Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.016
Wastewater surveillance (WWS) can leverage its wide coverage, population-based sampling, and high monitoring frequency to capture citywide pandemic trends independent of clinical surveillance. Here we conducted a nine months daily WWS for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), covering approximately 80% of the population, to monitor infection dynamics in Hong Kong, China. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration in wastewater was correlated with the daily number of reported cases and reached two pandemic peaks three days earlier during the study period. In addition, two different methods were established to estimate the prevalence/incidence rates from wastewater measurements. The estimated results from wastewater were consistent with findings from two independent citywide clinical surveillance programmes (rapid antigen test (RAT) surveillance and serology surveillance), but higher than the cases number reported by the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of Hong Kong, China. Moreover, the effective reproductive number (Rt) was estimated from wastewater measurements to reflect both citywide and regional transmission dynamics. Our findings demonstrate that large-scale intensive WWS from WWTPs provides cost-effective and timely public health information, especially when the clinical surveillance is inadequate and costly. This approach also provides insights into pandemic dynamics at higher spatiotemporal resolutions, facilitating the formulation of effective control policies and targeted resource allocation.
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{"title":"Wastewater Surveillance Provides Spatiotemporal SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dynamics","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wastewater surveillance (WWS) can leverage its wide coverage, population-based sampling, and high monitoring frequency to capture citywide pandemic trends independent of clinical surveillance. Here we conducted a nine months daily WWS for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from 12 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), covering approximately 80% of the population, to monitor infection dynamics in Hong Kong, China. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration in wastewater was correlated with the daily number of reported cases and reached two pandemic peaks three days earlier during the study period. In addition, two different methods were established to estimate the prevalence/incidence rates from wastewater measurements. The estimated results from wastewater were consistent with findings from two independent citywide clinical surveillance programmes (rapid antigen test (RAT) surveillance and serology surveillance), but higher than the cases number reported by the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of Hong Kong, China. Moreover, the effective reproductive number (<em>R</em><sub>t</sub>) was estimated from wastewater measurements to reflect both citywide and regional transmission dynamics. Our findings demonstrate that large-scale intensive WWS from WWTPs provides cost-effective and timely public health information, especially when the clinical surveillance is inadequate and costly. This approach also provides insights into pandemic dynamics at higher spatiotemporal resolutions, facilitating the formulation of effective control policies and targeted resource allocation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 70-77"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924000675/pdfft?md5=3d8353fef0c0f011903e602d48527f97&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924000675-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140182091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.023
Jialin Chen , Shutao Li , Shang Ma , Yeqing Chen , Yin Liu , Quanwei Tian , Xiting Zhong , Jiaxing Song
This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials, ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics, and further summarizes the micro–macro correlation in the anti-penetration process. Finally, it outlines the constitutive models and numerical simulation studies utilized in the field of impact and penetration. From the macro perspective, nine frequent penetration failure modes of metal materials are summarized, with a focus on the analysis of the cratering, compression shear, penetration, and plugging stages of the penetration process. The reasons for the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in metal materials with different crystal structures are elaborated, and the formation mechanism of the equiaxed grains in the ASB is explored. Both the strength and the toughness of metal materials are related to the materials’ crystal structures and microstructures. The toughness is mainly influenced by the deformation mechanism, while the strength is explained by the strengthening mechanism. Therefore, the mechanical properties of metal materials depend on their microstructures, which are subject to the manufacturing process and material composition. Regarding numerical simulation, the advantages and disadvantages of different constitutive models and simulation methods are summarized based on the application characteristics of metal materials in high-speed penetration practice. In summary, this article provides a systematic overview of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of metal materials, along with their mechanisms and correlation during the anti-penetration and impact-resistance processes, thereby making an important contribution to the scientific understanding of anti-penetration performance and its optimization in metal materials.
{"title":"The Anti-Penetration Performance and Mechanism of Metal Materials: A Review","authors":"Jialin Chen , Shutao Li , Shang Ma , Yeqing Chen , Yin Liu , Quanwei Tian , Xiting Zhong , Jiaxing Song","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article reviews the anti-penetration principles and strengthening mechanisms of metal materials, ranging from macroscopic failure modes to microscopic structural characteristics, and further summarizes the micro–macro correlation in the anti-penetration process. Finally, it outlines the constitutive models and numerical simulation studies utilized in the field of impact and penetration. From the macro perspective, nine frequent penetration failure modes of metal materials are summarized, with a focus on the analysis of the cratering, compression shear, penetration, and plugging stages of the penetration process. The reasons for the formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) in metal materials with different crystal structures are elaborated, and the formation mechanism of the equiaxed grains in the ASB is explored. Both the strength and the toughness of metal materials are related to the materials’ crystal structures and microstructures. The toughness is mainly influenced by the deformation mechanism, while the strength is explained by the strengthening mechanism. Therefore, the mechanical properties of metal materials depend on their microstructures, which are subject to the manufacturing process and material composition. Regarding numerical simulation, the advantages and disadvantages of different constitutive models and simulation methods are summarized based on the application characteristics of metal materials in high-speed penetration practice. In summary, this article provides a systematic overview of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of metal materials, along with their mechanisms and correlation during the anti-penetration and impact-resistance processes, thereby making an important contribution to the scientific understanding of anti-penetration performance and its optimization in metal materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 131-157"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924004302/pdfft?md5=5957ab19f7690e5a2d19e9faf7fac542&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924004302-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142193786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.011
Optical imaging in the second near-infrared (NIR-II; 900–1880 nm) window is currently a popular research topic in the field of biomedical imaging. This study aimed to explore the application value of NIR-II fluorescence imaging in foot and ankle surgeries. A lab-established NIR-II fluorescence surgical navigation system was developed and used to navigate foot and ankle surgeries which enabled obtaining more high-spatial-frequency information and a higher signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in NIR-II fluorescence images compared to NIR-I fluorescence images; our result demonstrates that NIR-II imaging could provide higher-contrast and larger-depth images to surgeons. Three types of clinical application scenarios (diabetic foot, calcaneal fracture, and lower extremity trauma) were included in this study. Using the NIR-II fluorescence imaging technique, we observed the ischemic region in the diabetic foot before morphological alterations, accurately determined the boundary of the ischemic region in the surgical incision, and fully assessed the blood supply condition of the flap. NIR-II fluorescence imaging can help surgeons precisely judge surgical margins, detect ischemic lesions early, and dynamically trace the perfusion process. We believe that portable and reliable NIR-II fluorescence imaging equipment and additional functional fluorescent probes can play crucial roles in precision surgery.
第二近红外(NIR-II;900-1880 nm)窗口的光学成像是目前生物医学成像领域的热门研究课题。本研究旨在探索 NIR-II 荧光成像在足踝手术中的应用价值。与近红外荧光图像相比,近红外-II 荧光图像能获得更多的高空间频率信息和更高的信噪比(SBR);我们的研究结果表明,近红外-II 图像能为外科医生提供对比度更高、深度更大的图像。本研究包括三种临床应用场景(糖尿病足、小关节骨折和下肢创伤)。利用近红外-II荧光成像技术,我们观察了糖尿病足形态改变前的缺血区,准确确定了手术切口中缺血区的边界,并全面评估了皮瓣的供血情况。近红外 II 荧光成像可以帮助外科医生精确判断手术边缘,早期发现缺血病灶,动态追踪灌注过程。我们相信,便携、可靠的近红外-II荧光成像设备和附加的功能性荧光探针能在精准手术中发挥关键作用。
{"title":"Initial Experience of NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Surgery in Foot and Ankle Surgery","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optical imaging in the second near-infrared (NIR-II; 900–1880 nm) window is currently a popular research topic in the field of biomedical imaging. This study aimed to explore the application value of NIR-II fluorescence imaging in foot<!--> <!-->and<!--> <!-->ankle surgeries. A lab-established NIR-II fluorescence surgical navigation system was developed and used to navigate foot and ankle surgeries which enabled obtaining more high-spatial-frequency information and a higher signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in NIR-II fluorescence images compared to NIR-I fluorescence images; our result demonstrates that NIR-II imaging could provide higher-contrast and larger-depth images to surgeons. Three types of clinical application<!--> <!-->scenarios (diabetic foot, calcaneal fracture, and lower extremity trauma) were included in this study. Using the NIR-II fluorescence imaging technique, we observed the ischemic region in the diabetic foot before morphological<!--> <!-->alterations, accurately determined the boundary of the ischemic region in the surgical incision, and fully assessed the blood supply condition of the flap. NIR-II fluorescence imaging can help surgeons precisely judge surgical margins, detect ischemic lesions early, and dynamically trace the perfusion process. We believe that portable and reliable NIR-II fluorescence imaging equipment and additional functional fluorescent probes can play crucial roles in precision surgery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209580992400242X/pdfft?md5=7abefbf8a70f6ef0500be63c9e26f7e8&pid=1-s2.0-S209580992400242X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141150924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013
Wei Liu , Xiong Zhang , Jifang Wan , Chunhe Yang , Liangliang Jiang , Zhangxin Chen , Maria Jose Jurado , Xilin Shi , Deyi Jiang , Wendong Ji , Qihang Li
Underground salt cavern CO2 storage (SCCS) offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO2 storage and facilitating the utilization of CO2 resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market. Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option. Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances, differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness, carbon injection, brine extraction control, long-term carbon storage stability, and site selection criteria. These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO2 and the application scenarios of SCCS. Therefore, targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative. This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS, emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions, carbon utilization, and renewable energy peak shaving. It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods, and addresses associated scientific challenges. In this paper, we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction, that considers the phase change characteristics of CO2, and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection. By comparing the viscosities of CO2 and other gases, SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated. Building on this, we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices, which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability. Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed. Site selection criteria for SCCS are established, preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China, and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8–77.7 million tons, utilizing only 20%–30% volume of abandoned salt caverns. This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters, such as the operating pressure, burial depth, and storage scale, and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.
{"title":"Large-Scale Carbon Dioxide Storage in Salt Caverns: Evaluation of Operation, Safety, and Potential in China","authors":"Wei Liu , Xiong Zhang , Jifang Wan , Chunhe Yang , Liangliang Jiang , Zhangxin Chen , Maria Jose Jurado , Xilin Shi , Deyi Jiang , Wendong Ji , Qihang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Underground salt cavern CO<sub>2</sub> storage (SCCS) offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO<sub>2</sub> storage and facilitating the utilization of CO<sub>2</sub> resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market. Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option. Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances, differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness, carbon injection, brine extraction control, long-term carbon storage stability, and site selection criteria. These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO<sub>2</sub> and the application scenarios of SCCS. Therefore, targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative. This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS, emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions, carbon utilization, and renewable energy peak shaving. It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods, and addresses associated scientific challenges. In this paper, we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction, that considers the phase change characteristics of CO<sub>2</sub>, and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection. By comparing the viscosities of CO<sub>2</sub> and other gases, SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated. Building on this, we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices, which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability. Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed. Site selection criteria for SCCS are established, preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China, and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8–77.7 million tons, utilizing only 20%–30% volume of abandoned salt caverns. This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters, such as the operating pressure, burial depth, and storage scale, and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 226-246"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924003850/pdfft?md5=86026b4462a5628cc470aa4d68f6895c&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924003850-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.014
Qi Liu , Shi-min Zuo , Shasha Peng , Hao Zhang , Ye Peng , Wei Li , Yehui Xiong , Runmao Lin , Zhiming Feng , Huihui Li , Jun Yang , Guo-Liang Wang , Houxiang Kang
The traditional method of screening plants for disease resistance phenotype is both time-consuming and costly. Genomic selection offers a potential solution to improve efficiency, but accurately predicting plant disease resistance remains a challenge. In this study, we evaluated eight different machine learning (ML) methods, including random forest classification (RFC), support vector classifier (SVC), light gradient boosting machine (lightGBM), random forest classification plus kinship (RFC_K), support vector classification plus kinship (SVC_K), light gradient boosting machine plus kinship (lightGBM_K), deep neural network genomic prediction (DNNGP), and densely connected convolutional networks (DenseNet), for predicting plant disease resistance. Our results demonstrate that the three plus kinship (K) methods developed in this study achieved high prediction accuracy. Specifically, these methods achieved accuracies of up to 95% for rice blast (RB), 85% for rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), and 85% for rice sheath blight (RSB) when trained and applied to the rice diversity panel I (RDPI). Furthermore, the plus K models performed well in predicting wheat blast (WB) and wheat stripe rust (WSR) diseases, with mean accuracies of up to 90% and 93%, respectively. To assess the generalizability of our models, we applied the trained plus K methods to predict RB disease resistance in an independent population, rice diversity panel II (RDPII). Concurrently, we evaluated the RB resistance of RDPII cultivars using spray inoculation. Comparing the predictions with the spray inoculation results, we found that the accuracy of the plus K methods reached 91%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the plus K methods (RFC_K, SVC_K, and lightGBM_K) in accurately predicting plant disease resistance for RB, RBSDV, RSB, WB, and WSR. The methods developed in this study not only provide valuable strategies for predicting disease resistance, but also pave the way for using machine learning to streamline genome-based crop breeding.
筛选植物抗病表型的传统方法既费时又费钱。基因组选择为提高效率提供了潜在的解决方案,但准确预测植物的抗病性仍是一项挑战。在这项研究中,我们评估了八种不同的机器学习(ML)方法,包括随机森林分类法(RFC)、支持向量分类器(SVC)、光梯度提升机(lightGBM)、随机森林分类法加亲缘关系(RFC_K)、支持向量分类法加亲缘关系(SVC_K)、光梯度提升机加亲缘关系(lightGBM_K)、深度神经网络基因组预测法(DNGP)和密集连接卷积网络(DenseNet),用于预测植物抗病性。我们的研究结果表明,本研究中开发的三种加亲缘关系(K)方法实现了较高的预测准确性。具体来说,这些方法经过训练并应用于水稻多样性面板 I(RDPI)时,对稻瘟病(RB)的预测准确率高达 95%,对水稻黑条矮缩病病毒(RBSDV)的预测准确率高达 85%,对水稻鞘枯病(RSB)的预测准确率高达 85%。此外,加 K 模型在预测小麦稻瘟病(WB)和小麦条锈病(WSR)方面表现良好,平均准确率分别高达 90% 和 93%。为了评估模型的普适性,我们将训练好的加 K 方法用于预测独立种群水稻多样性面板 II(RDPII)的 RB 抗病性。同时,我们使用喷雾接种法评估了 RDPII 栽培品种的 RB 抗性。将预测结果与喷雾接种结果进行比较,我们发现加 K 方法的准确率达到 91%。这些发现凸显了加 K 方法(随机森林分类加亲缘关系(RFC_K)、支持向量分类加亲缘关系(SVC_K)和光梯度提升机加亲缘关系(lightGBM_K))在准确预测 RB、RBSDV、RSB、WB 和 WSR 植物抗病性方面的有效性。本研究开发的方法不仅为预测抗病性提供了有价值的策略,还为利用机器学习简化基于基因组的作物育种铺平了道路。
{"title":"Development of Machine Learning Methods for Accurate Prediction of Plant Disease Resistance","authors":"Qi Liu , Shi-min Zuo , Shasha Peng , Hao Zhang , Ye Peng , Wei Li , Yehui Xiong , Runmao Lin , Zhiming Feng , Huihui Li , Jun Yang , Guo-Liang Wang , Houxiang Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The traditional method of screening plants for disease resistance phenotype is both time-consuming and costly. Genomic selection offers a potential solution to improve efficiency, but accurately predicting plant disease resistance remains a challenge. In this study, we evaluated eight different machine learning (ML) methods, including random forest classification (RFC), support vector classifier (SVC), light gradient boosting machine (lightGBM), random forest classification plus kinship (RFC_K), support vector classification plus kinship (SVC_K), light gradient boosting machine plus kinship (lightGBM_K), deep neural network genomic prediction (DNNGP), and densely connected convolutional networks (DenseNet), for predicting plant disease resistance. Our results demonstrate that the three plus kinship (K) methods developed in this study achieved high prediction accuracy. Specifically, these methods achieved accuracies of up to 95% for rice blast (RB), 85% for rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), and 85% for rice sheath blight (RSB) when trained and applied to the rice diversity panel I (RDPI). Furthermore, the plus K models performed well in predicting wheat blast (WB) and wheat stripe rust (WSR) diseases, with mean accuracies of up to 90% and 93%, respectively. To assess the generalizability of our models, we applied the trained plus K methods to predict RB disease resistance in an independent population, rice diversity panel II (RDPII). Concurrently, we evaluated the RB resistance of RDPII cultivars using spray inoculation. Comparing the predictions with the spray inoculation results, we found that the accuracy of the plus K methods reached 91%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the plus K methods (RFC_K, SVC_K, and lightGBM_K) in accurately predicting plant disease resistance for RB, RBSDV, RSB, WB, and WSR. The methods developed in this study not only provide valuable strategies for predicting disease resistance, but also pave the way for using machine learning to streamline genome-based crop breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 100-110"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924002431/pdfft?md5=9dc8b3be287e67c94801e5fcfecf7209&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924002431-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141776939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.003
Qifu Lin , Wangping Sun , Haiyan Li , Yangjiong Liu , Yuwei Chen , Chengzhou Liu , Yiman Jiang , Yu Cheng , Ning Ma , Huaqing Ya , Longwei Chen , Shidong Fang , Hansheng Feng , Guang-Nan Luo , Jiangang Li , Kaixin Xiang , Jie Cong , Cheng Cheng
To reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants, the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent. As a new zero-carbon fuel, ammonia (NH3) can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy. Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term, the development of ammonia–coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants. This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia–coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20% to 10% (by heat ratio) at loads of 180- to 300-MW, respectively. The results show that, during ammonia–coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant, there was a more significant change in NOx emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied. Moreover, ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone. Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions, the NH3 concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million (ppm). Compared with that under pure-coal conditions, the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased (by 0.12%–0.38%) under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h−1. Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.
{"title":"Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station","authors":"Qifu Lin , Wangping Sun , Haiyan Li , Yangjiong Liu , Yuwei Chen , Chengzhou Liu , Yiman Jiang , Yu Cheng , Ning Ma , Huaqing Ya , Longwei Chen , Shidong Fang , Hansheng Feng , Guang-Nan Luo , Jiangang Li , Kaixin Xiang , Jie Cong , Cheng Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from coal-fired power plants, the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent. As a new zero-carbon fuel, ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy. Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term, the development of ammonia–coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from coal-fired power plants. This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia–coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20% to 10% (by heat ratio) at loads of 180- to 300-MW, respectively. The results show that, during ammonia–coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant, there was a more significant change in NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied. Moreover, ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone. Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions, the NH<sub>3</sub> concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million (ppm). Compared with that under pure-coal conditions, the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased (by 0.12%–0.38%) under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h<sup>−1</sup>. Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 247-259"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924003679/pdfft?md5=b265427c35bfd4f42a5f48ce929b9962&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924003679-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.011
Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative to meet the growing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in depleted gas reservoirs holds significant potential for large-scale energy storage and the seamless integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, due to its capacity to address challenges associated with the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, ensuring a steady and reliable energy supply. Leveraging the existing infrastructure and well-characterized geological formations, depleted gas reservoirs offer an attractive option for large-scale hydrogen storage implementation. However, significant knowledge gaps regarding storage performance hinder the commercialization of UHS operation. Hydrogen deliverability, hydrogen trapping, and the equation of state are key areas with limited understanding. This literature review critically analyzes and synthesizes existing research on hydrogen storage performance during underground storage in depleted gas reservoirs; it then provides a high-level risk assessment and an overview of the techno-economics of UHS. The significance of this review lies in its consolidation of current knowledge, highlighting unresolved issues and proposing areas for future research. Addressing these gaps will advance hydrogen-based energy systems and support the transition to a sustainable energy landscape. Facilitating efficient and safe deployment of UHS in depleted gas reservoirs will assist in unlocking hydrogen’s full potential as a clean and renewable energy carrier. In addition, this review aids policymakers and the scientific community in making informed decisions regarding hydrogen storage technologies.
{"title":"Hydrogen Storage Performance During Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Reservoirs: A Review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative to meet the growing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in depleted gas reservoirs holds significant potential for large-scale energy storage and the seamless integration of intermittent renewable energy sources, due to its capacity to address challenges associated with the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, ensuring a steady and reliable energy supply. Leveraging the existing infrastructure and well-characterized geological formations, depleted gas reservoirs offer an attractive option for large-scale hydrogen storage implementation. However, significant knowledge gaps regarding storage performance hinder the commercialization of UHS operation. Hydrogen deliverability, hydrogen trapping, and the equation of state are key areas with limited understanding. This literature review critically analyzes and synthesizes existing research on hydrogen storage performance during underground storage in depleted gas reservoirs; it then provides a high-level risk assessment and an overview of the techno-economics of UHS. The significance of this review lies in its consolidation of current knowledge, highlighting unresolved issues and proposing areas for future research. Addressing these gaps will advance hydrogen-based energy systems and support the transition to a sustainable energy landscape. Facilitating efficient and safe deployment of UHS in depleted gas reservoirs will assist in unlocking hydrogen’s full potential as a clean and renewable energy carrier. In addition, this review aids policymakers and the scientific community in making informed decisions regarding hydrogen storage technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 211-225"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924002285/pdfft?md5=ec1f8ccbc47a54c07450bd353a396bfa&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924002285-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140763602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.013
Lianhua Qingke tablets, a patented traditional Chinese medicine that has validated clinical efficacy for treating cough caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, lack rigorous evidence-based research evaluating their effect on long coronavirus disease (COVID) cough. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study was conducted among patients with long COVID cough from 19 hospitals and 23 community health centers in China. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either Lianhua Qingke tablets or placebo orally for 14 days (four tablets, 1.84 g, three times a day). The primary endpoint indicator was the disappearance of cough, with the remission of cough also considered. Among 482 randomized patients, 480 (full analysis set 480; per-protocol set 470; safety set 480) were included in the primary analysis. According to the full analysis, the time until cough disappearance was significantly shorter in the trial group than in the control group, with a significant increase in the 14-day cough disappearance rate. Accordingly, the time to cough remission was significantly shorter in the trial group than in the control group. The change in the total symptom score was significantly greater in the trial group than in the control group on days 7 and 14, consistent with the results indicated by the visual analog scale (VAS) and cough evaluation test (CET) scores. No serious adverse events were recorded during the study. Lianhua Qingke tablets significantly improved the clinical symptoms of patients with long COVID cough.
{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Lianhua Qingke Tablets in the Treatment of Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Cough: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Clinical Study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lianhua Qingke tablets, a patented traditional Chinese medicine that has validated clinical efficacy for treating cough caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, lack rigorous evidence-based research evaluating their effect on long coronavirus disease (COVID) cough. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study was conducted among patients with long COVID cough from 19 hospitals and 23 community health centers in China. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either Lianhua Qingke tablets or placebo orally for 14 days (four tablets, 1.84 g, three times a day). The primary endpoint indicator was the disappearance of cough, with the remission of cough also considered. Among 482 randomized patients, 480 (full analysis set 480; per-protocol set 470; safety set 480) were included in the primary analysis. According to the full analysis, the time until cough disappearance was significantly shorter in the trial group than in the control group, with a significant increase in the 14-day cough disappearance rate. Accordingly, the time to cough remission was significantly shorter in the trial group than in the control group. The change in the total symptom score was significantly greater in the trial group than in the control group on days 7 and 14, consistent with the results indicated by the visual analog scale (VAS) and cough evaluation test (CET) scores. No serious adverse events were recorded during the study. Lianhua Qingke tablets significantly improved the clinical symptoms of patients with long COVID cough.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924002388/pdfft?md5=54813ef0aaa0ed3d04cc8c6529e60085&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924002388-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140780202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.017
This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing native soils as a resource for inocula to produce n-caproate through the chain elongation (CE) platform, offering new insights into anaerobic soil processes. The results reveal that all five of the tested soil types exhibit CE activity when supplied with high concentrations of ethanol and acetate, highlighting the suitability of soil as an ideal source for n-caproate production. Compared with anaerobic sludge and pit mud, the native soil CE system exhibited higher selectivity (60.53%), specificity (82.32%), carbon distribution (60.00%), electron transfer efficiency (165.00%), and conductivity (0.59 ms∙cm−1). Kinetic analysis further confirmed the superiority of soil in terms of a shorter lag time and higher yield. A microbial community analysis indicated a positive correlation between the relative abundances of Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, and Clostridium and n-caproate production. Moreover, metagenomics analysis revealed a higher abundance of functional genes in key microbial species, providing direct insights into the pathways involved in n-caproate formation, including in situ CO2 utilization, ethanol oxidation, fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB), and reverse beta-oxidation (RBO). The numerous functions in FAB and RBO are primarily associated with Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Rhodococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Geobacter, suggesting that these genera may play roles that are involved or associated with the CE process. Overall, this innovative inoculation strategy offers an efficient microbial source for n-caproate production, underscoring the importance of considering CE activity in anaerobic soil microbial ecology and holding potential for significant economic and environmental benefits through soil consortia exploration.
这项研究证明了利用原生土壤作为接种物资源,通过链延伸(CE)平台生产正己酸酯的可行性和有效性,为了解厌氧土壤过程提供了新的视角。结果表明,当提供高浓度乙醇和乙酸时,所有五种测试土壤类型都表现出 CE 活性,这突出表明土壤适合作为生产正己酸酯的理想来源。与厌氧污泥和坑泥相比,原生土壤 CE 系统表现出更高的选择性(60.53%)、专一性(82.32%)、碳分布(60.00%)、电子传递效率(165.00%)和电导率(0.59 ms∙cm-1)。动力学分析进一步证实了土壤在缩短滞后时间和提高产量方面的优势。微生物群落分析表明,假单胞菌、氮单胞菌和梭状芽孢杆菌的相对丰度与正己酸酯产量呈正相关。此外,元基因组学分析表明,关键微生物物种中的功能基因丰度较高,直接揭示了正己酸酯形成的途径,包括原位二氧化碳利用、乙醇氧化、脂肪酸生物合成(FAB)和反向β-氧化(RBO)。FAB和RBO的众多功能主要与假单胞菌、梭状芽孢杆菌、罗杜球菌、司来诺单胞菌和革囊菌有关,这表明这些菌属可能参与了CE过程或与之相关。总之,这种创新的接种策略为正己酸酯的生产提供了一个高效的微生物源,强调了在厌氧土壤微生物生态学中考虑CE活性的重要性,并通过土壤联合体的探索为巨大的经济和环境效益提供了潜力。
{"title":"Chain Elongation Using Native Soil Inocula: Exceptional n-Caproate Biosynthesis Performance and Microbial Mechanisms","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2023.10.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing native soils as a resource for inocula to produce <em>n</em>-caproate through the chain elongation (CE) platform, offering new insights into anaerobic soil processes. The results reveal that all five of the tested soil types exhibit CE activity when supplied with high concentrations of ethanol and acetate, highlighting the suitability of soil as an ideal source for <em>n</em>-caproate production. Compared with anaerobic sludge and pit mud, the native soil CE system exhibited higher selectivity (60.53%), specificity (82.32%), carbon distribution (60.00%), electron transfer efficiency (165.00%), and conductivity (0.59 ms∙cm<sup>−1</sup>). Kinetic analysis further confirmed the superiority of soil in terms of a shorter lag time and higher yield. A microbial community analysis indicated a positive correlation between the relative abundances of <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Azotobacter</em>, and <em>Clostridium</em> and <em>n</em>-caproate production. Moreover, metagenomics analysis revealed a higher abundance of functional genes in key microbial species, providing direct insights into the pathways involved in <em>n</em>-caproate formation, including <em>in situ</em> CO<sub>2</sub> utilization, ethanol oxidation, fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB), and reverse beta-oxidation (RBO). The numerous functions in FAB and RBO are primarily associated with <em>Pseudomonas</em>, <em>Clostridium</em>, <em>Rhodococcus</em>, <em>Stenotrophomonas</em>, and <em>Geobacter</em>, suggesting that these genera may play roles that are involved or associated with the CE process. Overall, this innovative inoculation strategy offers an efficient microbial source for <em>n</em>-caproate production, underscoring the importance of considering CE activity in anaerobic soil microbial ecology and holding potential for significant economic and environmental benefits through soil consortia exploration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 262-272"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924000602/pdfft?md5=09e7b0784d0ba3c2de89df06979dab74&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924000602-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139817352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.007
In this paper, we propose mesoscience-guided deep learning (MGDL), a deep learning modeling approach guided by mesoscience, to study complex systems. When establishing sample dataset based on the same system evolution data, different from the operation of conventional deep learning method, MGDL introduces the treatment of the dominant mechanisms of complex system and interactions between them according to the principle of compromise in competition (CIC) in mesoscience. Mesoscience constraints are then integrated into the loss function to guide the deep learning training. Two methods are proposed for the addition of mesoscience constraints. The physical interpretability of the model-training process is improved by MGDL because guidance and constraints based on physical principles are provided. MGDL was evaluated using a bubbling bed modeling case and compared with traditional techniques. With a much smaller training dataset, the results indicate that mesoscience-constraint-based model training has distinct advantages in terms of convergence stability and prediction accuracy, and it can be widely applied to various neural network configurations. The MGDL approach proposed in this paper is a novel method for utilizing the physical background information during deep learning model training. Further exploration of MGDL will be continued in the future.
{"title":"A Case Study Applying Mesoscience to Deep Learning","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we propose mesoscience-guided deep learning (MGDL), a deep learning modeling approach guided by mesoscience, to study complex systems. When establishing sample dataset based on the same system evolution data, different from the operation of conventional deep learning method, MGDL introduces the treatment of the dominant mechanisms of complex system and interactions between them according to the principle of compromise in competition (CIC) in mesoscience. Mesoscience constraints are then integrated into the loss function to guide the deep learning training. Two methods are proposed for the addition of mesoscience constraints. The physical interpretability of the model-training process is improved by MGDL because guidance and constraints based on physical principles are provided. MGDL was evaluated using a bubbling bed modeling case and compared with traditional techniques. With a much smaller training dataset, the results indicate that mesoscience-constraint-based model training has distinct advantages in terms of convergence stability and prediction accuracy, and it can be widely applied to various neural network configurations. The MGDL approach proposed in this paper is a novel method for utilizing the physical background information during deep learning model training. Further exploration of MGDL will be continued in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 84-93"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809924000365/pdfft?md5=ba1c0afa73b433ee44b436dcc9456e69&pid=1-s2.0-S2095809924000365-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139505971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}