Takanobu Higashi, S. Nishikawa, N. Okamura, H. Fukuda
Nearly all living organisms have an endogenous circadian clock that generates a circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. This rhythm is synchronized with the external environment and regulates many of the physiological processes of organisms. In animals, the circadian rhythm is generated by an endogenous circadian clock core located in the brain, and its resynchronization to different time zones is commonly referred to as “jet lag” (Yamaguchi et al., 2013). Conversely, in plants, the indigenous clock functions at the level of individual cells, which interact to produce the circadian rhythm in plant tissues, organs, and the entire organism (Fukuda et al., 2007; 2012). The circadian rhythm in plants regulates the timing of gene expression, which may for example result in peak expression of photosynthesis genes from early morning to noon, sugar transport genes from late afternoon to evening, and genes involved in fragrance production from late evening to early morning (Harmer et al., 2000). The circadian clock is comprised of a basis of three components: the input pathway, which transmits the lightdark cycle of the environment and other external stimuli to the endogenous oscillator; the endogenous oscillator itself, which generates the circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h; and the output pathway, which transmits the rhythm generated by the oscillator to control various physiological activities (Harmer, 2009). Most of the molecular genetics studies on circadian clocks in higher plants have been undertaken in the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliania (Mizoguchi et al., 2002; McClung, 2006; Harmer, 2009; Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Some of these studies have demonstrated how gene clusters, such as CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1), TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1), PRRs (PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs), and LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL) are involved in the oscillator, and how these “clock genes” play a central role in the formation of the circadian rhythm (Alabadí et al., 2001; Nakamichi et al., 2004; 2010; 2012). Proteins involved in the input pathway include phytochromes and cryptochromes, which are redand blue-light photoreceptors, respectively (Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Other factors known to be involved in the input pathway include phototropins, which are capable of both greenand bluelight photoreception (Briggs and Christie, 2002), as well as the F-box protein ZEITLUPE, which are the new blue-light photoreceptor proteins (Somers et al., 2000; 2004; Kim et al., 2007). Numerous other factors are involved in the output pathway, as evidenced by the circadian clock regulation of photosynthesis, respiration, stomata opening/closing, stem elongation, leaf opening, flowering, and a variety of other higher-plant functions (Harmer et al., 2000; Graf et al., 2010; Farré, 2012). A key factor in the regulation of physiological proc-
几乎所有生物都有一个内源性生物钟，产生周期约为24小时的昼夜节律。这种节律与外部环境同步，调节生物的许多生理过程。在动物中，昼夜节律是由位于大脑中的内源性生物钟核心产生的，它与不同时区的重新同步通常被称为“时差”(Yamaguchi et al.， 2013)。相反，在植物中，原生时钟在单个细胞水平上起作用，它们相互作用，在植物组织、器官和整个生物体中产生昼夜节律(Fukuda et al.， 2007;2012)。植物的昼夜节律调节着基因表达的时间，例如光合作用基因在清晨至中午达到表达高峰，糖转运基因在傍晚至傍晚达到表达高峰，参与香味产生的基因在傍晚至清晨达到表达高峰(Harmer et al.， 2000)。生物钟由三个组成部分组成:输入通路，将环境的明暗周期和其他外部刺激传递给内源性振荡器;内源性振荡器本身，其产生周期约为24小时的昼夜节律;输出通路，传递振荡器产生的节律来控制各种生理活动(Harmer, 2009)。大多数关于高等植物生物钟的分子遗传学研究都是在模式生物拟南芥中进行的(Mizoguchi et al.， 2002;麦克朗,2006;伤害,2009;Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010)。其中一些研究已经证明了CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1)、TOC1 (CAB表达时序1)、PRRs(伪反应调节因子)和LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL)等基因簇如何参与振荡器，以及这些“时钟基因”如何在昼夜节律的形成中发挥核心作用(Alabadí等人，2001;Nakamichi et al.， 2004;2010;2012)。参与输入通路的蛋白质包括光敏色素和隐色素，它们分别是红色和蓝色光感受器(Pruneda-Paz和Kay, 2010)。已知参与输入通路的其他因素包括光促蛋白，它能够接受绿光和蓝光(Briggs和Christie, 2002)，以及F-box蛋白ZEITLUPE，这是一种新的蓝光感光蛋白(Somers等人，2000;2004;Kim et al.， 2007)。许多其他因素也参与了输出途径，如光合作用、呼吸、气孔打开/关闭、茎伸长、叶片打开、开花和其他各种高级植物功能的生物钟调节(Harmer等人，2000;Graf et al.， 2010;Farre, 2012)。调控生理过程的关键因子
{"title":"Evaluation of Growth under Non-24 h Period Lighting Conditions in Lactuca sativa L.","authors":"Takanobu Higashi, S. Nishikawa, N. Okamura, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.7","url":null,"abstract":"Nearly all living organisms have an endogenous circadian clock that generates a circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. This rhythm is synchronized with the external environment and regulates many of the physiological processes of organisms. In animals, the circadian rhythm is generated by an endogenous circadian clock core located in the brain, and its resynchronization to different time zones is commonly referred to as “jet lag” (Yamaguchi et al., 2013). Conversely, in plants, the indigenous clock functions at the level of individual cells, which interact to produce the circadian rhythm in plant tissues, organs, and the entire organism (Fukuda et al., 2007; 2012). The circadian rhythm in plants regulates the timing of gene expression, which may for example result in peak expression of photosynthesis genes from early morning to noon, sugar transport genes from late afternoon to evening, and genes involved in fragrance production from late evening to early morning (Harmer et al., 2000). The circadian clock is comprised of a basis of three components: the input pathway, which transmits the lightdark cycle of the environment and other external stimuli to the endogenous oscillator; the endogenous oscillator itself, which generates the circadian rhythm with a periodicity of approximately 24 h; and the output pathway, which transmits the rhythm generated by the oscillator to control various physiological activities (Harmer, 2009). Most of the molecular genetics studies on circadian clocks in higher plants have been undertaken in the model organism, Arabidopsis thaliania (Mizoguchi et al., 2002; McClung, 2006; Harmer, 2009; Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Some of these studies have demonstrated how gene clusters, such as CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1), TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1), PRRs (PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs), and LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL) are involved in the oscillator, and how these “clock genes” play a central role in the formation of the circadian rhythm (Alabadí et al., 2001; Nakamichi et al., 2004; 2010; 2012). Proteins involved in the input pathway include phytochromes and cryptochromes, which are redand blue-light photoreceptors, respectively (Pruneda-Paz and Kay, 2010). Other factors known to be involved in the input pathway include phototropins, which are capable of both greenand bluelight photoreception (Briggs and Christie, 2002), as well as the F-box protein ZEITLUPE, which are the new blue-light photoreceptor proteins (Somers et al., 2000; 2004; Kim et al., 2007). Numerous other factors are involved in the output pathway, as evidenced by the circadian clock regulation of photosynthesis, respiration, stomata opening/closing, stem elongation, leaf opening, flowering, and a variety of other higher-plant functions (Harmer et al., 2000; Graf et al., 2010; Farré, 2012). A key factor in the regulation of physiological proc-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75503231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Hidaka, K. Dan, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura
Production areas and levels are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. Solving these problems, there is an increasing trend towards strawberry productions in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yield are required in large-scale greenhouse. This requires the development of environment control techniques (e.g., light, air temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, wind velocity) to allow plants to realize their full photosynthetic potential. Miyoshi et al. (2013) provides an example of environment control in forcing culture of strawberry, reporting on an energy-saving control of ambient air temperature using a constant soil temperature layer. Furthermore, Hidaka et al. (2012) reported that controlling the light environment directly influences leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield; this is required because variable light environments that are dependent on factors such as cropping season and cultivation location frequently lead to inadequate light levels for leaf photosynthesis, plant growth and fruit yield, resulting in declining productivity in greenhouse production. Consequently, the development of a supplementary lighting technique, independent of cropping season or cultivation location, is needed for consistently high strawberry production. Hidaka et al. (2013) examined the effects of 12 h of supplemental lighting (6:00 18:00) from two different commercial light sources, high-irradiance LEDs and fluorescent lamps. In that study, we found high-irradiance LEDs significantly enhanced leaf photosynthesis compared with fluorescent lamps. This led to improved fruit quality and a significant increase in marketable yield of strawberries in forcing culture. Hidaka et al. (2014) further examined the optimum photoperiod of supplemental lighting with LEDs to the June bearing strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Fukuoka S6). The best fruit yield in this cultivar was found under 12-h illumination when four different photoperiods (12-h, 14-h, 16-h and 24-h illumination) were compared. Darrow (1966) classified June bearing strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch.) as a facultative short day plant. Ito and Saito (1962) and Taylor (2002) clarified that each cultivar has a respective critical day-length that is needed to induce flower bud differentiation. Photoperiods exceeding a critical day-length may inhibit flower bud differentiation, and subsequently bring decreasing in yield. Therefore, a sufficient effect of supplemental lighting with 12-h photoperiods, which was seen when using the cultivar known as ‘Fukuoka S6’ (Hidaka et al., 2014), may not always be obtained using any other cultivars. Understanding the varietal differences in the supplemental lighting effect is required for developing a technique of supplemental lighting that can be broadly and successfully applied. The mechanism that produces an increase in yield based on supplemental lighting may also vary with each cultivar having
日本草莓的生产面积和产量持续下降。为了解决这些问题，在大型工业设施中生产草莓的趋势正在增加。在大型温室中，获得持续高产的技术是必不可少的。这就需要发展环境控制技术(如光、空气温度、二氧化碳浓度、湿度、风速)，以使植物充分发挥其光合作用潜力。Miyoshi等人(2013)提供了一个草莓强制栽培环境控制的例子，报告了使用恒定土壤温度层对环境空气温度的节能控制。此外，Hidaka et al.(2012)报道，控制光环境直接影响叶片光合作用和果实产量;这是必需的，因为依赖于种植季节和栽培地点等因素的可变光环境经常导致叶片光合作用、植物生长和果实产量的光照水平不足，从而导致温室生产的生产力下降。因此，需要开发一种独立于种植季节或种植地点的辅助照明技术，以保持草莓的高产量。Hidaka等人(2013)研究了两种不同的商业光源(高辐照度led和荧光灯)12小时的补充照明(6:00 18:00)的效果。在这项研究中，我们发现与荧光灯相比，高辐照度led显著增强了叶片的光合作用。这使得草莓在强制栽培中果实品质得到改善，并显著提高了适销产量。Hidaka等人(2014)进一步研究了6月开花草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch)的led补充照明的最佳光周期。简历。福冈S6)。比较4个光照周期(12、14、16、24 h)下，该品种在12 h光照条件下的果实产量最高。Darrow(1966)将六月结出的草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)分类为兼性短日照植物。Ito和Saito(1962)以及Taylor(2002)澄清说，每个品种都有各自诱导花芽分化所需的临界日照长度。超过临界日长的光周期可能会抑制花芽分化，从而导致产量下降。因此，在使用被称为“福冈S6”的栽培品种(Hidaka et al.， 2014)时所看到的12小时光周期补充照明的充分效果，可能并不总是使用任何其他栽培品种获得。了解补光效果的品种差异是开发一种可以广泛和成功应用的补光技术的必要条件。在补充光照的基础上产生产量增加的机制也可能因不同的品种而异
{"title":"Variety Comparison of Effect of Supplemental Lighting with LED on Growth and Yield in Forcing Culture of Strawberry","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.135","url":null,"abstract":"Production areas and levels are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. Solving these problems, there is an increasing trend towards strawberry productions in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yield are required in large-scale greenhouse. This requires the development of environment control techniques (e.g., light, air temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, wind velocity) to allow plants to realize their full photosynthetic potential. Miyoshi et al. (2013) provides an example of environment control in forcing culture of strawberry, reporting on an energy-saving control of ambient air temperature using a constant soil temperature layer. Furthermore, Hidaka et al. (2012) reported that controlling the light environment directly influences leaf photosynthesis and fruit yield; this is required because variable light environments that are dependent on factors such as cropping season and cultivation location frequently lead to inadequate light levels for leaf photosynthesis, plant growth and fruit yield, resulting in declining productivity in greenhouse production. Consequently, the development of a supplementary lighting technique, independent of cropping season or cultivation location, is needed for consistently high strawberry production. Hidaka et al. (2013) examined the effects of 12 h of supplemental lighting (6:00 18:00) from two different commercial light sources, high-irradiance LEDs and fluorescent lamps. In that study, we found high-irradiance LEDs significantly enhanced leaf photosynthesis compared with fluorescent lamps. This led to improved fruit quality and a significant increase in marketable yield of strawberries in forcing culture. Hidaka et al. (2014) further examined the optimum photoperiod of supplemental lighting with LEDs to the June bearing strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv. Fukuoka S6). The best fruit yield in this cultivar was found under 12-h illumination when four different photoperiods (12-h, 14-h, 16-h and 24-h illumination) were compared. Darrow (1966) classified June bearing strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch.) as a facultative short day plant. Ito and Saito (1962) and Taylor (2002) clarified that each cultivar has a respective critical day-length that is needed to induce flower bud differentiation. Photoperiods exceeding a critical day-length may inhibit flower bud differentiation, and subsequently bring decreasing in yield. Therefore, a sufficient effect of supplemental lighting with 12-h photoperiods, which was seen when using the cultivar known as ‘Fukuoka S6’ (Hidaka et al., 2014), may not always be obtained using any other cultivars. Understanding the varietal differences in the supplemental lighting effect is required for developing a technique of supplemental lighting that can be broadly and successfully applied. The mechanism that produces an increase in yield based on supplemental lighting may also vary with each cultivar having","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"6 7","pages":"135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.53.135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72390914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, plant factory related businesses are increasing because of abnormal climate and natural disasters. Various in-dustries have entered the plant factory business with new cultivating techniques. Various attempts are being made to produce high value crops with research and development of various cultivating techniques. Additionally in the plant factory business, large-scale production, automation and labor-saving are also important for establishing a sustainable industry. Therefore, several techniques have been utilized to improve the use of space, application of automation, and productivity in the plant factory.
{"title":"Automatization, Labor-Saving and Employment in a Plant Factory","authors":"Jai-Eok Park, Kenji Nakamura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.89","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, plant factory related businesses are increasing because of abnormal climate and natural disasters. Various in-dustries have entered the plant factory business with new cultivating techniques. Various attempts are being made to produce high value crops with research and development of various cultivating techniques. Additionally in the plant factory business, large-scale production, automation and labor-saving are also important for establishing a sustainable industry. Therefore, several techniques have been utilized to improve the use of space, application of automation, and productivity in the plant factory.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":"89-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81692828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a previous study (Eguchi et al., 2012), tuberous root growth and antioxidant contents of two sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars were examined using two different irrigation schemes: periodic surface-irrigation and continuous sub-irrigation. Although no apparent differences in tuberous root development were observed between the two irrigation methods, the content of tocopherol in the surface-irrigated tuberous root was significantly higher for both the cultivars. We speculated that the periodical wetting of the tuberous root surface might increase the content of the antioxidant, -tocopherol. The inner portion of bulky plant tissues such as tuberous roots can become hypoxic because they are located at sites remote from the sites of oxygen entry (Geigenberger, 2003). Furthermore, hypoxia causes oxidative stress in plant tissue (Blokhina et al., 2003). A thin water film that covers the root surface may inhibit oxygen movement into the roots, and cause an increase in the content of the antioxidant -tocopherol, for coping with the slight oxidative stress occurring within the roots. However, there was doubt as to whether the surface-irrigated water completely coated the tuberous roots. Small container cultivation as we previously used for sweetpotatoes (Eguchi et al., 2012) can readily apply instantaneous flooding, which perfectly covers the whole surface of the tuberous root. In the previous study, the O2 concentration around the tuberous root was maintained at approximately 21% during the cultivation period and was unaffected by irrigation because of the good gas permeability and water drainage of the root media. In that case, instantaneous flooding may not greatly disturb O2 concentrations when we use the same root media. Therefore, in this study, we performed instantaneous flooding of sweetpotato plants grown in a small container. The effects of the flooding treatments with different times and different intervals were investigated with regards to the -tocopherol contents in the tuberous roots. Electrolyte leakage from the root flesh was also measured for examination of the occurrence of physiological stress within the root.
在之前的一项研究中(Eguchi et al.， 2012)，两种甘薯Ipomoea batatas (L.)的块根生长和抗氧化剂含量采用两种不同的灌溉方案:定期地表灌溉和连续次灌溉。虽然两种灌溉方式对块根发育无明显影响，但地表灌溉的块根中生育酚含量显著高于地表灌溉的块根。我们推测，块根表面的周期性湿润可能会增加抗氧化剂-生育酚的含量。块茎根等大型植物组织的内部部分可能会缺氧，因为它们位于远离氧气进入部位的位置(Geigenberger, 2003)。此外，缺氧导致植物组织氧化应激(Blokhina et al.， 2003)。覆盖在根表面的一层薄薄的水膜可能会抑制氧气进入根内，并导致抗氧化剂-生育酚含量的增加，以应对根内发生的轻微氧化应激。然而，地表水是否完全覆盖了块根还存在疑问。我们以前用于甘薯的小容器栽培(Eguchi等人，2012年)可以很容易地应用瞬时洪水，完美地覆盖了块根的整个表面。在之前的研究中，由于块根介质具有良好的透气性和排水性，在栽培期间，块根周围的O2浓度保持在21%左右，不受灌溉的影响。在这种情况下，当我们使用相同的根介质时，瞬时淹水可能不会对O2浓度产生很大的干扰。因此，在这项研究中，我们对种植在一个小容器中的甘薯植物进行了瞬时淹水。研究了不同时间、不同时间间隔淹水处理对块根-生育酚含量的影响。还测量了根肉的电解质泄漏，以检查根内生理应激的发生。
{"title":"Instantaneous Flooding and α-Tocopherol Content in Tuberous Roots of Sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)","authors":"T. Eguchi, Yuji Ito, S. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.13","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous study (Eguchi et al., 2012), tuberous root growth and antioxidant contents of two sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars were examined using two different irrigation schemes: periodic surface-irrigation and continuous sub-irrigation. Although no apparent differences in tuberous root development were observed between the two irrigation methods, the content of tocopherol in the surface-irrigated tuberous root was significantly higher for both the cultivars. We speculated that the periodical wetting of the tuberous root surface might increase the content of the antioxidant, -tocopherol. The inner portion of bulky plant tissues such as tuberous roots can become hypoxic because they are located at sites remote from the sites of oxygen entry (Geigenberger, 2003). Furthermore, hypoxia causes oxidative stress in plant tissue (Blokhina et al., 2003). A thin water film that covers the root surface may inhibit oxygen movement into the roots, and cause an increase in the content of the antioxidant -tocopherol, for coping with the slight oxidative stress occurring within the roots. However, there was doubt as to whether the surface-irrigated water completely coated the tuberous roots. Small container cultivation as we previously used for sweetpotatoes (Eguchi et al., 2012) can readily apply instantaneous flooding, which perfectly covers the whole surface of the tuberous root. In the previous study, the O2 concentration around the tuberous root was maintained at approximately 21% during the cultivation period and was unaffected by irrigation because of the good gas permeability and water drainage of the root media. In that case, instantaneous flooding may not greatly disturb O2 concentrations when we use the same root media. Therefore, in this study, we performed instantaneous flooding of sweetpotato plants grown in a small container. The effects of the flooding treatments with different times and different intervals were investigated with regards to the -tocopherol contents in the tuberous roots. Electrolyte leakage from the root flesh was also measured for examination of the occurrence of physiological stress within the root.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81030932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomato plants differentiate a terminal flower bud on the apex of the main stem and formed flower truss, known as the determinate pattern with branching characteristics (Saito, 1982; Tabuchi, 2007). Then, the axillary bud adjacent to the terminal flower bud differentiates and grows as a uniaxial sympodial branch. The lateral shoot that extend a single main branch and continues to grow is referred to as indeterminate (Fig. 1). These types are cultivated mainly for the fresh product market. In contrast, plants with a self-pruning growth habit with only short sympodial branches that form 1 4 flower trusses (Yeager, 1927) are described as determinate. A new apex can differentiate from the highest node below the terminal flower bud in this branching type. These cultivars are mainly grown for processing tomatoes (Abe et al., 1965). In general, lateral shoots of indeterminate tomato cultivars need to be removed before becoming elongated to prevent nutrient competition between vegetative and reproductive organs. If lateral shoots are not removed, strong growth of shoots from some nodes occurs (Ohta, 2012). Because the sink strength of lateral shoots with flower trusses is stronger than that of the main stem (Shishido and Hori, 1991), strong growth of some lateral shoots may cause uneven distribution of photosynthetic products, resulting in undesirable effects on fruit production. During tomato cultivation during winter and summer in the Netherlands, lateral shoots generated from the first or second nodes below the terminal flower bud are used to increase stem numbers per area in indeterminate cultivars and increase tomato yield (Heuvelink, 2005). Aoki (1981) devised the continuous pinching cultivation method, which uses the lateral shoots to improve fruit quality and increase yield. The utilization of lateral shoots can both promote high-quality fruits (Fukuchi et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2006; Kusakawa et al., 2013) and also increase crop yield (Sasaki et al., 2013). In contrast, for determinate tomato cultivars, lateral shoots are generally not removed to save labor and ensure yield (Arima and Nakamura, 1969; Fukui et al., 1990; Ito, 1992; Yanokuchi, 1997). Differentiation of axillary buds occurs at every node during the growth of commercial cultivars. Although the axillary buds at lower nodes extend during the vegetative stage, the axillary buds at the upper nodes below the terminal bud do not extend much due to apical dominance (Saito, 1982; McSteen and Leyser, 2005). When the terminal flower bud at the shoot apex emerges and grows, the entire axillary bud in general begins to elongate. Branch formation in indeterminate cultivars differs from that in determinate ones. Also, the growth properties of lateral shoots generated from each node can be used as indices to increase yield and improve fruit quality. In addition, because the population of those who grow tomatoes in Japan is ageing, the ergonomics of this kind of work should be improved by developi
番茄植株在主茎的顶端分化出一个顶生花芽，并形成花架，称为具有分枝特征的决定性花型(Saito, 1982;Tabuchi, 2007)。然后，与顶生花芽相邻的腋芽分化并生长为单轴合轴分枝。延伸出一个主枝并继续生长的侧枝被称为不定式(图1)。这些类型主要用于生鲜产品市场。相比之下，具有自修剪生长习惯的植物，只有形成14个花束的短的合聚枝(Yeager, 1927)被描述为确定的。在这种分枝类型中，新的先端可以从顶生花芽以下的最高节中分化出来。这些品种主要用于加工番茄(Abe et al.， 1965)。一般来说，不确定番茄品种的侧枝需要在变长之前去除，以防止营养器官和生殖器官之间的营养竞争。如果不去除侧芽，一些节点上的芽会生长旺盛(Ohta, 2012)。由于花架侧枝的汇强强于主茎(Shishido and Hori, 1991)，部分侧枝生长旺盛，可能造成光合产物分布不均匀，对果实生产产生不良影响。在荷兰冬季和夏季的番茄栽培中，在不确定的品种中，从顶花芽以下的第一或第二节产生的侧枝用于增加每面积茎数并提高番茄产量(Heuvelink, 2005)。Aoki(1981)提出了利用侧枝提高果实品质和产量的连续掐枝栽培方法。利用侧枝既可以促进高品质果实(Fukuchi et al.， 2004;Saito et al.， 2006;Kusakawa et al.， 2013)，还可以提高作物产量(Sasaki et al.， 2013)。相反，对于确定的番茄品种，为了节省劳动力和确保产量，通常不切除侧枝(Arima和Nakamura, 1969;Fukui等，1990;伊藤,1992;Yanokuchi, 1997)。在商品品种的生长过程中，腋芽的分化发生在每个节点上。虽然在营养阶段，下节的腋芽会伸长，但顶芽以下的上节的腋芽由于顶端优势而不会伸长(Saito, 1982;McSteen and Leyser, 2005)。当茎尖的顶生花芽出现并生长时，整个腋芽一般开始伸长。不确定品种的分枝形成与确定品种的不同。同时，各节侧枝的生长特性也可作为提高产量和改善果实品质的指标。此外，由于日本种植番茄的人口正在老龄化，应该通过开发一种使用源自较低节点的侧枝的训练方法来改善这类工作的人体工程学。然而，对番茄的分枝习性以及顶芽出芽与侧芽伸长之间的关系的研究却很少。因为
{"title":"Differences in Branch Formation in Indeterminate and Determinate Tomato Types","authors":"K. Ohta, D. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.189","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato plants differentiate a terminal flower bud on the apex of the main stem and formed flower truss, known as the determinate pattern with branching characteristics (Saito, 1982; Tabuchi, 2007). Then, the axillary bud adjacent to the terminal flower bud differentiates and grows as a uniaxial sympodial branch. The lateral shoot that extend a single main branch and continues to grow is referred to as indeterminate (Fig. 1). These types are cultivated mainly for the fresh product market. In contrast, plants with a self-pruning growth habit with only short sympodial branches that form 1 4 flower trusses (Yeager, 1927) are described as determinate. A new apex can differentiate from the highest node below the terminal flower bud in this branching type. These cultivars are mainly grown for processing tomatoes (Abe et al., 1965). In general, lateral shoots of indeterminate tomato cultivars need to be removed before becoming elongated to prevent nutrient competition between vegetative and reproductive organs. If lateral shoots are not removed, strong growth of shoots from some nodes occurs (Ohta, 2012). Because the sink strength of lateral shoots with flower trusses is stronger than that of the main stem (Shishido and Hori, 1991), strong growth of some lateral shoots may cause uneven distribution of photosynthetic products, resulting in undesirable effects on fruit production. During tomato cultivation during winter and summer in the Netherlands, lateral shoots generated from the first or second nodes below the terminal flower bud are used to increase stem numbers per area in indeterminate cultivars and increase tomato yield (Heuvelink, 2005). Aoki (1981) devised the continuous pinching cultivation method, which uses the lateral shoots to improve fruit quality and increase yield. The utilization of lateral shoots can both promote high-quality fruits (Fukuchi et al., 2004; Saito et al., 2006; Kusakawa et al., 2013) and also increase crop yield (Sasaki et al., 2013). In contrast, for determinate tomato cultivars, lateral shoots are generally not removed to save labor and ensure yield (Arima and Nakamura, 1969; Fukui et al., 1990; Ito, 1992; Yanokuchi, 1997). Differentiation of axillary buds occurs at every node during the growth of commercial cultivars. Although the axillary buds at lower nodes extend during the vegetative stage, the axillary buds at the upper nodes below the terminal bud do not extend much due to apical dominance (Saito, 1982; McSteen and Leyser, 2005). When the terminal flower bud at the shoot apex emerges and grows, the entire axillary bud in general begins to elongate. Branch formation in indeterminate cultivars differs from that in determinate ones. Also, the growth properties of lateral shoots generated from each node can be used as indices to increase yield and improve fruit quality. In addition, because the population of those who grow tomatoes in Japan is ageing, the ergonomics of this kind of work should be improved by developi","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89109100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracing Photosynthetic Response Curves with Internal CO2 Measured Directly","authors":"Jun Tominaga, Y. Kawamitsu","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"422 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85380311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nagasawa, Junichiro Iwase, Diego Comparini, T. Kawano
Recently, applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis have attracted the attentions by many researchers and agriculturalists. In the present study, we proposed both empirical (experimental) and simulative evaluations of chlorophyll-targeting monochromic and white fluorescence-type LEDs as the light sources for algal photosynthesis based on the evolution of O 2 by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.
{"title":"Empirical and Simulative Evaluations of White Fluorescence-type Light Emitting Diodes as Algal Growing Light Sources Based on the Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution by Synechocystis spp. PCC6803","authors":"K. Nagasawa, Junichiro Iwase, Diego Comparini, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.169","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, applications of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhancing the efficiency of photosynthesis have attracted the attentions by many researchers and agriculturalists. In the present study, we proposed both empirical (experimental) and simulative evaluations of chlorophyll-targeting monochromic and white fluorescence-type LEDs as the light sources for algal photosynthesis based on the evolution of O 2 by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"43 1","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81886907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic Plant Cultivation System (Automated Plant Factory)","authors":"H. Ohara, T. Hirai, Kouji Kouno, Y. Nishiura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74846040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. H. Chotangui, K. Sugahara, M. Okabe, S. Kasuga, K. Isobe, Masao Higo, Y. Torigoe
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important element limiting nutrients for plant growth and one of the largest energy-input in agricultural production systems is through N fertilizers. Intensive crop production involves the application of inorganic and organic N fertilizer forms to supplement the soil resource base (Christian and Riche, 1998). Over-fertilization and inappropriate timing of fertilizer application may enrich soil water with nitrate-N (NO3-N) (Christian and Riche, 1998) and result to NO3-N leaching that is economically and environmentally undesirable (Asadi and Clemente, 2003; Luce et al., 2011). Several strategies of managing soil N that may reduce or prevent NO3-N leaching in intensive crop production systems have been proposed and experimented (Horiuchi, 2001; Di and Cameron, 2002; Qiaogang et al., 2008; Zupanc et al., 2011). However, in intensive leafy vegetable production systems, excessive application of N in the form of chemical fertilizers to achieve maximum yield per cultivated area is usually accompanied by NO3-N leaching (Mishima, 2001). NO3 -N leaching below the rooting zone results to point and non-point-source pollution and high cost-benefit ratio of agricultural production are sustainability issues that have been addressed for decades (Kumazawa, 1999; Maeda et al., 2003; Bergström et al., 2005; Schoolman et al., 2011). NO3-N leaching has been evaluated using lysimeters (Ogawa et al., 1979; Kobayashi et al., 1995; Suzuki and Shiga, 2004), porous ceramic cups (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998), ion-exchange-resin cartridges (Predotova et al., 2011) and well calibrated computer models. Traditionally, a technique for monitoring salts in the soil of which NO3-N is not exempted involved core sampling (Patriquin et al., 1993; Eigenberg et al., 2002) or the use of suction probes (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998) and subsequent laboratory analyses. Monitoring solutes in the soil has evolved through destructive and a series of non-destructive methods whose applicability is dependent upon the study objectives. Soil resistivity techniques such as resistance probes, low frequency capacitance probes (Aimrun et al., 2009; Scudiero et al., 2012), time-domain reflectometry (Payero et al., 2006; Krishnapillai and Ranjan, 2009; Persson and Dahlin, 2010), soil water samplers (Higashi et al., 2005), tracers (Shibano and Ohno, 1988) and morphological techniques (Eigenberg et al., 2002) have also been employed to monitor the pathway of solute movement in the soil. Computer models have also been developed for scientific research based on ecosystem management principles
氮(N)是植物生长最重要的限制元素之一，也是农业生产系统中最大的能量输入之一。集约化作物生产包括施用无机和有机氮肥，以补充土壤资源基础(Christian and Riche, 1998)。过度施肥和不适当的施肥时间可能会使土壤中硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)富集(Christian and Riche, 1998)，并导致NO3-N淋失，这在经济和环境上都是不利的(Asadi and Clemente, 2003);Luce et al.， 2011)。在集约化作物生产系统中，已经提出并试验了几种可以减少或防止硝态氮淋失的土壤N管理策略(Horiuchi, 2001;迪和卡梅隆，2002;乔刚等，2008;Zupanc et al.， 2011)。然而，在集约化叶菜生产系统中，为了达到每耕地面积的最大产量，以化肥的形式过量施用N通常伴随着NO3-N淋失(Mishima, 2001)。生根区以下NO3 -N的淋溶导致点源和非点源污染以及农业生产的高成本效益比是几十年来一直在解决的可持续性问题(Kumazawa, 1999;Maeda et al.， 2003;Bergström等，2005;Schoolman et al.， 2011)。利用溶渗仪评估了NO3-N浸出(Ogawa et al.， 1979;Kobayashi等人，1995;Suzuki and Shiga, 2004)，多孔陶瓷杯(Williams and Lord, 1997;Christian和Riche, 1998)，离子交换树脂墨盒(Predotova等人，2011)和校准良好的计算机模型。传统上，监测土壤中NO3-N不排除的盐分的技术涉及岩心取样(Patriquin等人，1993;Eigenberg et al.， 2002)或使用吸力探针(Williams and Lord, 1997;Christian and Riche, 1998)和随后的实验室分析。监测土壤中溶质的方法经过了破坏性和一系列非破坏性方法的发展，其适用性取决于研究目的。土壤电阻率技术，如电阻探头、低频电容探头(Aimrun等，2009;Scudiero et al.， 2012)，时域反射法(Payero et al.， 2006;Krishnapillai and Ranjan, 2009;Persson和Dahlin, 2010)、土壤水采样器(Higashi等人，2005)、示踪剂(Shibano和Ohno, 1988)和形态学技术(Eigenberg等人，2002)也被用于监测土壤中溶质运动的途径。基于生态系统管理原则的科学研究也开发了计算机模型
{"title":"Evaluation of NO3-N Leaching in Commercial Fields of Leafy Vegetables by the Soil Nitrogen Balance Estimation System","authors":"A. H. Chotangui, K. Sugahara, M. Okabe, S. Kasuga, K. Isobe, Masao Higo, Y. Torigoe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.145","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important element limiting nutrients for plant growth and one of the largest energy-input in agricultural production systems is through N fertilizers. Intensive crop production involves the application of inorganic and organic N fertilizer forms to supplement the soil resource base (Christian and Riche, 1998). Over-fertilization and inappropriate timing of fertilizer application may enrich soil water with nitrate-N (NO3-N) (Christian and Riche, 1998) and result to NO3-N leaching that is economically and environmentally undesirable (Asadi and Clemente, 2003; Luce et al., 2011). Several strategies of managing soil N that may reduce or prevent NO3-N leaching in intensive crop production systems have been proposed and experimented (Horiuchi, 2001; Di and Cameron, 2002; Qiaogang et al., 2008; Zupanc et al., 2011). However, in intensive leafy vegetable production systems, excessive application of N in the form of chemical fertilizers to achieve maximum yield per cultivated area is usually accompanied by NO3-N leaching (Mishima, 2001). NO3 -N leaching below the rooting zone results to point and non-point-source pollution and high cost-benefit ratio of agricultural production are sustainability issues that have been addressed for decades (Kumazawa, 1999; Maeda et al., 2003; Bergström et al., 2005; Schoolman et al., 2011). NO3-N leaching has been evaluated using lysimeters (Ogawa et al., 1979; Kobayashi et al., 1995; Suzuki and Shiga, 2004), porous ceramic cups (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998), ion-exchange-resin cartridges (Predotova et al., 2011) and well calibrated computer models. Traditionally, a technique for monitoring salts in the soil of which NO3-N is not exempted involved core sampling (Patriquin et al., 1993; Eigenberg et al., 2002) or the use of suction probes (Williams and Lord, 1997; Christian and Riche, 1998) and subsequent laboratory analyses. Monitoring solutes in the soil has evolved through destructive and a series of non-destructive methods whose applicability is dependent upon the study objectives. Soil resistivity techniques such as resistance probes, low frequency capacitance probes (Aimrun et al., 2009; Scudiero et al., 2012), time-domain reflectometry (Payero et al., 2006; Krishnapillai and Ranjan, 2009; Persson and Dahlin, 2010), soil water samplers (Higashi et al., 2005), tracers (Shibano and Ohno, 1988) and morphological techniques (Eigenberg et al., 2002) have also been employed to monitor the pathway of solute movement in the soil. Computer models have also been developed for scientific research based on ecosystem management principles","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"62 1","pages":"145-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83934259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growth characteristics and physiological activities of leaves and roots of lettuce cultivated in dry-fog aeroponics with different flow rates of nutrient dry-fog (FL, 1.0 m s (cid:4) 1 ; NF, 0.1 m s (cid:4) 1 ) were investigated under a controlled environment for two weeks and compared to lettuce cultivated using deep-flow technique (DFT). The growth of leaves of FL and DFT was not different and was significantly higher than that of NF. The amount of dry-fog particles adhering to the objects was higher in FL than in NF, so that the root growth in NF was significantly higher than that of FL. The respiration rate of roots was significantly higher in dry-fog aeroponics, but the dehydrogenase activity in the roots was significantly higher in DFT. There were no differences in the contents of chlorophyll and total soluble protein in the leaves or the specific leaf area. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in dry-fog aeroponics. The contents of nitrate nitrogen, phosphate and potassium ions in the leaves were significantly higher in DFT, but the content of calcium ions was significantly higher in FL. Thus, changing the flow rate of the dry-fog in the rhizosphere can affect the growth and physiological activities of leaves and roots.
不同营养干雾流量(FL, 1.0 m s (cid:4) 1)下干雾气培莴苣叶、根的生长特性及生理活性;在受控环境下，研究了0.1 m s (cid:4) 1)的NF，并与采用深流技术(DFT)栽培的生菜进行了比较。两种处理的叶片生长无显著差异，且显著高于NF处理。干雾培养液中附着在物体上的干雾颗粒量显著高于NF培养液，因此NF培养液中根系生长显著高于FL培养液。干雾气培法根系呼吸速率显著高于DFT，而DFT培养液中根系脱氢酶活性显著高于DFT培养液。叶片中叶绿素和总可溶性蛋白含量及比叶面积无显著差异。干雾气培的光合速率和气孔导度较高。叶片中硝酸盐氮、磷酸盐和钾离子含量在DFT中显著高于DFT，而钙离子含量在FL中显著高于DFT。由此可见，改变根际干雾流量可以影响叶片和根系的生长和生理活动。
{"title":"Dry-fog Aeroponics Affects the Root Growth of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Greenspan) by Changing the Flow Rate of Spray Fertigation","authors":"Y. Hikosaka, M. Kanechi, Mizuki Sato, Y. Uno","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.181","url":null,"abstract":"The growth characteristics and physiological activities of leaves and roots of lettuce cultivated in dry-fog aeroponics with different flow rates of nutrient dry-fog (FL, 1.0 m s (cid:4) 1 ; NF, 0.1 m s (cid:4) 1 ) were investigated under a controlled environment for two weeks and compared to lettuce cultivated using deep-flow technique (DFT). The growth of leaves of FL and DFT was not different and was significantly higher than that of NF. The amount of dry-fog particles adhering to the objects was higher in FL than in NF, so that the root growth in NF was significantly higher than that of FL. The respiration rate of roots was significantly higher in dry-fog aeroponics, but the dehydrogenase activity in the roots was significantly higher in DFT. There were no differences in the contents of chlorophyll and total soluble protein in the leaves or the specific leaf area. Photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in dry-fog aeroponics. The contents of nitrate nitrogen, phosphate and potassium ions in the leaves were significantly higher in DFT, but the content of calcium ions was significantly higher in FL. Thus, changing the flow rate of the dry-fog in the rhizosphere can affect the growth and physiological activities of leaves and roots.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"82 1","pages":"181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91137879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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