测模型中。为了解决这些差距,本研究提出了一个因果关系引导的多尺度预测框架,该框架整合了试点市场的数据,应用多元经验模式分解(MEMD),并结合机器学习模型来分析溢出动态并预测国家碳价格。结果表明:(1)在原始数据水平上,国家碳排放交易体系与试点碳排放交易体系之间不存在Granger因果关系;(2)市场在短期尺度(2 - 4天)表现出不相关,在中期尺度(大约一周到一年)表现出强烈的双向溢出效应,可能是由重大事件和政策变化驱动的,在长期尺度上表现出明显的线性趋势关系;(3)纳入试点市场信息显著提高了预测精度,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)降低约0.10%-37.98%。总体而言,试点碳排放交易体系提供了有价值的信号,因果关系引导的多尺度预测框架有助于管理碳价格预测的复杂性。研究结果为中国国家碳排放交易体系的发展和完善提供了参考,并提高了碳价格预测的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated CFD modeling and experimental validation of single-phase immersion cooling for data center thermal management 数据中心热管理单相浸入式冷却集成CFD建模与实验验证
IF 9.4 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140315
Bo Zhang , Hongrui Li , Tiexiao Xu , Lu Wang , Liang Chen , Zhen Li
Driven by the escalating power densities of modern servers, single-phase immersion cooling has emerged as a critical thermal management paradigm. However, the absence of a systematic methodology for selecting optimal coolants and components remains a significant challenge. This study addresses this gap by proposing a holistic framework that integrates theoretical analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and experimental validation. First, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of oil-based and fluorocarbon-based coolants were scrutinized through boundary layer theory and the field synergy principle. Concurrently, a novel Heat Dissipation Coefficient (HDC) was formulated to quantitatively evaluate coolant performance. Second, the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a standard 1U server was rigorously evaluated via CFD simulations and validated on a dedicated experimental platform. Building upon this, heat sink geometries were optimized using a hybrid CFD-Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Third, a novel tank architecture was engineered to mitigate flow maldistribution. The Realizable k-ε model and the SST k-ω model were respectively employed for server flow simulations and ribbed structure optimization. The results demonstrated that the HDC index provided a high-fidelity assessment of coolant performance, aligning closely with CFD data while significantly reducing computational overhead. Comparative analysis revealed that fluorocarbon coolants exhibited superior thermal performance over silicone oil. The optimized heat sink achieved a Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) of 2.05, while the redesigned tank structure reduced flow maldistribution by 85%. Finally, a 1000-h compatibility test confirmed the long-term operational reliability of the SS110 coolant.
在现代服务器不断升级的功率密度的驱动下,单相浸入式冷却已经成为一种关键的热管理模式。然而,缺乏系统的方法来选择最佳的冷却剂和组件仍然是一个重大的挑战。本研究通过提出一个整合理论分析、计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟和实验验证的整体框架来解决这一差距。首先,通过边界层理论和场协同原理分析了油基和氟碳基冷却剂的流动和传热特性。同时,提出了一种新的散热系数(HDC)来定量评价冷却剂的性能。其次,通过CFD模拟对标准1U服务器的热液特性进行了严格评估,并在专用实验平台上进行了验证。在此基础上,采用混合cfd -遗传算法(GA)方法对散热器几何形状进行了优化。第三,设计了一种新的储罐结构,以减轻流量的不均匀分布。采用Realizable k-ε模型和SST k-ω模型分别进行了服务器流仿真和肋结构优化。结果表明,HDC指标提供了高保真的冷却剂性能评估,与CFD数据非常接近,同时显著降低了计算开销。对比分析表明,氟碳冷却剂表现出优于硅油的热性能。优化后的散热器达到了2.05的性能评价标准(PEC),而重新设计的水箱结构减少了85%的流动不均匀分布。最后,一项1000小时的兼容性测试证实了SS110冷却剂的长期运行可靠性。
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