T. Kawahara, Shuichi Hatae, T. Kanyama, Yukihito Ishizaki, K. Uezu
In recent years, large-scale forest fires have been occurring frequently worldwide and 60,000 to 140,000 km of forests have been vanishing yearly. The forest fires and the damage from the smoke associated with them have caused lost of human life and health hazards as well as loss of forest vegetation, biomass, and ecosystems in massive areas. The damage in the Europe’s Mediterranean coast, North America’s west coast, Russia, and Australia are especially serious. There were over 170 large-scale forest fires concentrated throughout Greece from June to October in 2007. Additionally, in 2007 the forest fires that broke out from October 20 to 23 in Southern California of North America over an area almost equivalent to the size of Tokyo (2,187 km) destroyed approximately 2,000 km of forests and about 1,700 homes in 7 d time until October 27 (Hayasaka, 2010). In these forest fires, the use of firefighting foam has greatly improved fire extinguishing effects. The surfactant in firefighting foam significantly lowers surface tension in water and allows water to be efficiently adherent to flammable materials and additionally allows water to penetrate into the flammable materials. Because of this, it is highly effective in firefighting efforts by the increased cooling effect, suppression of oxygen supply, suppression of chemical reactions in the flammable material, and blockage of radiated heat, etc. However, for forest fires, the use of water alone is common in extinguishing activities. This is because the mountainous areas are also the source of water for urban residents and the pollution caused by the run-off from the firefighting foam into rivers and the surrounding environment would be especially concerning. A cautious stance in the use of firefighting foam is being taken and even in the United States, therefore, there was a case where the concern regarding secondary environmental damage from firefighting foam led to allowing fires to extinguish naturally and resulted in a large area of new and old forests to be destroyed. We have been developing firefighting foam involving naturally derived fatty acid salts (soap) as the main component. The soap is much lower in toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to synthetic detergents with environmental water in river, lake and sea (Lin et al., 2006; Kawano et al., 2007; Goto et al., 2007; 2008; Kawano et al., 2014). The reason why the toxicity of the soap is lower to aquatic microorganisms and fish is that it reacts with metal ions such as calcium ions that exist in the environment to form metal soap. The metal soap does not have the interfacial activity and its toxicity is significantly low. It is desirable to use soap that has very low toxicity to aquatic organisms since the spreading fire extinguishing agents could have a large impact on the natural environment. The soap-based firefighting foam is diluted by 1 wt% with environmental water in use. The metal ions such as calcium ions in the environmental water
近年来，世界范围内频繁发生大规模森林火灾，每年有6万至14万公里的森林消失。森林火灾及其产生的烟雾造成了人类生命和健康的损失，以及大面积森林植被、生物量和生态系统的损失。欧洲地中海沿岸、北美西海岸、俄罗斯和澳大利亚的损失尤为严重。2007年6月至10月，希腊全国共发生了170多起大规模森林火灾。此外，2007年10月20日至23日在北美南加州爆发的森林大火，面积几乎相当于东京(2187公里)，在截至10月27日的7天时间里，烧毁了约2000公里的森林和约1700所房屋(Hayasaka, 2010)。在这些森林火灾中，灭火泡沫的使用大大提高了灭火效果。灭火泡沫中的表面活性剂显著降低了水中的表面张力，使水能够有效地附着在可燃材料上，并使水能够渗透到可燃材料中。正因为如此，它通过增加冷却效果、抑制供氧、抑制可燃材料中的化学反应、阻挡辐射热等，在消防工作中非常有效。然而，对于森林火灾，在灭火活动中通常只使用水。这是因为山区也是城市居民的水源，消防泡沫流入河流和周围环境所造成的污染将特别令人担忧。人们对灭火泡沫的使用采取了谨慎的态度，甚至在美国，因此，有一种情况是，由于担心灭火泡沫对环境造成二次破坏，导致火灾自然熄灭，导致大面积的新旧森林遭到破坏。我们一直在开发以天然脂肪酸盐(肥皂)为主要成分的消防泡沫。与河流、湖泊和海洋中的环境水合成洗涤剂相比，这种肥皂对水生生物的毒性要低得多(Lin等人，2006;Kawano et al.， 2007;Goto et al.， 2007;2008;Kawano et al.， 2014)。肥皂之所以对水生微生物和鱼类的毒性较低，是因为它与环境中存在的钙离子等金属离子发生反应，形成金属肥皂。金属皂不具有界面活性，毒性明显较低。最好使用对水生生物毒性非常低的肥皂，因为蔓延的灭火剂可能对自然环境产生很大的影响。肥皂基消防泡沫用环境用水稀释1wt %。环境水中的钙离子等金属离子可引起金属皂的形成，使界面活性降低。因此，有必要在消防泡沫中加入螯合剂，防止肥皂与金属离子形成金属皂。乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)是常用的螯合剂，对金属离子有很好的遮蔽作用。然而，EDTA的可生物降解性差得多，其在环境中的长期残留，特别是作为重金属复合物，引起了对生态毒性的担忧(Oviedo等人，2003)。因此，高度可生物降解的螯合剂l -谷氨酸N -二乙酸(GLDA)被用于一般建筑的消防泡沫中(Mizuki et al.， 2007)。然而，含GLDA的消防泡沫却存在着不足之处
{"title":"Development of Eco-Friendly Soap-Based Firefighting Foam for Forest Fire","authors":"T. Kawahara, Shuichi Hatae, T. Kanyama, Yukihito Ishizaki, K. Uezu","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.75","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, large-scale forest fires have been occurring frequently worldwide and 60,000 to 140,000 km of forests have been vanishing yearly. The forest fires and the damage from the smoke associated with them have caused lost of human life and health hazards as well as loss of forest vegetation, biomass, and ecosystems in massive areas. The damage in the Europe’s Mediterranean coast, North America’s west coast, Russia, and Australia are especially serious. There were over 170 large-scale forest fires concentrated throughout Greece from June to October in 2007. Additionally, in 2007 the forest fires that broke out from October 20 to 23 in Southern California of North America over an area almost equivalent to the size of Tokyo (2,187 km) destroyed approximately 2,000 km of forests and about 1,700 homes in 7 d time until October 27 (Hayasaka, 2010). In these forest fires, the use of firefighting foam has greatly improved fire extinguishing effects. The surfactant in firefighting foam significantly lowers surface tension in water and allows water to be efficiently adherent to flammable materials and additionally allows water to penetrate into the flammable materials. Because of this, it is highly effective in firefighting efforts by the increased cooling effect, suppression of oxygen supply, suppression of chemical reactions in the flammable material, and blockage of radiated heat, etc. However, for forest fires, the use of water alone is common in extinguishing activities. This is because the mountainous areas are also the source of water for urban residents and the pollution caused by the run-off from the firefighting foam into rivers and the surrounding environment would be especially concerning. A cautious stance in the use of firefighting foam is being taken and even in the United States, therefore, there was a case where the concern regarding secondary environmental damage from firefighting foam led to allowing fires to extinguish naturally and resulted in a large area of new and old forests to be destroyed. We have been developing firefighting foam involving naturally derived fatty acid salts (soap) as the main component. The soap is much lower in toxicity to aquatic organisms compared to synthetic detergents with environmental water in river, lake and sea (Lin et al., 2006; Kawano et al., 2007; Goto et al., 2007; 2008; Kawano et al., 2014). The reason why the toxicity of the soap is lower to aquatic microorganisms and fish is that it reacts with metal ions such as calcium ions that exist in the environment to form metal soap. The metal soap does not have the interfacial activity and its toxicity is significantly low. It is desirable to use soap that has very low toxicity to aquatic organisms since the spreading fire extinguishing agents could have a large impact on the natural environment. The soap-based firefighting foam is diluted by 1 wt% with environmental water in use. The metal ions such as calcium ions in the environmental water ","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"54 1","pages":"75-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81120981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nozomu Kira, T. Yoshimatsu, K. Fukunaga, S. Okada, Masao Adachi, T. Kadono
Marine diatoms are major groups of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes (Mann and Droop, 1996). Diatoms are of broad interest for basic studies of the ecosystem, evolution, and metabolism due to their enormous contribution to primary production on Earth (Nelson et al., 1995), complex evolutionary history as secondary endosymbionts (Falkowski et al., 2004), and their unique ability to produce silica-based cell walls (Martin-Jézéquel et al., 2000). In addition, diatoms represent a potential source of sustainable products such as hydrocarbon-based biofuel precursors that could serve as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental issues (Wijffels and Barbosa, 2010). Diatoms have also been considered a potential source of commercial applications because they produce bioactive compounds such as carotenoids that are beneficial to human health through their excellent antioxidant activity (Van Den Berg et al., 2000; Pulz and Gross, 2004). In land plants and diatoms, hydrocarbons (e.g., squalene) and carotenoids are synthesized via isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways such as the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, respectively (Lohr et al., 2012; Fabris et al., 2014). Potential MVA and MEP pathways in Pennales Phaeodactylum tricornutum are summarized in Fig. 1 (Lohr et al., 2012; Hemmerlin, 2013; Vranová et al., 2013; Fabris et al., 2014). To enhance the production of hydrocarbons and carotenoids, overexpression of the 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene in the MVA pathway and the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (HDR) genes in the MEP pathway has been reported, because these enzymes are thought to be the major rate-limiting enzymes in plants (Lohr et al., 2012). For example, the overexpression of the HMGR or DXS genes has resulted in increased phytosterols and carotenoids in tomato, respectively (Enfissi et al., 2005). In diatoms, introducing the endogenous DXS gene to P. tricornutum resulted in an increase in the amount of carotenoids such as fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and -carotene (Eilers et al., 2015). On the other hand, it was reported that control of the MVA and MEP pathways occurs mainly at the transcription level in plants (Vranová et al., 2013). This issue suggests that analyzing the expression profiles of genes in both pathways using quantitative RNA-seq is important for selecting target genes for overexpression. However, the expression profiles of the genes in both pathways of diatoms have not been fully investigated, although the expressed sequence
海洋硅藻是单细胞光合真核生物的主要类群(Mann and Droop, 1996)。硅藻在生态系统、进化和代谢的基础研究中引起了广泛的兴趣，因为它们对地球上的初级生产做出了巨大贡献(Nelson等人，1995年)，作为次生内共生生物的复杂进化史(Falkowski等人，2004年)，以及它们产生硅基细胞壁的独特能力(martin - j2013.2013.04等人，2000年)。此外，硅藻代表了可持续产品的潜在来源，如碳氢化合物基生物燃料前体，可以作为能源危机和环境问题的解决方案(Wijffels和Barbosa, 2010)。硅藻也被认为是商业应用的潜在来源，因为它们产生生物活性化合物，如类胡萝卜素，通过其出色的抗氧化活性有益于人类健康(Van Den Berg等人，2000年;Pulz和Gross, 2004)。在陆地植物和硅藻中，碳氢化合物(如角鲨烯)和类胡萝卜素分别通过类异戊二烯前体生物合成途径，如甲羟戊酸(MVA)和2- c -甲基- d -赤藓糖醇磷酸(MEP)途径合成(Lohr等，2012;Fabris et al.， 2014)。图1总结了三角褐毛藻潜在的MVA和MEP通路(Lohr et al.， 2012;Hemmerlin, 2013;vranov等人，2013;Fabris et al.， 2014)。为了促进碳氢化合物和类胡萝卜素的产生，已经报道了MVA途径中的3-羟基-3甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)基因和MEP途径中的1-脱氧-d -木糖5-磷酸合成酶(DXS)、1-脱氧-d -木糖5-磷酸还原异构酶(DXR)和1-羟基-2-甲基-2-(E)丁烯基4-二磷酸还原酶(HDR)基因的过表达，因为这些酶被认为是植物中主要的限速酶(Lohr等，2012)。例如，HMGR或DXS基因的过表达分别导致番茄中植物甾醇和类胡萝卜素的增加(Enfissi et al.， 2005)。在硅藻中，将内源性DXS基因引入P. tricornutum会导致类胡萝卜素(如岩藻黄质、二胺黄质和-胡萝卜素)的数量增加(Eilers et al.， 2015)。另一方面，据报道，植物对MVA和MEP途径的控制主要发生在转录水平(vranov等，2013)。这一问题表明，使用定量RNA-seq分析两种途径中基因的表达谱对于选择过表达的靶基因是重要的。然而，这两种途径中基因的表达谱尚未得到充分的研究，尽管表达序列
{"title":"Expression Profile of Genes Involved in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum","authors":"Nozomu Kira, T. Yoshimatsu, K. Fukunaga, S. Okada, Masao Adachi, T. Kadono","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.31","url":null,"abstract":"Marine diatoms are major groups of unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes (Mann and Droop, 1996). Diatoms are of broad interest for basic studies of the ecosystem, evolution, and metabolism due to their enormous contribution to primary production on Earth (Nelson et al., 1995), complex evolutionary history as secondary endosymbionts (Falkowski et al., 2004), and their unique ability to produce silica-based cell walls (Martin-Jézéquel et al., 2000). In addition, diatoms represent a potential source of sustainable products such as hydrocarbon-based biofuel precursors that could serve as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental issues (Wijffels and Barbosa, 2010). Diatoms have also been considered a potential source of commercial applications because they produce bioactive compounds such as carotenoids that are beneficial to human health through their excellent antioxidant activity (Van Den Berg et al., 2000; Pulz and Gross, 2004). In land plants and diatoms, hydrocarbons (e.g., squalene) and carotenoids are synthesized via isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways such as the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, respectively (Lohr et al., 2012; Fabris et al., 2014). Potential MVA and MEP pathways in Pennales Phaeodactylum tricornutum are summarized in Fig. 1 (Lohr et al., 2012; Hemmerlin, 2013; Vranová et al., 2013; Fabris et al., 2014). To enhance the production of hydrocarbons and carotenoids, overexpression of the 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene in the MVA pathway and the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), and 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (HDR) genes in the MEP pathway has been reported, because these enzymes are thought to be the major rate-limiting enzymes in plants (Lohr et al., 2012). For example, the overexpression of the HMGR or DXS genes has resulted in increased phytosterols and carotenoids in tomato, respectively (Enfissi et al., 2005). In diatoms, introducing the endogenous DXS gene to P. tricornutum resulted in an increase in the amount of carotenoids such as fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, and -carotene (Eilers et al., 2015). On the other hand, it was reported that control of the MVA and MEP pathways occurs mainly at the transcription level in plants (Vranová et al., 2013). This issue suggests that analyzing the expression profiles of genes in both pathways using quantitative RNA-seq is important for selecting target genes for overexpression. However, the expression profiles of the genes in both pathways of diatoms have not been fully investigated, although the expressed sequence","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"21 1","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79967814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huijuan Zhou, S. Kawamura, S. Koseki, Toshinori Kimura
{"title":"Comparative Quality Changes of Fresh-cut Melon in Bio-based and Petroleum-based Plastic Containers during Storage","authors":"Huijuan Zhou, S. Kawamura, S. Koseki, Toshinori Kimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":"93-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86605297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stem of the cactus Opuntia (genus Opuntia, subfamily Opuntioideae, family Cactaceae) is widely consumed as a vegetable in Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Stintzing and Carle, 2005; Cruz-Hernández and Paredes-López, 2010). With respect to its growth behavior, daughter cladodes develop from the areole of the mother cladode and this process is repeated (Pimienta-Barrios et al., 2005). In Japan, edible Opuntia plants are also produced as vegetables, mainly in Kasugai city, Aichi Prefecture. However, cladodes have a characteristic that diminishes their acceptance by the consumer; the presence of spines on the areole. A number of beneficial functions have been ascribed to spines, including participation in zoochorous dispersal (Frego and Staniforth, 1985; Bobich and Nobel, 2001), mechanical protection from herbivores (Norman and Martin, 1986), shading of the stem (Nobel et al., 1986), reflection of light (Loik, 2008), and thus a reduction in water loss (Stintzing and Carle, 2005). In addition to the above, a further report shows that cactus spines also function as a fog collection system (Ju et al., 2012). Therefore, drought stress on cladodes might be related to the appearance and number of spines. Reducing the number of spines will lead to an improvement in the edible quality of Opuntia and thus increase consumer acceptance. Opuntia plants are commonly produced through soil or pot culture. Major problems in growing vegetables, including edible Opuntia, using soil are soil-borne disease, salt accumulation, and difficulty in fertilizer management (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Hydroponics culture is a method of growing plants using nutrient solution (water and fertilizer) with or without the use of an artificial medium. No soil means absence of weeds or soil-borne disease, and precise fertilizer management is possible (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Thus, hydroponics culture conveys many advantages for edible Opuntia production, although there is no report investigating the effects of hydroponics culture on edible cactus growth as far as we searched. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of hydroponics culture with a deep flow technique (DFT) on the growth of edible cacti and to assess the effect of drought stress on the spine frequency of daughter cladodes.
仙人掌(仙人掌属，仙人掌亚科，仙人掌科)的茎在墨西哥和地中海国家作为蔬菜被广泛食用(Stintzing和Carle, 2005;Cruz-Hernández和Paredes-López, 2010)。就其生长行为而言，子枝从母枝的角色发育而来，并且这个过程是重复的(Pimienta-Barrios et al.， 2005)。在日本，可食用的菊科植物也被作为蔬菜生产，主要在爱知县的龟井市。然而，衍生品有一个特点，降低了消费者对它们的接受度;眼孔上有刺。许多有益的功能都归因于棘，包括参与动物性扩散(Frego和Staniforth, 1985;Bobich和Nobel, 2001年)，对食草动物的机械保护(Norman和Martin, 1986年)，茎的遮荫(Nobel等，1986年)，光的反射(Loik, 2008年)，从而减少水分流失(Stintzing和Carle, 2005年)。除此之外，另一份报告显示仙人掌的刺还具有雾收集系统的功能(Ju et al.， 2012)。因此，干旱胁迫对枝部的影响可能与刺的外观和数量有关。减少刺的数量将改善Opuntia的食用质量，从而增加消费者的接受度。机会植物通常通过土壤或盆栽种植。在种植蔬菜(包括可食用的Opuntia)时，利用土壤的主要问题是土传病害、盐积累和肥料管理困难(Lakkireddy et al.， 2012)。水培栽培是一种利用营养液(水和肥料)种植植物的方法，有或没有使用人工培养基。没有土壤意味着没有杂草或土传疾病，并且可以进行精确的肥料管理(Lakkireddy et al.， 2012)。因此，水培培养为食用仙人掌生产带来了许多优势，尽管据我们所知，还没有关于水培培养对食用仙人掌生长影响的报道。在本研究中，我们试图研究深流水培技术(DFT)对食用仙人掌生长的影响，并评估干旱胁迫对子枝棘频率的影响。
{"title":"Hydroponics Culture of Edible Opuntia ‘Maya’: Drought Stress Affects the Development of Spines on Daughter Cladodes","authors":"T. Horibe, K. Yamada","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.153","url":null,"abstract":"The stem of the cactus Opuntia (genus Opuntia, subfamily Opuntioideae, family Cactaceae) is widely consumed as a vegetable in Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Stintzing and Carle, 2005; Cruz-Hernández and Paredes-López, 2010). With respect to its growth behavior, daughter cladodes develop from the areole of the mother cladode and this process is repeated (Pimienta-Barrios et al., 2005). In Japan, edible Opuntia plants are also produced as vegetables, mainly in Kasugai city, Aichi Prefecture. However, cladodes have a characteristic that diminishes their acceptance by the consumer; the presence of spines on the areole. A number of beneficial functions have been ascribed to spines, including participation in zoochorous dispersal (Frego and Staniforth, 1985; Bobich and Nobel, 2001), mechanical protection from herbivores (Norman and Martin, 1986), shading of the stem (Nobel et al., 1986), reflection of light (Loik, 2008), and thus a reduction in water loss (Stintzing and Carle, 2005). In addition to the above, a further report shows that cactus spines also function as a fog collection system (Ju et al., 2012). Therefore, drought stress on cladodes might be related to the appearance and number of spines. Reducing the number of spines will lead to an improvement in the edible quality of Opuntia and thus increase consumer acceptance. Opuntia plants are commonly produced through soil or pot culture. Major problems in growing vegetables, including edible Opuntia, using soil are soil-borne disease, salt accumulation, and difficulty in fertilizer management (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Hydroponics culture is a method of growing plants using nutrient solution (water and fertilizer) with or without the use of an artificial medium. No soil means absence of weeds or soil-borne disease, and precise fertilizer management is possible (Lakkireddy et al., 2012). Thus, hydroponics culture conveys many advantages for edible Opuntia production, although there is no report investigating the effects of hydroponics culture on edible cactus growth as far as we searched. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of hydroponics culture with a deep flow technique (DFT) on the growth of edible cacti and to assess the effect of drought stress on the spine frequency of daughter cladodes.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"102 1","pages":"153-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85828351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Yasutake, K. Miyauchi, M. Mori, M. Kitano, Aya Ino, Akihiko Takahashi
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and humidity of the air are two extremely important environmental elements that influence photosynthesis in crops (i.e., growth). The difference in CO2 concentration between air and leaf plays a significant role in the photosynthetic rate (Wall et al., 2011), whereas humidity affects photosynthesis through stomatal conductance (Yabuki and Miyagawa, 1970; Nonami et al., 1990). These elements could become serious limiting factors for crop production in greenhouses. This occurs when the CO2 concentration frequently drops below 400 mol mol , mainly because of continuous uptake by crops (photosynthesis) and insufficient inflow of CO2 from outside to the greenhouse with ventilation (Yabuki and Imazu, 1965; Yasutake et al., 2014a), and when greenhouse air dries during daytime because of high air temperature inside the greenhouse (Yasutake et al., 2014b). Therefore, increasing not only CO2 concentration but also humidity (i.e. CO2 enrichment and humidification) are desired for increasing crop production with improved photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. In particular, recent researches in relation to high-tech greenhouses and/or plant factories have focused on such environmental control technology with reference to multiple environmental elements (e.g., Suzuki et al., 2015; Hidaka et al., 2016). However, crop responses to controlled multiple environmental elements and their mechanisms could be more complicated. For example, in the case of CO2 enrichment and humidification, opposite effects on stomatal movement occurs, where the former induces stomatal closing and the latter induces stomatal opening (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). Furthermore, stomatal movement generally depends on the time of day (e.g., morning and afternoon) (Yoshimoto et al., 2005; Morandi et al., 2014), and therefore, the multiple effects of CO2 enrichment and humidification would also change with the time. However, detailed information on these phenomena is not fully understood yet. In this study, we conducted a fundamental experiment to measure steady-state leaf gas exchanges (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, etc.) in sweet pepper under different conditions of CO2 concentration and relative humidity by using a leaf chamber system in the morning and afternoon in a greenhouse. The goals of this study were 1) to analyze the multiple effects of CO2 concentration and humidity on leaf gas exchanges, 2) to analyze the difference in the multiple effects in the morning and afternoon, and 3) to show a strategy to control CO2 concentration and humidity in greenhouses on the basis of the results.
二氧化碳(CO2)浓度和空气湿度是影响作物光合作用(即生长)的两个极其重要的环境因素。空气和叶片之间的CO2浓度差异对光合速率有显著影响(Wall et al.， 2011)，而湿度通过气孔导度影响光合作用(Yabuki and Miyagawa, 1970;Nonami et al.， 1990)。这些因素可能成为温室作物生产的严重限制因素。当二氧化碳浓度经常低于400 mol mol时，就会发生这种情况，这主要是由于作物的持续吸收(光合作用)和从外部流入通风温室的二氧化碳不足(Yabuki和Imazu, 1965;Yasutake et al.， 2014a)，以及由于温室内气温高，白天温室空气干燥时(Yasutake et al.， 2014b)。因此，为了提高作物产量，提高光合速率和水分利用效率，不仅需要增加CO2浓度，还需要增加湿度(即CO2富集和加湿)。特别是，最近与高科技温室和/或植物工厂相关的研究侧重于参考多种环境因素的这种环境控制技术(例如，Suzuki等人，2015;Hidaka et al.， 2016)。然而，作物对受控制的多种环境因素的响应及其机制可能更为复杂。例如，在CO2富集和加湿的情况下，对气孔运动产生相反的影响，前者导致气孔关闭，后者导致气孔开放(Kramer和Boyer, 1995)。此外，气孔运动通常取决于一天中的时间(如上午和下午)(Yoshimoto et al.， 2005;Morandi et al.， 2014)，因此，CO2富集和加湿的多重效应也会随着时间而变化。然而，关于这些现象的详细信息还没有完全了解。本研究采用温室叶片室系统，在不同CO2浓度和相对湿度条件下，对甜椒叶片稳态气体交换(光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率等)进行了基础试验。本研究的目的是:1)分析CO2浓度和湿度对叶片气体交换的多重影响;2)分析上午和下午多重影响的差异;3)在此基础上提出温室CO2浓度和湿度的控制策略。
{"title":"Multiple Effects of CO 2 Concentration and Humidity on Leaf Gas Exchanges of Sweet Pepper in the Morning and Afternoon","authors":"D. Yasutake, K. Miyauchi, M. Mori, M. Kitano, Aya Ino, Akihiko Takahashi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.177","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and humidity of the air are two extremely important environmental elements that influence photosynthesis in crops (i.e., growth). The difference in CO2 concentration between air and leaf plays a significant role in the photosynthetic rate (Wall et al., 2011), whereas humidity affects photosynthesis through stomatal conductance (Yabuki and Miyagawa, 1970; Nonami et al., 1990). These elements could become serious limiting factors for crop production in greenhouses. This occurs when the CO2 concentration frequently drops below 400 mol mol , mainly because of continuous uptake by crops (photosynthesis) and insufficient inflow of CO2 from outside to the greenhouse with ventilation (Yabuki and Imazu, 1965; Yasutake et al., 2014a), and when greenhouse air dries during daytime because of high air temperature inside the greenhouse (Yasutake et al., 2014b). Therefore, increasing not only CO2 concentration but also humidity (i.e. CO2 enrichment and humidification) are desired for increasing crop production with improved photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency. In particular, recent researches in relation to high-tech greenhouses and/or plant factories have focused on such environmental control technology with reference to multiple environmental elements (e.g., Suzuki et al., 2015; Hidaka et al., 2016). However, crop responses to controlled multiple environmental elements and their mechanisms could be more complicated. For example, in the case of CO2 enrichment and humidification, opposite effects on stomatal movement occurs, where the former induces stomatal closing and the latter induces stomatal opening (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). Furthermore, stomatal movement generally depends on the time of day (e.g., morning and afternoon) (Yoshimoto et al., 2005; Morandi et al., 2014), and therefore, the multiple effects of CO2 enrichment and humidification would also change with the time. However, detailed information on these phenomena is not fully understood yet. In this study, we conducted a fundamental experiment to measure steady-state leaf gas exchanges (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, etc.) in sweet pepper under different conditions of CO2 concentration and relative humidity by using a leaf chamber system in the morning and afternoon in a greenhouse. The goals of this study were 1) to analyze the multiple effects of CO2 concentration and humidity on leaf gas exchanges, 2) to analyze the difference in the multiple effects in the morning and afternoon, and 3) to show a strategy to control CO2 concentration and humidity in greenhouses on the basis of the results.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":"177-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89408885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shunta Sakai, S. Kuroki, Takashi Oba, Takuya Suzuki
For the decomposition organic substrates in the reaction container, we developed Ce-doped titanate nanotubes as visible light responsive photo catalyst. Anatase titania and titanate nanotubes were prepared using the sol-gel method and hydrothermal method. The photoactivity of Ce-doped titanate nanotubes under visible light were dramatically improved than anatase titania and titanate nanotubes. All titania and titanate nanotubes were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Their’s photocatalytic activities were investigated by the degradation rate of methylene blue solution under UV and visible light condition. The crystalinity of the titanate nanotubes were increased by Ce-doping compared with that of pure titania nanotube. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption ranges of Ce-doped anatase titania and Ce-doped titania nanotube were red shifted by Ce-doping. These morphology changes to nanotubes with Ce-doping will be very useful for practical application for decomposing color dyes included amino group in the wasted water.
{"title":"Synthesis Optimization and Characterization of Visible-light Responsive Ce-doped Titanate Nanotubes for Enhanced Degradation of Polluting Dyes in Aqueous Environment","authors":"Shunta Sakai, S. Kuroki, Takashi Oba, Takuya Suzuki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.71","url":null,"abstract":"For the decomposition organic substrates in the reaction container, we developed Ce-doped titanate nanotubes as visible light responsive photo catalyst. Anatase titania and titanate nanotubes were prepared using the sol-gel method and hydrothermal method. The photoactivity of Ce-doped titanate nanotubes under visible light were dramatically improved than anatase titania and titanate nanotubes. All titania and titanate nanotubes were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Their’s photocatalytic activities were investigated by the degradation rate of methylene blue solution under UV and visible light condition. The crystalinity of the titanate nanotubes were increased by Ce-doping compared with that of pure titania nanotube. In addition, the UV-Vis absorption ranges of Ce-doped anatase titania and Ce-doped titania nanotube were red shifted by Ce-doping. These morphology changes to nanotubes with Ce-doping will be very useful for practical application for decomposing color dyes included amino group in the wasted water.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"94 6 Pt 2 1","pages":"71-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89491092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Ion Transporters in Salinity Resistance in Plants","authors":"M. Redwan, F. Spinelli, S. Mancuso","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89013048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyamines (PAs) are small, aliphatic amines that are found in all living cells. In plants, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and thermospermine are known as ubiquitous PAs. They are involved in various physiological processes and environmental stress responses, including pathogen infections. Several studies have demonstrated that PAs and their catabolic products, such as H 2 O 2 produced by diamine oxidases and polyamine oxidases, are closely involved in the activation of host defense mechanisms. This minireview briefly summarizes recent advances regarding the function of PAs during disease resistance in plants.
{"title":"The Role of Polyamines in Plant Disease Resistance","authors":"Yoshihiro Takahashi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.17","url":null,"abstract":"Polyamines (PAs) are small, aliphatic amines that are found in all living cells. In plants, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and thermospermine are known as ubiquitous PAs. They are involved in various physiological processes and environmental stress responses, including pathogen infections. Several studies have demonstrated that PAs and their catabolic products, such as H 2 O 2 produced by diamine oxidases and polyamine oxidases, are closely involved in the activation of host defense mechanisms. This minireview briefly summarizes recent advances regarding the function of PAs during disease resistance in plants.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"35 1","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78030928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phloem exudate prepared from the cotyledons of Ipomoea tricolor strain Heavenly Blue seedlings that have been exposed to a single 16 h dark period induced flowering in cultured apices excised from non-induced seedlings. When the phloem exudate was dialyzed and separated to 3 fractions such as low ( (cid:6) 1,000), middle (1,000 (cid:1) 10,000), and high ( (cid:7) 10,000) molecular weight, both low and high molecular weight fractions had flower-inducing activities, but not middle fraction. The low molecular weight fraction was further separated and examined the nature of flower-inducing substance(s). The substance(s) was heat-stable and the highest rate of floral bud induction was obtained with 3 (cid:1) g freeze dry weight mL (cid:8) 1 . From the results of solvent participation and ion exchange chromatography, the substance(s) was high polar, seemed to be acidic, and the flower-inducing activity only increased from 3- to 10-fold.
{"title":"Control of Flowering by Phloem Exudate from Cotyledons of Ipomoea tricolor II. Low Molecular Weight Flower-inhibiting Substance(s)","authors":"H. Watanabe, S. Tanimoto, S. Isshiki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.117","url":null,"abstract":"The phloem exudate prepared from the cotyledons of Ipomoea tricolor strain Heavenly Blue seedlings that have been exposed to a single 16 h dark period induced flowering in cultured apices excised from non-induced seedlings. When the phloem exudate was dialyzed and separated to 3 fractions such as low ( (cid:6) 1,000), middle (1,000 (cid:1) 10,000), and high ( (cid:7) 10,000) molecular weight, both low and high molecular weight fractions had flower-inducing activities, but not middle fraction. The low molecular weight fraction was further separated and examined the nature of flower-inducing substance(s). The substance(s) was heat-stable and the highest rate of floral bud induction was obtained with 3 (cid:1) g freeze dry weight mL (cid:8) 1 . From the results of solvent participation and ion exchange chromatography, the substance(s) was high polar, seemed to be acidic, and the flower-inducing activity only increased from 3- to 10-fold.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"123-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78303662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Japan, asparagus is produced throughout the year, except in November (Benson, 2008), using three cultivation methods: open field, semi-forced mother fern culture, and “Fusekomi” forced culture. “Fusekomi” forced culture is conducted during the winter and the production area for this method is increasing in the northern part of Japan (Jishi et al., 2012). This method was developed during the 1960s in Gunma Prefecture (Gunma Prefecture Vegetable Technology Workshop, 1992). Asparagus seeds are sown from January to February, and seedlings are raised in the nursery until March or April. Seedlings are then planted in open fields. The seedlings are subsequently removed by digging from open fields and planting densely in the greenhouses with a heating system. Spears can be harvested in the winter for two to three months (Koizumi et al., 2002). “Fusekomi” forced culture is different from other methods in that plants are removed in the autumn. Asparagus is a perennial plant that enters a dormant period in the autumn (Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1978; Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1983; Haruyama et al., 1985; Kobayashi and Shinsu, 1990; Yamaguchi, 2012; Koizumi et al., 2013). Thus, it is necessary to break dormancy to begin spear germination in “Fusekomi” forced cultures. To break dormancy, a suitable severity and period of chilling are necessary (Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1983). In Japanese markets, the price of asparagus is relatively higher in December than in January. Therefore, the earlier breaking of dormancy enables earlier digging up and planting, which leads to an earlier harvest and increased income. Therefore, it is very important to maintain chilling temperatures for breaking dormancy in “Fusekomi” forced cultures because this method requires chilling temperatures. Therefore, it is suitable for cold northern areas of Japan such as Tohoku and Hokkaido. However, recent climatic instability, particularly warm autumn temperatures, has reduced yields by delaying the chilling temperature period. Conversely, Hayashi and Hiraoka (1978) have indicated that, even if asparagus is in dormancy, bud breaking occurs at temperatures over 23.0°C (‘California 500W’). Matsubara (1980) also reported that the dormancy of asparagus is broken by high-temperatures. When breaking dormancy by chilling temperature, asparagus germination continues at the assigned temperature following the chilling treatment period. Furthermore, experimental results suggest that germination continues under high-temperature treatments. If the dormancy of asparagus can be broken by high-temperature treatments, then the germination of spears should continue after high-temperature treatments. However, reports did not clarify whether high temperatures actually break dormancy. If the autumn dormancy of asparagus can be broken early using, this breakthrough technique may allow the harvest of asparagus in November with “Fusekomi” forced cultures. Thus, the objective of this study was to clarify the effects of high t
在日本，除了11月外，芦笋全年生产(Benson, 2008)，采用三种栽培方法:露天栽培、半强迫母蕨栽培和“Fusekomi”强迫栽培。“Fusekomi”强制栽培在冬季进行，在日本北部，这种方法的生产面积正在增加(Jishi et al.， 2012)。这种方法是在20世纪60年代在群马县发展起来的(群马县蔬菜技术车间，1992年)。芦笋种子在1月到2月播种，幼苗在苗圃里培育到3月或4月。然后将幼苗种植在开阔的田地里。幼苗随后被从开阔的田地里挖出来，密集地种植在有供暖系统的温室里。冬季可以收获两到三个月的矛(Koizumi et al.， 2002)。“Fusekomi”强制栽培不同于其他方法，因为植物在秋天被移除。芦笋是一种多年生植物，在秋季进入休眠期(Hayashi and hiroka, 1978;Hayashi和hiroka, 1983;Haruyama et al.， 1985;Kobayashi and Shinsu, 1990;山口,2012;小泉等人，2013)。因此，在“Fusekomi”强制培养中，有必要打破休眠以开始矛发芽。为了打破休眠，适当的严肃性和冷却时间是必要的(Hayashi和hiroka, 1983)。在日本市场，芦笋的价格在12月比1月要高。因此，越早打破休眠，就能越早挖掘和种植，从而越早收获，增加收入。因此，保持低温对于打破“Fusekomi”强制培养中的休眠是非常重要的，因为这种方法需要低温。因此，它适用于日本东北和北海道等寒冷的北方地区。然而，最近的气候不稳定，特别是温暖的秋季气温，推迟了低温期，从而降低了产量。相反，Hayashi和hiroka(1978)指出，即使芦笋处于休眠状态，在超过23.0°C(“加利福尼亚500W”)的温度下，芽也会破裂。Matsubara(1980)也报道了高温会打破芦笋的休眠。当降温打破休眠时，芦笋在降温处理期后在指定温度下继续发芽。此外，实验结果表明，在高温处理下，发芽仍在继续。如果高温处理能打破芦笋的休眠状态，那么高温处理后的笋应继续发芽。然而，报道并未澄清高温是否真的打破了休眠状态。如果能够尽早打破芦笋的秋季休眠，这一突破性技术可能会在11月份通过“Fusekomi”强制培养实现芦笋的收获。因此，本研究的目的是利用“Welcome”(Sakata Seed Ltd.)来阐明高温对芦笋早期打破休眠的影响。
{"title":"Effect of High-Temperature Treatments on the Breaking of Dormancy in One-Year-Old Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)","authors":"Takayuki Yamaguchi, T. Maeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.53.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.53.23","url":null,"abstract":"In Japan, asparagus is produced throughout the year, except in November (Benson, 2008), using three cultivation methods: open field, semi-forced mother fern culture, and “Fusekomi” forced culture. “Fusekomi” forced culture is conducted during the winter and the production area for this method is increasing in the northern part of Japan (Jishi et al., 2012). This method was developed during the 1960s in Gunma Prefecture (Gunma Prefecture Vegetable Technology Workshop, 1992). Asparagus seeds are sown from January to February, and seedlings are raised in the nursery until March or April. Seedlings are then planted in open fields. The seedlings are subsequently removed by digging from open fields and planting densely in the greenhouses with a heating system. Spears can be harvested in the winter for two to three months (Koizumi et al., 2002). “Fusekomi” forced culture is different from other methods in that plants are removed in the autumn. Asparagus is a perennial plant that enters a dormant period in the autumn (Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1978; Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1983; Haruyama et al., 1985; Kobayashi and Shinsu, 1990; Yamaguchi, 2012; Koizumi et al., 2013). Thus, it is necessary to break dormancy to begin spear germination in “Fusekomi” forced cultures. To break dormancy, a suitable severity and period of chilling are necessary (Hayashi and Hiraoka, 1983). In Japanese markets, the price of asparagus is relatively higher in December than in January. Therefore, the earlier breaking of dormancy enables earlier digging up and planting, which leads to an earlier harvest and increased income. Therefore, it is very important to maintain chilling temperatures for breaking dormancy in “Fusekomi” forced cultures because this method requires chilling temperatures. Therefore, it is suitable for cold northern areas of Japan such as Tohoku and Hokkaido. However, recent climatic instability, particularly warm autumn temperatures, has reduced yields by delaying the chilling temperature period. Conversely, Hayashi and Hiraoka (1978) have indicated that, even if asparagus is in dormancy, bud breaking occurs at temperatures over 23.0°C (‘California 500W’). Matsubara (1980) also reported that the dormancy of asparagus is broken by high-temperatures. When breaking dormancy by chilling temperature, asparagus germination continues at the assigned temperature following the chilling treatment period. Furthermore, experimental results suggest that germination continues under high-temperature treatments. If the dormancy of asparagus can be broken by high-temperature treatments, then the germination of spears should continue after high-temperature treatments. However, reports did not clarify whether high temperatures actually break dormancy. If the autumn dormancy of asparagus can be broken early using, this breakthrough technique may allow the harvest of asparagus in November with “Fusekomi” forced cultures. Thus, the objective of this study was to clarify the effects of high t","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"174 1","pages":"23-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76923031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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