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Fast thermal simulation of 2D/3D integrated circuits exploiting neural networks and GPUs 基于神经网络和gpu的2D/3D集成电路快速热模拟
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993628
A. Vincenzi, A. Sridhar, M. Ruggiero, David Atienza Alonso
Heat removal is one of the major challenges faced in developing the new generation of high density integrated circuits. Future design technologies strongly depend on the availability of efficient means for thermal modeling and analysis. These thermal models must be also accurate and provide the most efficient level of abstraction enabling fast execution. We propose an innovative thermal simulation method based on Neural Networks that is able to solve the scalability problem of transient heat flow simulation in large 2D/3D multi-processor ICs by exploiting the computational power of massively parallel graphics processing units (GPUs).
散热是开发新一代高密度集成电路所面临的主要挑战之一。未来的设计技术在很大程度上取决于热建模和分析的有效手段。这些热模型还必须是准确的,并提供最有效的抽象级别,以实现快速执行。本文提出了一种基于神经网络的热模拟方法,利用大规模并行图形处理器(gpu)的计算能力,解决了大型2D/3D多处理器集成电路中瞬态热流模拟的可扩展性问题。
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引用次数: 26
A 1kb 9T subthreshold SRAM with bit-interleaving scheme in 65nm CMOS 在65nm CMOS中采用位交错方案的1kb 9T亚阈值SRAM
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993652
Ming-Hung Chang, Y. Chiu, Shu-Lin Lai, W. Hwang
Subthreshold SRAM is a significant approach to reduce power consumption in energy-constrained SoC design. For the ultra-low power consideration, the primary concerns of SRAM are stability and reliability instead of performance. In this paper, the proposed 9T bit-cell enhances write ability by cutting off the positive feedback loop of inverter pair. In the read mode, the isolated read path and storage node enlarge the read SNM. Besides, a 9T subthreshold SRAM is proposed to enable implementation of bit-interleaving structure which achieves soft-error tolerance. The proposed SRAM is able to operate at a voltage as low as 0.3V. One extra virtual ground (VVSS) line is used to reduce the bit-line leakage to ensure the data can be read successfully. A 1kb bit-interleaved 9T SRAM is implemented in UMC 65nm 1P10M CMOS technology to verify the proposed scheme, which operates at the minimum energy point (0.3V) with 5.824pJ energy consumption for one write and one read operation.
在能量受限的SoC设计中,亚阈值SRAM是降低功耗的重要方法。对于超低功耗的考虑,SRAM的主要关注点是稳定性和可靠性,而不是性能。本文提出的9T位单元通过切断逆变器对的正反馈回路来提高写入能力。在读模式下,被隔离的读路径和存储节点扩大了读SNM。此外,提出了一种9T亚阈值SRAM,实现了位交错结构,实现了软容错。所提出的SRAM能够在低至0.3V的电压下工作。额外的一根虚拟地(VVSS)线用于减少位线泄漏,以确保数据可以成功读取。采用UMC 65nm 1P10M CMOS技术实现1kb位交错9T SRAM以验证所提出的方案,该方案在最小能量点(0.3V)下工作,一次写入和一次读取操作能耗为5.824pJ。
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引用次数: 32
Experimental investigation of inductorless, single-stage boost rectification for sub-mW electromagnetic energy harvesters 亚毫瓦电磁能量采集器无电感单级升压整流实验研究
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993665
G. Szarka, P. Proynov, B. Stark, S. Burrow, N. McNeill
This paper demonstrates single-stage boost rectification for electromagnetic energy harvesters down to approximately 100 μW using practical low-power techniques. The circuits exploit the inductance of the generator, and operate without a discrete inductor, which facilitates integration. Experimental results demonstrate the importance of switching device selection, and the compound effect of the duty ratio on energy harvester output power and converter efficiency, as a function of load current. The circuits demonstrate up to 84.1% harvester utilization at the maximum extractable harvester power of 141 μW, and conversion efficiencies of 73.3% and 59.4% for half- and full-wave operation respectively, neglecting gate drive losses.
本文演示了利用实用的低功耗技术,将电磁能量采集器的单级升压整流降低到约100 μW。该电路利用了发电机的电感,无需分立电感即可运行,从而便于集成。实验结果证明了开关器件选择的重要性,以及占空比作为负载电流的函数对能量采集器输出功率和变换器效率的复合效应。在最大可提取收获功率为141 μW时,该电路的收获利用率高达84.1%,在忽略栅极驱动损耗的情况下,半波和全波工作的转换效率分别为73.3%和59.4%。
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引用次数: 12
Fast and energy-efficient constant-coefficient FIR filters using residue number system 快速和节能的常系数FIR滤波器使用剩余数系统
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993671
Piotr Patronik, Krzysztof S. Berezowski, S. Piestrak, J. Biernat, Aviral Shrivastava
In this paper, we present constant-coefficient finite impulse response (FIR) filters design using residue number system (RNS) arithmetic. The novelty of our approach rests in an attempt to maximize the accumulated benefit of the application of RNS to the design of constant coefficient filters. To achieve this, we consider the impact of RNS on many layers: from coefficient representation and techniques of sharing of subexpressions in the multiplier block (MB), to its optimized usage in the MB and accumulation pipeline hardware design. As a result, we propose a common subexpression elimination (CSE) based synthesis technique for RNS-based MBs, along with a high-performance RNS-based FIR filter architecture that employs RNS arithmetic principles but implements them mainly using more efficient 2's complement hardware. Several filters with numbers of taps ranging from 25 to 326 and dynamic ranges from 24 to 50 bits have been synthesized using TSMC 90 nm LP kit and Cadence RTL Compiler. Comparison of power, delay, and area of the new filters implemented using the 4- and 5-moduli RNSs against various equivalent 2's complement counterparts show uniform improvement in performance and power efficiency, often accompanied by significant reduction in area/power consumption as compared to 2's complement implementations. We observed up to 22% improvement in peformance (19% reduction in area) within bounded power envelope, or up to 14% reduction in power consumption (12% reduction in area) at same frequency.
本文采用残数系统(RNS)算法设计了常系数有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器。我们的方法的新颖之处在于试图将RNS应用于常系数滤波器设计的累积效益最大化。为了实现这一目标,我们考虑了RNS对许多层的影响:从系数表示和乘数块(MB)中子表达式共享的技术,到它在MB中的优化使用和累积管道硬件设计。因此,我们提出了一种基于通用子表达式消除(CSE)的基于RNS的MBs合成技术,以及一种基于高性能RNS的FIR滤波器架构,该架构采用RNS算术原理,但主要使用更高效的2互补硬件来实现它们。使用台积电90nm LP套件和Cadence RTL编译器合成了多个抽头数量从25到326,动态范围从24到50位的滤波器。将使用4模和5模RNSs实现的新滤波器的功率、延迟和面积与各种等效的2的互补实现进行比较,可以显示出性能和功率效率的统一改进,并且与2的互补实现相比,通常伴随着面积/功耗的显著降低。我们观察到,在有限的功率包络内,性能提高了22%(面积减少19%),或者在相同频率下,功耗降低了14%(面积减少12%)。
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引用次数: 28
A CMOS readout integrated circuit with wide dynamic range for a CNT bio-sensor array system 一种用于碳纳米管生物传感器阵列系统的宽动态范围CMOS读出集成电路
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.5555/2016802.2016884
Hyunjoong Lee, Hyongmin Lee, J. Woo, Sunkwon Kim, Young June Park, Suhwan Kim
We present a sensor readout integrated circuit for the CNT bio-sensor array, the heart of which is our low-power current-input continuous-time ΔΣ modulator that is capable of dynamic range extension. Experimental results show that the prototype chip, designed and fabricated in 0.18μm CMOS process, achieves a dynamic range of 87.746dB and has a readout rate of 160kHz, which guarantees 1k sample/s per each sensor. It consumes 8.94μW/cell considering the 16×10 sensors and its core area is 0.085mm2.
我们提出了一种用于碳纳米管生物传感器阵列的传感器读出集成电路,其核心是我们的低功率电流输入连续时间ΔΣ调制器,能够扩展动态范围。实验结果表明,该原型芯片采用0.18μm CMOS工艺设计制作,动态范围为87.746dB,读出率为160kHz,保证每个传感器1k采样/s。考虑到16×10传感器,功耗为8.94μW/cell,核心面积为0.085mm2。
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引用次数: 5
The K computer: Japanese next-generation supercomputer development project K计算机:日本下一代超级计算机开发项目
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993668
M. Yokokawa, F. Shoji, Atsuya Uno, M. Kurokawa, Tadashi Watanabe
The K computer is a distributed memory supercomputer system consisting of more than 80,000 compute nodes which is being developed by RIKEN as a Japanese national project. Its performance is aimed at achieving 10 peta-flops sustained in the LINPACK benchmark. The system is under installation and adjustment. The whole system will be operational in 2012.
“K计算机”是由日本理化研究所开发的由8万多个计算节点组成的分布式存储超级计算机系统。它的性能目标是达到在LINPACK基准中持续的10次peta-flop。系统正在安装调试中。整个系统将于2012年投入使用。
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引用次数: 91
Next-generation wireless technologies trends for ultra low energy 下一代无线技术的超低能耗趋势
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993661
Y. Miyahara
Mobile communication technology has been improving the connection speed every year. In addition, the wireless communication LSI improves not only speed but also the reliability and functionality due to market requirements. As a result, the power of consumption of the wireless RF chip LSI has been much bloated. Currently, Panasonic is interested in two categories of technology in the new market area. One is the ultra-low power radio technology with several kbps which requires more than decade operation by a single coin battery. Another is the ultra-high-speed radio technology for data transfer. Both common wireless technologies can extremely reduce power consumption in terms of the parameter of energy expense over 1-bit (pJ/bit technology). In this talk, we introduce the technology of the low power radio system ever developed for a cellular phone. The digital RF architecture with polar transmitter system can improve the power amplifier efficiency. Then we introduce the ultra-low power wireless core technologies for RF, including the standardizations. Simple OOK signal modulation in wireless system can extremely reduce the total power consumption in RF. The low power system and circuit technique are introduced. These ultra-low-power radios are used for the smart grid home network based on the IEEE802.15.4g or body area network based on IEEE802.15.6 for future products. Finally, we explain Giga-bit wireless data communication where 60 GHz-band is one of the most attractive frequency resources, since 60 GHz band has already been allocated as unlicensed band with more than 7 GHz bandwidth in most of countries,. IEEE802.15.3c specification has been developed as the wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard above 1-Gbps in 2009. Other standardization bodies, such as the Wireless Gigabit Alliance and the IEEE802.11ad are also being developed for the wireless local area network (WLAN) toward 2012. All standards are targeting short range wireless connectivity among personal computers, audio-video equipments and mobile devices (e.g. smart phone or digital still camera) for uncompressed high-definition (HD) video stream and/or “sync and go” file transfer applications. In order to realize gigabit wireless connectivity for mobile, low power consumption less than 1 W with more than1 Gbps (less than 1pJ/bit) is required. Achieving such a low power radio at 60 GHz including the high-speed baseband is challenging. Using a CMOS technology is a promising approach to realize single chip solution with less than 1pJ/bit.
移动通信技术每年都在提高连接速度。此外,由于市场的需求,无线通信LSI不仅提高了速度,而且提高了可靠性和功能。因此,无线射频芯片LSI的功耗大大膨胀。目前,松下对新市场领域的两类技术感兴趣。一种是几kbps的超低功率无线电技术,它需要一个硬币电池运行十多年。另一个是用于数据传输的超高速无线电技术。这两种常用的无线技术都可以极大地降低功耗,以超过1位(pJ/bit技术)的能量消耗为参数。在这次演讲中,我们将介绍为蜂窝电话开发的低功率无线电系统的技术。采用极向发射系统的数字射频结构可以提高功率放大器的效率。然后介绍了超低功耗无线射频核心技术及其标准化。无线系统中简单的OOK信号调制可以极大地降低射频总功耗。介绍了低功耗系统和电路技术。这些超低功耗无线电用于基于IEEE802.15.4g的智能电网家庭网络,或用于未来产品的基于IEEE802.15.6的体域网络。最后,我们解释了千兆比特无线数据通信,其中60ghz频段是最具吸引力的频率资源之一,因为在大多数国家,60ghz频段已经被分配为未经许可的频段,带宽超过7ghz。IEEE802.15.3c规范于2009年被制定为1gbps以上的无线个人区域网络(WPAN)标准。其他标准化机构,如无线千兆联盟和IEEE802.11ad也正在为2012年的无线局域网(WLAN)开发。所有标准都针对个人电脑、音视频设备和移动设备(如智能手机或数码相机)之间的短距离无线连接,用于非压缩高清(HD)视频流和/或“同步即走”文件传输应用。为了实现移动的千兆无线连接,需要低功耗小于1w,功耗大于1gbps(小于1pJ/bit)。在包括高速基带在内的60 GHz频段实现这样的低功率无线电是一项挑战。利用CMOS技术实现低于1pJ/bit的单芯片解决方案是一种很有前途的方法。
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引用次数: 6
Memory energy management for an enterprise decision support system 企业决策支持系统的内存能量管理
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993649
Karthik Kumar, K. Doshi, Martin Dimitrov, Yung-Hsiang Lu
Energy efficiency is an important factor in designing and configuring enterprise servers. In these servers, memory may consume 40% of the total system power. Different memory configurations (sizes, numbers of ranks, speeds, etc.) can have significant impacts on the performance and energy consumption of enterprise workloads. Many of these workloads, such as decision support systems (DSS), require large amounts of memory. This paper investigates the potential to save energy by making the memory configuration adaptive to workload behavior. We present a case study on how memory configurations affect energy consumption and performance for running DSS. We measure the energy consumption and performance of a commercial enterprise server, and develop a model to describe the conditions when energy can be saved with acceptable performance degradation. Using this model, we identify opportunities to save energy in future enterprise servers.
在设计和配置企业服务器时,能源效率是一个重要因素。在这些服务器中,内存可能会消耗系统总功率的40%。不同的内存配置(大小、等级数量、速度等)会对企业工作负载的性能和能耗产生重大影响。许多这样的工作负载,比如决策支持系统(DSS),都需要大量的内存。本文研究了通过使内存配置适应工作负载行为来节省能源的可能性。我们提供了一个关于内存配置如何影响运行DSS的能耗和性能的案例研究。我们测量了商业企业服务器的能耗和性能,并开发了一个模型来描述在可接受的性能下降的情况下节省能源的条件。通过使用这个模型,我们发现了在未来的企业服务器中节省能源的机会。
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引用次数: 13
Design and analysis of metastable-hardened flip-flops in sub-threshold region 亚阈值区域亚稳硬化触发器的设计与分析
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993629
David Li, P. Chuang, D. Nairn, M. Sachdev
Flip-flop metastability is becoming an important consideration for designing reliable synchronous and asynchronous systems, especially in the sub-threshold region where it degrades exponentially with the reduction in supply voltage. In this paper, detailed analysis is given on the design of metastable-hardened flip-flops in the sub-threshold region. Proper transistor sizing using either transconductance or load variation along with implementing the inverter pair in the flip-flop master-stage with low-Vth can result in significant reduction in the time-resolving constant τ. Extensive simulation results have shown that the optimum metastability-power-delay-product (MPDP) design allows the flip-flops to improve its metastability with a more balanced design tradeoff between performance and power consumption.
触发器亚稳态正成为设计可靠的同步和异步系统的重要考虑因素,特别是在亚阈值区域,触发器亚稳态随着电源电压的降低呈指数级下降。本文详细分析了亚稳硬化触发器在亚阈值区域的设计。使用跨导或负载变化适当的晶体管尺寸以及在具有低电压的触发器主级中实现逆变器对可以导致时间分辨常数τ的显着降低。大量的仿真结果表明,最佳亚稳态-功率延迟积(MPDP)设计允许触发器通过在性能和功耗之间更平衡的设计来提高其亚稳态。
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引用次数: 23
Software power optimization: Analysis and optimization for energy-efficient software 软件功率优化:高能效软件的分析与优化
Pub Date : 2011-08-01 DOI: 10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993607
Manuj R. Sabharwal
Software is increasingly becoming a central issue in low power consumer based system. The amount of energy consumed by software has severe battery impact on the system. Minimizing power consumption is one of the primary challenges that today's developers faces due to lack of instrumentation functionality in the system. This tutorial will cover different prospect of energy usage and energy aware software design in system ranging from notebooks to smartphones/tablets. This tutorial will give special importance on the role of idle software in attain overall system energy efficiency. In Summary, this tutorial will give overview of software impact on hardware, quantify the impact and fix the issues in applications to extend the battery life.
软件正日益成为基于低功耗用户的系统的核心问题。软件消耗的能量会对系统的电池造成严重的影响。最小化功耗是当今开发人员面临的主要挑战之一,因为系统中缺乏仪表功能。本教程将涵盖从笔记本电脑到智能手机/平板电脑的系统中能源使用和能源感知软件设计的不同前景。本教程将特别重视空闲软件在实现整体系统能源效率方面的作用。总之,本教程将概述软件对硬件的影响,量化影响并修复应用程序中的问题,以延长电池寿命。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design
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