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Combining Polarization-Division Multiplexing and Ferromagnetic Nonreciprocity to Achieve In-Band Ultra-High Isolation for Full-Duplex Wireless Systems 将偏振分复用技术与铁磁非互斥性相结合,为全双工无线系统实现带内超高隔离度
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.02.007

The in-band full-duplex (IBFD) wireless system is a promising candidate for 6G and beyond, as it can double data throughput and enormously lower transmission latency by supporting simultaneous in-band transmission and reception of signals. Enabling IBFD systems requires a substantial mitigation of a transmitter (Tx)’s strong self-interference (SI) signal into the receiver (Rx) channel. However, current state-of-the-art approaches to tackle this challenge are inefficient in terms of performance, cost, and complexity, hindering the commercialization of IBFD techniques. In this work, we devise and demonstrate an innovative approach to realize IBFD systems that exhibit superior performance with a low-cost and less-complex architecture in an all-passive module. Our scheme is based on meticulously combining polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) with ferromagnetic nonreciprocity to achieve ultra-high isolation between Tx and Rx channels. Such an unprecedented conception has become feasible thanks to a concurrent dual-mode circulator—a new component introduced for the first time—as a key feature of our module, and a dual-mode waveguide that transforms two orthogonally polarized waves into two orthogonal waveguide modes. In addition, we propose a unique passive tunable secondary SI cancellation (SIC) mechanism, which is embedded within the proposed module and boosts the isolation over a relatively broad bandwidth. We report, solely in the analog domain, experimental isolation levels of 50, 70, and 80 dB over 340, 101, and 33 MHz bandwidth at the center frequency of interest, respectively, with excellent tuning capability. Furthermore, the module is tested in two real IBFD scenarios to assess its performance in connection with Tx-to-Rx leakage and modulation error in the presence of a Tx’s strong interference signal.

带内全双工(IBFD)无线系统通过支持带内信号的同时传输和接收,可将数据吞吐量提高一倍,并大大降低传输延迟,因此是 6G 及更高频率的理想选择。要实现 IBFD 系统,就必须大幅降低发射机(Tx)对接收机(Rx)信道的强自干扰(SI)信号。然而,目前应对这一挑战的最先进方法在性能、成本和复杂性方面效率低下,阻碍了 IBFD 技术的商业化。在这项工作中,我们设计并演示了一种创新方法,以实现 IBFD 系统,该系统在全无源模块中采用低成本、低复杂度的架构,表现出卓越的性能。我们的方案基于将偏振分复用(PDM)与铁磁非互易性的精心结合,以实现 Tx 和 Rx 信道之间的超高隔离度。这种前所未有的构想之所以可行,要归功于我们模块的关键特征--同时采用的双模环行器(首次引入的新元件)和双模波导(可将两个正交极化波转化为两个正交波导模式)。此外,我们还提出了一种独特的无源可调二级 SI 消除(SIC)机制,该机制嵌入到所提出的模块中,可在相对较宽的带宽上提高隔离度。我们报告,仅在模拟域,在相关中心频率的 340、101 和 33 MHz 带宽上,实验隔离度分别达到 50、70 和 80 dB,并具有出色的调谐能力。此外,该模块还在两个真实的 IBFD 场景中进行了测试,以评估其在存在 Tx 强干扰信号的情况下与 Tx 到 Rx 泄漏和调制误差有关的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Shaking for Cancer Treatment 探索摇晃治疗癌症
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.001
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引用次数: 0
Investigation into the Methodology and Implementation of Life Cycle Engineering under China's Carbon Reduction Target in the Process Industry 中国流程工业碳减排目标下的生命周期工程方法与实施探究
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.025

The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China. In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets, China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability, reduce energy consumption, and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries. An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology. This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance, resource consumption, and environmental impact. In this study, five types of technologies were considered: raw material replacement, process reengineering, fuel replacement, energy recycling and reutilization, and material recycling and reutilization. The meaning, methodology, and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail. A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption, carbon emissions, product performance, and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process. This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry, as an example. The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.

工业部门是中国碳排放的主要来源。为实现碳减排目标,中国致力于促进资源消耗的可持续性,降低能耗,实现加工工业的碳中和。在材料的整个生命周期中促进节能减碳的有效战略是应用生命周期工程技术。这一战略旨在实现材料性能、资源消耗和环境影响的最佳解决方案。本研究考虑了五类技术:原材料替代、流程再造、燃料替代、能源回收和再利用以及材料回收和再利用。详细讨论了生命周期工程技术的含义、方法和国内外的发展现状。从生产过程中的资源和能源消耗、碳排放、产品性能、二次资源回收利用等角度,对生态设计进行了多维分析。以有色金属工业为例,结合综合方法分析了材料加工工业整个生命周期的碳排放情况。结果为中国工业实现低碳或零碳排放生产提供了有效的思路和解决方案,因为与原铝生产相比,基于先进技术的再生铝和原铝减少了资源消耗和排放。
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引用次数: 0
Systems Theory-Driven Framework for AI Integration into the Holistic Material Basis Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine 系统论驱动的人工智能融入中医整体物质基础研究的框架
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.009

This paper introduces a systems theory-driven framework to integration artificial intelligence (AI) into traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) research, enhancing the understanding of TCM’s holistic material basis while adhering to evidence-based principles. Utilizing the System Function Decoding Model (SFDM), the research progresses through define, quantify, infer, and validate phases to systematically explore TCM’s material basis. It employs a dual analytical approach that combines top-down, systems theory-guided perspectives with bottom-up, elements–structure–function methodologies, provides comprehensive insights into TCM’s holistic material basis. Moreover, the research examines AI’s role in quantitative assessment and predictive analysis of TCM’s material components, proposing two specific AI-driven technical applications. This interdisciplinary effort underscores AI’s potential to enhance our understanding of TCM’s holistic material basis and establishes a foundation for future research at the intersection of traditional wisdom and modern technology.

本文介绍了一个系统理论驱动的框架,将人工智能(AI)融入传统中医药研究,在坚持循证原则的同时,加强对中医药整体物质基础的理解。该研究利用系统功能解码模型(SFDM),通过定义、量化、推断和验证等阶段,系统地探索中医药的物质基础。研究采用双重分析方法,将自上而下的系统理论指导视角与自下而上的元素-结构-功能方法相结合,全面揭示了中药的整体物质基础。此外,研究还探讨了人工智能在中药材料成分的定量评估和预测分析中的作用,提出了两个具体的人工智能驱动的技术应用。这项跨学科研究强调了人工智能在提高我们对中药整体物质基础的认识方面的潜力,并为未来在传统智慧与现代技术交叉领域的研究奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Superior Mechanical Behavior and Flame Retardancy FRP via a Distribution Controllable 1D/2D Hybrid Nanoclay Synergistic Toughening Strategy 通过分布可控的 1D/2D 混合纳米粘土协同增韧策略实现优异的机械性能和阻燃性能的玻璃钢
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.017

The incorporation of commercial flame retardants into fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has been proposed as a potential solution to improve the latter’s poor flame resistance. However, this approach often poses a challenge, as it can adversely affect the mechanical properties of the FRP. Thus, balancing the need for improved flame resistance with the preservation of mechanical integrity remains a complex issue in FRP research. Addressing this critical concern, this study introduces a novel additive system featuring a combination of one-dimensional (1D) hollow tubular structured halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and two-dimensional (2D) polygonal flake-shaped nano kaolinite (NKN). By employing a 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system, this research aims to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties. This innovative approach offers several advantages. During combustion and pyrolysis processes, the 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclay system proves effective in reducing heat release and volatile leaching. Furthermore, the system facilitates the formation of reinforcing skeletons through a crosslinking mechanism during pyrolysis, resulting in the development of a compact char layer. This char layer acts as a protective barrier, enhancing the material’s resistance to heat and flames. In terms of mechanical properties, the multilayered polygonal flake-shaped 2D NKN plays a crucial role by impeding the formation of cracks that typically arise from vulnerable areas, such as adhesive phase particles. Simultaneously, the 1D HNT bridges these cracks within the matrix, ensuring the structural integrity of the composite material. In an optimal scenario, the homogeneously distributed 1D/2D hybrid kaolinite nanoclays exhibit remarkable results, with a 51.0% improvement in mode II fracture toughness (GIIC), indicating increased resistance to crack propagation. In addition, there is a 34.5% reduction in total heat release, signifying improved flame retardancy. This study represents a significant step forward in the field of composite materials. The innovative use of hybrid low-dimensional nanomaterials offers a promising avenue for the development of multifunctional composites. By carefully designing and incorporating these nanoclays, researchers can potentially create a new generation of FRP composites that excel in both flame resistance and mechanical strength.

在纤维增强聚合物(FRP)复合材料中加入商用阻燃剂被认为是改善后者阻燃性能差的潜在解决方案。然而,这种方法往往会对玻璃纤维增强聚合物的机械性能产生不利影响,因此带来了挑战。因此,如何在提高阻燃性和保持机械完整性之间取得平衡,仍然是玻璃钢研究中的一个复杂问题。为了解决这一关键问题,本研究介绍了一种新型添加剂系统,它结合了一维(1D)空心管状结构的哈洛石纳米管(HNTs)和二维(2D)多边形片状纳米高岭石(NKN)。通过采用一维/二维混合高岭石纳米粘土体系,这项研究旨在同时提高阻燃性和机械性能。这种创新方法具有多项优势。在燃烧和热解过程中,1D/2D 混合高岭石纳米粘土体系可有效减少热量释放和挥发物浸出。此外,该系统还能在热解过程中通过交联机制促进强化骨架的形成,从而形成紧密的炭层。这种炭层起到保护屏障的作用,增强了材料的耐热性和耐燃性。在机械性能方面,多层多边形片状二维 NKN 起到了至关重要的作用,它可以阻止裂缝的形成,而裂缝通常来自粘合相颗粒等薄弱区域。同时,一维 HNT 在基体中弥合这些裂缝,确保复合材料的结构完整性。在最佳情况下,均匀分布的 1D/2D 混合高岭石纳米粘土效果显著,模式 II 断裂韧性(GIIC)提高了 51.0%,表明抗裂纹扩展的能力增强。此外,总放热量减少了 34.5%,这表明阻燃性能得到了改善。这项研究标志着复合材料领域向前迈出了重要一步。混合低维纳米材料的创新使用为多功能复合材料的开发提供了一条前景广阔的途径。通过精心设计并加入这些纳米粘土,研究人员有可能制造出阻燃性和机械强度都很出色的新一代玻璃钢复合材料。
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引用次数: 0
Robots Get Smarter with Help from Artificial Intelligence 机器人在人工智能的帮助下变得更加聪明
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.015
Mitch Leslie
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引用次数: 0
Preventing the Immense Increase in the Life-Cycle Energy and Carbon Footprints of LLM-Powered Intelligent Chatbots 防止由 LLM 驱动的智能聊天机器人的生命周期能源和碳足迹大幅增加
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.002

Intelligent chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs) have recently been sweeping the world, with potential for a wide variety of industrial applications. Global frontier technology companies are feverishly participating in LLM-powered chatbot design and development, providing several alternatives beyond the famous ChatGPT. However, training, fine-tuning, and updating such intelligent chatbots consume substantial amounts of electricity, resulting in significant carbon emissions. The research and development of all intelligent LLMs and software, hardware manufacturing (e.g., graphics processing units and supercomputers), related data/operations management, and material recycling supporting chatbot services are associated with carbon emissions to varying extents. Attention should therefore be paid to the entire life-cycle energy and carbon footprints of LLM-powered intelligent chatbots in both the present and future in order to mitigate their climate change impact. In this work, we clarify and highlight the energy consumption and carbon emission implications of eight main phases throughout the life cycle of the development of such intelligent chatbots. Based on a life-cycle and interaction analysis of these phases, we propose a system-level solution with three strategic pathways to optimize the management of this industry and mitigate the related footprints. While anticipating the enormous potential of this advanced technology and its products, we make an appeal for a rethinking of the mitigation pathways and strategies of the life-cycle energy usage and carbon emissions of the LLM-powered intelligent chatbot industry and a reshaping of their energy and environmental implications at this early stage of development.

最近,由大型语言模型(LLM)驱动的智能聊天机器人风靡全球,具有广泛的行业应用潜力。全球前沿技术公司正在热火朝天地参与由 LLM 驱动的聊天机器人的设计和开发,提供了著名的 ChatGPT 之外的几种替代方案。然而,此类智能聊天机器人的训练、微调和更新需要消耗大量电力,从而导致大量碳排放。所有智能 LLM 和软件的研发、硬件制造(如图形处理器和超级计算机)、相关数据/操作管理以及支持聊天机器人服务的材料回收都不同程度地涉及碳排放。因此,无论现在还是将来,都应关注由 LLM 驱动的智能聊天机器人的整个生命周期的能源和碳足迹,以减轻其对气候变化的影响。在这项工作中,我们明确并强调了此类智能聊天机器人开发整个生命周期中八个主要阶段的能源消耗和碳排放影响。在对这些阶段的生命周期和互动分析的基础上,我们提出了一个系统级解决方案,其中包括三个战略途径,以优化该行业的管理并减少相关足迹。在期待这一先进技术及其产品的巨大潜力的同时,我们呼吁重新思考以 LLM 为动力的智能聊天机器人产业的生命周期能源使用和碳排放的减缓途径和战略,并在发展的早期阶段重塑其对能源和环境的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Manipulating the Gut Microbiome to Alleviate Steatotic Liver Disease: Current Progress and Challenges 操纵肠道微生物组缓解脂肪肝:当前的进展与挑战
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.019
Ernesto Saenz , Nathally Espinosa Montagut , Baohong Wang , Christoph Stein-Thöringer , Kaicen Wang , Honglei Weng , Matthias Ebert , Kai Markus Schneider , Lanjuan Li , Andreas Teufel

The prevalence of metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is alarmingly high; it is estimated to affect up to a quarter of the global population, making it the most common liver disorder worldwide. MASLD is characterized by excessive hepatic fat accumulation and is commonly associated with comorbidities such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance; however, it can also manifest in lean individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective therapies for this complex condition. Currently, there are no approved medications for MASLD treatment, so there is a pressing need to investigate alternative approaches. Extensive research has characterized MASLD as a multifaceted disease, frequently linked to metabolic disorders that stem from dietary habits. Evidence suggests that changes in the gut microbiome play a fundamental role in the development and progression of MASLD from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we critically examine the literature on the emerging field of gut-microbiota-based therapies for MASLD and metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), including interventions such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, prebiotics, short-chain fatty acids, antibiotics, metabolic pathway targeting, and immune checkpoint kinase blockade.

代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪性肝病(MASLD)的发病率之高令人震惊;据估计,它影响着全球四分之一的人口,是全球最常见的肝脏疾病。脂肪性肝病的特点是肝脏脂肪过度堆积,通常与肥胖、血脂异常和胰岛素抵抗等并发症有关;然而,它也可能在瘦弱的人身上表现出来。因此,针对这种复杂的疾病开发有效的疗法至关重要。目前,治疗 MASLD 的药物尚未获得批准,因此迫切需要研究替代方法。大量研究表明,MASLD 是一种多发性疾病,经常与饮食习惯导致的代谢紊乱有关。有证据表明,肠道微生物组的变化在 MASLD 从单纯脂肪变性到脂肪性肝炎甚至肝细胞癌(HCC)的发生和发展过程中起着根本性的作用。在这篇综述中,我们仔细研究了基于肠道微生物群的治疗 MASLD 和代谢功能障碍相关性脂肪性肝炎 (MASH) 新兴领域的文献,包括粪便微生物群移植 (FMT)、益生菌、益生元、短链脂肪酸、抗生素、代谢途径靶向和免疫检查点激酶阻断等干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Competition Creates Deep Space Cuisine 竞赛创造深空美食
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.016
Chris Palmer
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引用次数: 0
Marine CO2 Removal Joins Race to Scale Up Mitigation Tech 海洋二氧化碳清除加入减排技术规模化竞赛
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.017
Mark Peplow
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引用次数: 0
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