Engineering最新文献

Boeing Starliner Woes Prompt SpaceX Rescue

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.03.004

Ramin Skibba (Senior Technology Writer)

引用次数: 0

Machine Learning on Blockchain (MLOB): A New Paradigm for Computational Security in Engineering

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.026

Zhiming Dong, Weisheng Lu

Machine learning (ML) has been increasingly adopted to solve engineering problems with performance gauged by accuracy, efficiency, and security. Notably, blockchain technology (BT) has been added to ML when security is a particular concern. Nevertheless, there is a research gap that prevailing solutions focus primarily on data security using blockchain but ignore computational security, making the traditional ML process vulnerable to off-chain risks. Therefore, the research objective is to develop a novel ML on blockchain (MLOB) framework to ensure both the data and computational process security. The central tenet is to place them both on the blockchain, execute them as blockchain smart contracts, and protect the execution records on-chain. The framework is established by developing a prototype and further calibrated using a case study of industrial inspection. It is shown that the MLOB framework, compared with existing ML and BT isolated solutions, is superior in terms of security (successfully defending against corruption on six designed attack scenario), maintaining accuracy (0.01% difference with baseline), albeit with a slightly compromised efficiency (0.231 second latency increased). The key finding is MLOB can significantly enhances the computational security of engineering computing without increasing computing power demands. This finding can alleviate concerns regarding the computational resource requirements of ML–BT integration. With proper adaption, the MLOB framework can inform various novel solutions to achieve computational security in broader engineering challenges.

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引用次数: 0

Acoustofluidics-Based Intracellular Nanoparticle Delivery

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.030

Zhishang Li , Zhenhua Tian , Jason N. Belling , Joseph T. Rich , Haodong Zhu , Zhehan Ma , Hunter Bachman , Liang Shen , Yaosi Liang , Xiaolin Qi , Liv K. Heidenreich , Yao Gong , Shujie Yang , Wenfen Zhang , Peiran Zhang , Yingchun Fu , Yibin Ying , Steven J. Jonas , Yanbin Li , Paul S. Weiss , Tony J. Huang

Controlled intracellular delivery of biomolecular cargo is critical for developing targeted therapeutics and cell reprogramming. Conventional delivery approaches (e.g., endocytosis of nano-vectors, microinjection, and electroporation) usually require time-consuming uptake processes, labor-intensive operations, and/or costly specialized equipment. Here, we present an acoustofluidics-based intracellular delivery approach capable of effectively delivering various functional nanomaterials to multiple cell types (e.g., adherent and suspension cancer cells). By tuning the standing acoustic waves in a glass capillary, our approach can push cells in flow to the capillary wall and enhance membrane permeability by increasing membrane stress to deform cells via acoustic radiation forces. Moreover, by coating the capillary with cargo-encapsulated nanoparticles, our approach can achieve controllable cell-nanoparticle contact and facilitate nanomaterial delivery beyond Brownian movement. Based on these mechanisms, we have successfully delivered nanoparticles loaded with small molecules or protein-based cargo to U937 and HeLa cells. Our results demonstrate enhanced delivery efficiency compared to attempts made without the use of acoustofluidics. Moreover, compared to conventional sonoporation methods, our approach does not require special contrast agents with microbubbles. This acoustofluidics-based approach creates exciting opportunities to achieve controllable intracellular delivery of various biomolecular cargoes to diverse cell types for potential therapeutic applications and biophysical studies.

生物分子货物的细胞内可控递送对于开发靶向治疗药物和细胞重编程至关重要。传统的递送方法（如纳米载体的内吞、微注射和电穿孔）通常需要耗时的吸收过程、劳动密集型操作和/或昂贵的专用设备。在这里，我们提出了一种基于声学流体技术的细胞内递送方法，能够有效地将各种功能纳米材料递送到多种类型的细胞（如粘附细胞和悬浮癌细胞）。通过调节玻璃毛细管中的驻留声波，我们的方法可以将流动中的细胞推向毛细管壁，并通过声辐射力增加膜应力使细胞变形，从而提高膜的通透性。此外，通过在毛细管上包覆货物封装的纳米粒子，我们的方法可以实现可控的细胞-纳米粒子接触，促进纳米材料的输送，而非布朗运动。基于这些机制，我们成功地将装载有小分子或基于蛋白质的货物的纳米颗粒输送到 U937 和 HeLa 细胞中。与不使用声学流体技术的尝试相比，我们的结果表明输送效率有所提高。此外，与传统的声穿方法相比，我们的方法不需要使用带有微气泡的特殊造影剂。这种基于声学流体技术的方法创造了令人兴奋的机会，可将各种生物分子货物可控地输送到不同类型的细胞内，用于潜在的治疗应用和生物物理研究。

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引用次数: 0

Global Mapping of Three-Dimensional Urban Structures Reveals Escalating Utilization in the Vertical Dimension and Pronounced Building Space Inequality 三维（3D）城市结构全球绘图显示垂直维度的利用率不断提高，建筑空间明显不平等

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.025

Xiaoping Liu , Xinxin Wu , Xuecao Li , Xiaocong Xu , Weilin Liao , Limin Jiao , Zhenzhong Zeng , Guangzhao Chen , Xia Li

Three-dimensional (3D) urban structures play a critical role in informing climate mitigation strategies aimed at the built environment and facilitating sustainable urban development. Regrettably, there exists a significant gap in detailed and consistent data on 3D building space structures with global coverage due to the challenges inherent in the data collection and model calibration processes. In this study, we constructed a global urban structure (GUS-3D) dataset, including building volume, height, and footprint information, at a 500 m spatial resolution using extensive satellite observation products and numerous reference building samples. Our analysis indicated that the total volume of buildings worldwide in 2015 exceeded 1 × 10¹² m³. Over the 1985 to 2015 period, we observed a slight increase in the magnitude of 3D building volume growth (i.e., it increased from 166.02 km³ during the 1985–2000 period to 175.08 km³ during the 2000–2015 period), while the expansion magnitudes of the two-dimensional (2D) building footprint (22.51 × 10³ vs 13.29 × 10³ km²) and urban extent (157 × 10³ vs 133.8 × 10³ km²) notably decreased. This trend highlights the significant increase in intensive vertical utilization of urban land. Furthermore, we identified significant heterogeneity in building space provision and inequality across cities worldwide. This inequality is particularly pronounced in many populous Asian cities, which has been overlooked in previous studies on economic inequality. The GUS-3D dataset shows great potential to deepen our understanding of the urban environment and creates new horizons for numerous 3D urban studies.

三维（3D）城市结构在为针对建筑环境的气候减缓战略提供信息和促进城市可持续发展方面发挥着至关重要的作用。遗憾的是，由于数据收集和模型校准过程中固有的挑战，覆盖全球的三维建筑空间结构的详细和一致数据存在巨大缺口。在这项研究中，我们利用广泛的卫星观测产品和大量参考建筑样本，构建了一个全球城市结构数据集（GUS-3D），包括建筑体积、高度和占地面积信息，空间分辨率为 500 米。我们的分析表明，2015 年全球建筑物的总体积超过了 1 × 10 米。在 1985 年至 2015 年期间，我们观察到三维建筑物体积的增长幅度略有增加（即从 1985-2000 年期间的 166.02 千米增加到 2000-2015 年期间的 175.08 千米），而二维（2D）建筑物占地面积（22.51 × 10 千米对 13.29 × 10 千米）和城市范围（157 × 10 千米对 133.8 × 10 千米）的扩张幅度则明显下降。这一趋势凸显了城市土地纵向集约利用的显著增加。此外，我们还发现全球各城市在建筑空间供应和不平等方面存在显著差异。这种不平等在许多人口众多的亚洲城市尤为明显，而以往有关经济不平等的研究却忽视了这一点。GUS-3D 数据集显示出巨大的潜力，可以加深我们对城市环境的理解，并为众多三维城市研究开创了新的视野。

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引用次数: 0

The Logic and Architecture of Future Data Systems

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2025.02.006

Jinghai Li , Li Guo

引用次数: 0

A Review on Reconfigurable Parallel Mechanisms: Design, Analysis and Challenge

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.022

Lin Wang , James W. Zhang , Dan Zhang

Reconfigurable parallel mechanisms were first discovered in response to the growing demand for flexible and adaptive systems in various fields. Unlike traditional mechanisms, which are designed for specific tasks and have fixed topology and mobility characteristics, a reconfigurable parallel mechanism can be adapted to different situations by changing its structure, motion, and function. This adaptability enables a single mechanism to perform a wide range of tasks, reducing the need for multiple dedicated systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms. The characteristics of their designs, analyses of their properties, and challenges they face are reported. The beginning of this paper features an introduction of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms and their classification into different types. Methods for synthesizing reconfigurable parallel mechanisms are discussed. A performance evaluation index related to reconfigurability, workspace, singularity, stiffness, and dynamics, among other indices, is presented. This review covers the challenges faced in the creation of systematic design theories, unified performance analyses, evaluation index systems, and in the implementation of reconfigurable parallel mechanisms, such as the development of efficient control strategies and integration with other technologies. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions for reconfigurable parallel mechanisms.

可重构并行机构最初是为了满足各领域对灵活自适应系统日益增长的需求而被发现的。传统机构是为特定任务而设计的，具有固定的拓扑结构和移动特性，而可重构并行机构则不同，它可以通过改变结构、运动和功能来适应不同情况。这种适应性使单个机构能够执行多种任务，从而减少了对多个专用系统的需求。本文全面回顾了可重构并行机构。本文报告了可重构并行机构的设计特点、特性分析以及面临的挑战。本文开篇介绍了可重构并行机制及其不同类型的分类。讨论了合成可重构并行机制的方法。此外，还介绍了与可重构性、工作空间、奇异性、刚度和动力学等指数相关的性能评估指数。本综述涵盖了在创建系统设计理论、统一性能分析、评价指标体系以及实施可重构并行机构（如开发高效控制策略和与其他技术集成）过程中面临的挑战。论文最后讨论了可重构并行机制的未来研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Two-Dimensional Particle Assembly Based on the Synchronized Evolution of Centrosymmetric Off-Axis Acoustic Vortexes

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.032

Ning Ding , Gepu Guo , Juan Tu , Dong Zhang , Qingyu Ma

Acoustic-vortex (AV) tweezers ensure stable particle trapping at a zero-pressure center, while particle assembly between two vortex cores is still prevented by the high-potential barrier. Although a one-dimensional low-pressure attractive path of particle assembly can be constructed by the interference between two independent cylindrical Bessel beams, it remains challenging to create two-dimensional (2D) neighboring vortexes using a source array in practical applications. In this paper, a three-step phase-reversal strategy of 2D particle assembly based on the synchronized evolution of a centrosymmetric array of M off-axis acoustic vortexes (OA-AVs) with a preset radial offset is proposed based on a ring array of planar sources. By introducing initial vortex phase differences of −2π/M and +2π/M to the vortex array, low-pressure patterns of an M-sided regular polygon and M-branched star are formed by connecting the vortex cores and the field center before and after the tangent state of adjacent OA-AVs. Center-oriented particle assembly is finally realized by a central AV constructed by coincident in-phase OA-AVs. The capability of particle manipulation in the lateral and radial directions is demonstrated by low-pressure patterns with acoustic radiation forces pointing to the field center during a synchronized central approach. The field evolution is certified by experimental field measurements for OA-AVs with different vortex numbers, initial vortex phase differences, and radial offsets using a ring array of 16 planar sources. The feasibility of particle assembly in two dimensions is also verified by the accurate manipulation of four particles using the low-pressure patterns of a four-sided polygon, a four-branched star, and a central AV in experiments. The three-step strategy paves a new way for 2D particle assembly based on the synchronized evolution of centrosymmetric OA-AVs using a simplified single-sided source array, exhibiting excellent potential for the precise navigation and manipulation of cells and particles in biomedical applications.

声漩涡（AV）镊子可确保在零压中心稳定地捕获粒子，而两个漩涡核心之间的粒子组装仍受到高电位屏障的阻碍。虽然两个独立的圆柱形贝塞尔束之间的干涉可以构建出粒子集结的一维低压吸引路径，但在实际应用中，使用源阵列来创建二维（2D）邻近漩涡仍然具有挑战性。本文以平面声源环形阵列为基础，提出了一种二维粒子组装的三步相位反转策略，该策略基于具有预设径向偏移的 M 个离轴声漩涡（OA-AV）的中心对称阵列的同步演化。通过在漩涡阵列中引入 -2π/M 和 +2π/M 的初始漩涡相位差，在相邻 OA-AV 的切线状态前后，通过连接漩涡核心和场中心，形成了 M 边正多边形和 M 支星形的低压模式。由重合的同相位 OA-AV 构建的中心 AV 最终实现了面向中心的粒子组装。粒子在横向和径向的操纵能力通过在同步中心接近过程中指向场中心的声辐射力低压模式得到了证明。通过使用由 16 个平面声源组成的环形阵列对具有不同漩涡数、初始漩涡相位差和径向偏移的 OA-AV 进行实验场测量，证明了场的演变。在实验中，利用四边多边形、四枝星和中心 AV 的低压模式精确操纵四个粒子，也验证了在二维空间组装粒子的可行性。三步策略为基于中心对称 OA-AV 同步演化的二维粒子组装铺平了新的道路，使用简化的单面源阵列，为生物医学应用中细胞和粒子的精确导航和操纵展示了卓越的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Equatorial Ionospheric Scintillation Measurement in Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array-Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations 高级陆地观测卫星（ALOS）相控阵型 L 波段合成孔径雷达（PALSAR）观测中的赤道电离层闪烁测量

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.027

Yifei Ji , Zhen Dong , Yongsheng Zhang , Feixiang Tang , Wenfei Mao , Haisheng Zhao , Zhengwen Xu , Qingjun Zhang , Bingji Zhao , Heli Gao

Amplitude stripes imposed by ionospheric scintillation have been frequently observed in many of the equatorial nighttime acquisitions of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR). This type of ionospheric artifact impedes PALSAR interferometric and polarimetric applications, and its formation cause, morphology, and negative influence have been deeply investigated. However, this artifact can provide an alternative opportunity in a positive way for probing and measuring ionosphere scintillation. In this paper, a methodology for measuring ionospheric scintillation parameters from PALSAR images with amplitude stripes is proposed. Firstly, sublook processing is beneficial for recovering the scattered stripes from a single-look complex image; the amplitude stripe pattern is extracted via band-rejection filtering in the frequency domain of the sublook image. Secondly, the amplitude spectrum density function (SDF) is estimated from the amplitude stripe pattern. Thirdly, a fitting scheme for measuring the scintillation strength and spectrum index is conducted between the estimated and theoretical long-wavelength SDFs. In addition, another key parameter, the scintillation index, can be directly measured from the amplitude stripe pattern or indirectly derived from the scintillation strength and spectrum index. The proposed methodology is fully demonstrated on two groups of PALSAR acquisitions in the presence of amplitude stripes. Self-validation is conducted by comparing the measured and derived scintillation index and by comparing the measurements of range lines and azimuth lines. Cross-validation is performed by comparing the PALSAR measurements with in situ Global Position System (GPS) measurements. The processing results demonstrate a powerful capability to robustly measure ionospheric scintillation parameters from space with high spatial resolution.

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引用次数: 0

GSeisRT: A Continental BDS/GNSS Point Positioning Engine for Wide-Area Seismic Monitoring in Real Time GSeisRT：用于广域地震实时监测的大陆 BDS/GNSS 点定位引擎

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.012

Jianghui Geng , Kunlun Zhang , Shaoming Xin , Jiang Guo , David Mencin , Tan Wang , Sebastian Riquelme , Elisabetta D'Anastasio , Muhammad Al Kautsar

Precise coseismic displacements in earthquake/tsunamic early warning are necessary to characterize earthquakes in real time in order to enable decision-makers to issue alerts for public safety. Real-time global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have been a valuable tool in monitoring seismic motions, allowing permanent displacement computation to be unambiguously achieved. As a valuable tool presented to the seismic community, the GSeisRT software developed by Wuhan University (China) can realize multi-GNSS precise point positioning with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) and achieve centimeter-level to sub-centimeter-level precision in real time. While the stable maintenance of a global precise point positioning (PPP) service is challenging, this software is capable of estimating satellite clocks and phase biases in real time using a regional GNSS network. This capability makes GSeisRT especially suitable for proprietary GNSS networks and, more importantly, the highest possible positioning precision and reliability can be obtained. According to real-time results from the Network of the Americas, the mean root mean square (RMS) errors of kinematic PPP-AR over a 24 h span are as low as 1.2, 1.3, and 3.0 cm in the east, north, and up components, respectively. Within the few minutes that span a typical seismic event, a horizontal displacement precision of 4 mm can be achieved. The positioning precision of the GSeisRT regional PPP/PPP-AR is 30%–40% higher than that of the global PPP/PPP-AR. Since 2019, GSeisRT has successfully recorded the static, dynamic, and peak ground displacements for the 2020 Oaxaca, Mexico moment magnitude (Mw) 7.4 event; the 2020 Lone Pine, California Mw 5.8 event; and the 2021 Qinghai, China Mw 7.3 event in real time. The resulting immediate magnitude estimates have an error of around 0.1 only. The GSeisRT software is open to the scientific community and has been applied by the China Earthquake Networks Center, the EarthScope Consortium of the United States, the National Seismological Center of Chile, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS Science Te P

\bar{u}

Ao) of New Zealand, and the Geospatial Information Agency of Indonesia.

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引用次数: 0

High-Priority Actions to Improve Carbon Sequestration Potential for Mining Ecological Restoration in China

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.09.012

Fu Chen , Yanfeng Zhu , Yinli Bi , Yongjun Yang , Jing Ma , Suping Peng

引用次数: 0