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A Single-Board Integrated Millimeter-Wave Asymmetric Full-Digital Beamforming Array for B5G/6G Applications 用于 B5G/6G 应用的单板集成毫米波非对称全数字波束成形阵列
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.013
In this article, a single-board integrated millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) asymmetric full-digital beamforming (AFDBF) array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) communications. The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) arrays independently in a single board. Unlike the traditional symmetric array, the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8 × 8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8 + 8 Rx array arranged in an L shape. The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54λ0 for both the Tx and Rx arrays, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz. The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays. In addition, the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array. The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz. An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from −47° to +47° in both the azimuth and the elevation planes, and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is –45° to +45°. The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz (considering the saturation point). Furthermore, the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 3% when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) waveforms are used.
本文为第五代(B5G)和第六代(6G)通信开发了一种单板集成毫米波(mm-Wave)非对称全数字波束成形(AFDBF)阵列。所提出的集成阵列通过在三维空间中设计垂直连接,有效地解决了在全数字阵列中布置大量端口的难题,并成功地将全数字发射(Tx)和接收(Rx)阵列独立集成在一块电路板上。与传统的对称阵列不同,所提出的非对称阵列由一个呈正方形排列的 8 × 8 Tx 阵列和一个呈 L 形排列的 8 + 8 Rx 阵列组成。对于 Tx 和 Rx 阵列,两个相邻元件之间的中心到中心距离均为 0.54λ0,其中 λ0 为 27 GHz 时的自由空间波长。与传统的砖式全数字阵列相比,拟议的 AFDBF 阵列结构更紧凑,系统硬件成本和功耗更低。此外,拟议的 AFDBF 阵列的能效优于混合波束成形阵列。测量结果表明,拟议阵列的工作频带为 24.25-29.50 GHz。发射阵列中的八元线性阵列可在方位角和仰角平面上实现 -47° 至 +47° 的扫描角度,每个八元接收阵列的实测扫描范围为 -45° 至 +45°。在 28.0 GHz(考虑到饱和点)频率下,八元发射机阵列的实测最大有效各向同性辐射功率(EIRP)为 43.2 dBm。此外,在使用 64 正交振幅调制(QAM)波形时,测得的误差矢量幅度(EVM)小于 3%。
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引用次数: 0
An Intelligent Quality Control Method for Manufacturing Processes Based on a Human–Cyber–Physical Knowledge Graph 基于人-网络-物理知识图谱的制造过程智能质量控制方法
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.022
Quality management is a constant and significant concern in enterprises. Effective determination of correct solutions for comprehensive problems helps avoid increased backtesting costs. This study proposes an intelligent quality control method for manufacturing processes based on a human–cyber–physical (HCP) knowledge graph, which is a systematic method that encompasses the following elements: data management and classification based on HCP ternary data, HCP ontology construction, knowledge extraction for constructing an HCP knowledge graph, and comprehensive application of quality control based on HCP knowledge. The proposed method implements case retrieval, automatic analysis, and assisted decision making based on an HCP knowledge graph, enabling quality monitoring, inspection, diagnosis, and maintenance strategies for quality control. In practical applications, the proposed modular and hierarchical HCP ontology exhibits significant superiority in terms of shareability and reusability of the acquired knowledge. Moreover, the HCP knowledge graph deeply integrates the provided HCP data and effectively supports comprehensive decision making. The proposed method was implemented in cases involving an automotive production line and a gear manufacturing process, and the effectiveness of the method was verified by the application system deployed. Furthermore, the proposed method can be extended to other manufacturing process quality control tasks.
质量管理是企业持续关注的重要问题。有效确定综合问题的正确解决方案有助于避免增加回测成本。本研究提出了一种基于人-机-物(HCP)知识图谱的制造过程智能质量控制方法,该方法是一种系统化的方法,包含以下要素:基于 HCP 三元数据的数据管理与分类、HCP 本体构建、构建 HCP 知识图谱的知识提取以及基于 HCP 知识的质量控制综合应用。所提出的方法实现了基于 HCP 知识图谱的病例检索、自动分析和辅助决策,实现了质量监控、检验、诊断和维护的质量控制策略。在实际应用中,所提出的模块化分层 HCP 本体在知识的可共享性和可重用性方面表现出明显的优势。此外,HCP 知识图谱还能深度整合所提供的 HCP 数据,有效支持综合决策。所提出的方法在涉及汽车生产线和齿轮制造过程的案例中得到了实施,所部署的应用系统也验证了该方法的有效性。此外,所提出的方法还可以扩展到其他制造过程质量控制任务中。
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引用次数: 0
A High-Resolution Measurement Method for Inner and Outer 3D Surface Profiles of Laser Fusion Targets Using a Laser Differential Confocal–Atomic Force Probe Technique 利用激光差分共焦-原子力探针技术高分辨率测量激光融合靶内外三维表面轮廓的方法
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.05.016
The high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer three-dimensional (3D) surface profiles of laser fusion targets is difficult to achieve. In this study, we propose a laser differential confocal (LDC)–atomic force probe (AFP) method to measure the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of laser fusion targets at a high resolution. This method utilizes the LDC method to detect the deflection of the AFP and exploits the high spatial resolution of the AFP to enhance the spatial resolution of the outer profile measurement. Nondestructive and co-reference measurements of the inner profile of a target were achieved using the tomographic characteristics of the LDC method. Furthermore, by combining multiple repositionings of the target using a horizontal slewing shaft, the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of the target were obtained, along with a power spectrum assessment of the entire surface. The experimental results revealed that the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the outer profile measurement were 0.5 and 1.3 nm, while the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the inner profile measurement were 2.0 nm and approximately 400.0 nm. The repeatabilities of the root-mean-square deviation measurements for the outer and inner profiles of the target were 2.6 and 2.4 nm, respectively. We believe our study provides a promising method for the high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer 3D profiles of laser fusion targets.
激光聚变靶内外三维(3D)表面轮廓的高分辨率无损共参照测量难以实现。在本研究中,我们提出了一种激光差分共焦(LDC)-原子力探针(AFP)方法,用于高分辨率测量激光聚变靶内外三维表面轮廓。该方法利用 LDC 方法检测原子力探针的偏转,并利用原子力探针的高空间分辨率来提高外轮廓测量的空间分辨率。利用 LDC 方法的断层扫描特性,实现了对目标内部轮廓的无损和共参照测量。此外,通过使用水平回转轴对目标进行多次重新定位,获得了目标的内外三维表面轮廓以及整个表面的功率谱评估。实验结果表明,外轮廓测量的轴向和横向分辨率分别为 0.5 和 1.3 nm,而内轮廓测量的轴向和横向分辨率分别为 2.0 nm 和大约 400.0 nm。目标外轮廓和内轮廓测量的均方根偏差重复性分别为 2.6 和 2.4 nm。我们相信,我们的研究为高分辨率和无损共参照测量激光聚变目标的内外三维轮廓提供了一种可行的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Droplet-Based Microfluidics with Mass Spectrometry for Microproteomics 用于微蛋白质组学的液滴微流控质谱技术
IF 12.8 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.08.018
Hang Li, Yudan Ma, Rongxin Fu, Jiaxi Peng, Yanbing Zhai, Jinhua Li, Wei Xu, Siyi Hu, Hanbin Ma, Aaron R. Wheeler, Shuailong Zhang
Microproteomics, the profiling of protein expressions in small cell populations or individual cells, is essential for understanding complex biological systems. However, sample loss and insufficient sensitivity of analytical techniques pose severe challenges to this field. Microfluidics, particularly droplet-based microfluidics, provides an ideal approach by enabling miniaturized and integrated workflows to process samples and offers several advantages, including reduced sample loss, low reagent consumption, faster reaction times, and improved throughput. Droplet-based microfluidics manipulates droplets of fluids to function as discrete reaction units, enabling complex chemical reactions and biological workflows in a miniaturized setting. This article discusses a variety of on-chip functions of droplet-based microfluidics, including cell sorting, cell culture, and sample processing. We then highlight recent advances in the mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of single cells using droplet-based microfluidic platforms, including digital microfluidics (DMF). Finally, we review the integrated DMF–MS systems that enable automated and parallel proteomic profiling of single cells with high sensitivity and discuss the applications of the technology and its future perspectives.
微观蛋白质组学是对小细胞群或单个细胞中蛋白质表达情况的分析,对于了解复杂的生物系统至关重要。然而,样品丢失和分析技术灵敏度不足给这一领域带来了严峻挑战。微流控技术,尤其是基于液滴的微流控技术,提供了一种理想的方法,它实现了样品处理工作流程的微型化和集成化,并具有多种优势,包括减少样品损失、降低试剂消耗、加快反应时间和提高通量。基于液滴的微流控技术可将液滴作为离散反应单元进行操作,从而在微型化环境中实现复杂的化学反应和生物工作流程。本文讨论了液滴微流体技术的各种片上功能,包括细胞分拣、细胞培养和样品处理。然后,我们重点介绍了利用液滴微流控平台(包括数字微流控(DMF))进行基于质谱(MS)的单细胞分析的最新进展。最后,我们回顾了实现高灵敏度单细胞自动并行蛋白质组分析的 DMF-MS 集成系统,并讨论了该技术的应用及其未来前景。
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引用次数: 0
Improving Long-Term Functional Outcomes of Ischemic Stroke in the Reperfusion Era 在再灌注时代改善缺血性中风的长期功能预后
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.004
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引用次数: 0
Hypergraph Computation 超图计算
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.017

Practical real-world scenarios such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks present the challenges of data scarcity and complex correlations, which limit the applications of artificial intelligence. The graph structure is a typical tool used to formulate such correlations, it is incapable of modeling high-order correlations among different objects in systems; thus, the graph structure cannot fully convey the intricate correlations among objects. Confronted with the aforementioned two challenges, hypergraph computation models high-order correlations among data, knowledge, and rules through hyperedges and leverages these high-order correlations to enhance the data. Additionally, hypergraph computation achieves collaborative computation using data and high-order correlations, thereby offering greater modeling flexibility. In particular, we introduce three types of hypergraph computation methods: ① hypergraph structure modeling, ② hypergraph semantic computing, and ③ efficient hypergraph computing. We then specify how to adopt hypergraph computation in practice by focusing on specific tasks such as three-dimensional (3D) object recognition, revealing that hypergraph computation can reduce the data requirement by 80% while achieving comparable performance or improve the performance by 52% given the same data, compared with a traditional data-based method. A comprehensive overview of the applications of hypergraph computation in diverse domains, such as intelligent medicine and computer vision, is also provided. Finally, we introduce an open-source deep learning library, DeepHypergraph (DHG), which can serve as a tool for the practical usage of hypergraph computation.

互联网、社交网络和生物网络等现实世界的实际场景面临着数据稀缺和复杂关联的挑战,这限制了人工智能的应用。图结构是表述这种相关性的典型工具,但它无法模拟系统中不同对象之间的高阶相关性,因此图结构无法完全表达对象之间错综复杂的相关性。面对上述两个挑战,超图计算通过超通道对数据、知识和规则之间的高阶相关性进行建模,并利用这些高阶相关性来增强数据。此外,超图计算还能利用数据和高阶相关性实现协同计算,从而提供更大的建模灵活性。我们特别介绍了三种超图计算方法:①超图结构建模;②超图语义计算;③高效超图计算。然后,我们以三维(3D)物体识别等特定任务为重点,具体说明了如何在实践中采用超图计算,并揭示了与传统的基于数据的方法相比,超图计算可以减少 80% 的数据需求,同时在相同数据条件下实现相当的性能或提高 52% 的性能。我们还全面概述了超图计算在智能医学和计算机视觉等不同领域的应用。最后,我们介绍了一个开源深度学习库--DeepHypergraph(DHG),它可以作为超图计算的实际应用工具。
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引用次数: 0
Biomimetic Erythrocyte-Like Particles from Microfluidic Electrospray for Tissue Engineering 用于组织工程的微流体电喷雾仿红细胞颗粒
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.08.022

Microparticles have demonstrated value for regenerative medicine. Attempts in this field tend to focus on the development of intelligent multifunctional microparticles for tissue regeneration. Here, inspired by erythrocytes-associated self-repairing process in damaged tissue, we present novel biomimetic erythrocyte-like microparticles (ELMPs). These ELMPs, which are composed of extracellular matrix-like hybrid hydrogels and the functional additives of black phosphorus, hemoglobin, and growth factors (GFs), are generated by using a microfluidic electrospray. As the resultant ELMPs have the capacity for oxygen delivery and near-infrared-responsive release of both GFs and oxygen, they would have excellent biocompatibility and multifunctional performance when serving as microscaffolds for cell adhesion, stimulating angiogenesis, and adjusting the release profile of cargoes. Based on these features, we demonstrate that the ELMPs can stably overlap to fill a wound and realize controllable cargo release to achieve the desired curative effect of tissue regeneration. Thus, we consider our biomimetic ELMPs with discoid morphology and cargo-delivery capacity to be ideal for tissue engineering.

微粒已被证明具有再生医学的价值。这一领域的尝试往往集中在开发用于组织再生的智能多功能微粒上。受红细胞在受损组织中自我修复过程的启发,我们在此提出了新型仿生红细胞样微颗粒(ELMPs)。这些 ELMPs 由细胞外基质类混合水凝胶以及黑磷、血红蛋白和生长因子(GFs)等功能添加剂组成,通过微流体电喷雾技术生成。由于生成的 ELMPs 具有氧气输送能力,并能近红外响应地释放 GFs 和氧气,因此在作为微支架用于细胞粘附、刺激血管生成和调整货物释放轮廓时,它们将具有出色的生物相容性和多功能性能。基于这些特点,我们证明了 ELMPs 可以稳定地重叠填充伤口,并实现可控的货物释放,从而达到理想的组织再生治疗效果。因此,我们认为具有盘状形态和货物释放能力的生物仿生 ELMPs 是组织工程的理想选择。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetic Interactions with Strain Gradient in Ultrathin Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Films 超薄 Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 薄膜中的磁相互作用与应变梯度
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.014

Strain gradient is a normal phenomenon around a heterostructural interface in ultrathin film, and it is important to determine its effect on magnetic interactions to understand interfacial coupling. In this work, ultrathin Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (PSMO) films on different substrates are studied. For PSMO film under different in-plane strain conditions, the saturated magnetization and Curie temperature can be qualitatively explained by double-exchange interaction and the Jahn–Teller distortion. However, the difference in the saturated magnetization with zero field cooling and 5 T field cooling is proportional to the strain gradient. Strain-gradient-induced structural disorder is proposed to enhance phonon–electron antiferromagnetic interactions and the corresponding antiferromagnetic-to-ferromagnetic phase transition via a strong magnetic field during the field cooling process. A non-monotonous structural transition of the MnO6 octahedral rotation can enlarge the strain gradient in PSMO film on a SrTiO3 substrate. This work demonstrates the existence of the flexomagnetic effect in ultrathin manganite film, which should be applicable to other complex oxide systems.

应变梯度是超薄薄膜异质结构界面周围的一种正常现象,确定其对磁相互作用的影响对于理解界面耦合非常重要。本文研究了不同基底上的超薄 Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (PSMO) 薄膜。对于不同面内应变条件下的 PSMO 薄膜,其饱和磁化和居里温度可通过双交换相互作用和 Jahn-Teller 畸变得到定性解释。然而,零场冷却和 5 T 场冷却时饱和磁化率的差异与应变梯度成正比。应变梯度引起的结构紊乱被认为是为了增强声子-电子反铁磁相互作用,以及在场强冷却过程中通过强磁场实现相应的反铁磁到铁磁相变。MnO6 八面体旋转的非单调结构转变可以扩大 SrTiO3 衬底上 PSMO 薄膜的应变梯度。这项工作证明了超薄锰矿薄膜中存在柔磁效应,它应该适用于其他复杂的氧化物体系。
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引用次数: 0
Combining Polarization-Division Multiplexing and Ferromagnetic Nonreciprocity to Achieve In-Band Ultra-High Isolation for Full-Duplex Wireless Systems 将偏振分复用技术与铁磁非互斥性相结合,为全双工无线系统实现带内超高隔离度
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.02.007

The in-band full-duplex (IBFD) wireless system is a promising candidate for 6G and beyond, as it can double data throughput and enormously lower transmission latency by supporting simultaneous in-band transmission and reception of signals. Enabling IBFD systems requires a substantial mitigation of a transmitter (Tx)’s strong self-interference (SI) signal into the receiver (Rx) channel. However, current state-of-the-art approaches to tackle this challenge are inefficient in terms of performance, cost, and complexity, hindering the commercialization of IBFD techniques. In this work, we devise and demonstrate an innovative approach to realize IBFD systems that exhibit superior performance with a low-cost and less-complex architecture in an all-passive module. Our scheme is based on meticulously combining polarization-division multiplexing (PDM) with ferromagnetic nonreciprocity to achieve ultra-high isolation between Tx and Rx channels. Such an unprecedented conception has become feasible thanks to a concurrent dual-mode circulator—a new component introduced for the first time—as a key feature of our module, and a dual-mode waveguide that transforms two orthogonally polarized waves into two orthogonal waveguide modes. In addition, we propose a unique passive tunable secondary SI cancellation (SIC) mechanism, which is embedded within the proposed module and boosts the isolation over a relatively broad bandwidth. We report, solely in the analog domain, experimental isolation levels of 50, 70, and 80 dB over 340, 101, and 33 MHz bandwidth at the center frequency of interest, respectively, with excellent tuning capability. Furthermore, the module is tested in two real IBFD scenarios to assess its performance in connection with Tx-to-Rx leakage and modulation error in the presence of a Tx’s strong interference signal.

带内全双工(IBFD)无线系统通过支持带内信号的同时传输和接收,可将数据吞吐量提高一倍,并大大降低传输延迟,因此是 6G 及更高频率的理想选择。要实现 IBFD 系统,就必须大幅降低发射机(Tx)对接收机(Rx)信道的强自干扰(SI)信号。然而,目前应对这一挑战的最先进方法在性能、成本和复杂性方面效率低下,阻碍了 IBFD 技术的商业化。在这项工作中,我们设计并演示了一种创新方法,以实现 IBFD 系统,该系统在全无源模块中采用低成本、低复杂度的架构,表现出卓越的性能。我们的方案基于将偏振分复用(PDM)与铁磁非互易性的精心结合,以实现 Tx 和 Rx 信道之间的超高隔离度。这种前所未有的构想之所以可行,要归功于我们模块的关键特征--同时采用的双模环行器(首次引入的新元件)和双模波导(可将两个正交极化波转化为两个正交波导模式)。此外,我们还提出了一种独特的无源可调二级 SI 消除(SIC)机制,该机制嵌入到所提出的模块中,可在相对较宽的带宽上提高隔离度。我们报告,仅在模拟域,在相关中心频率的 340、101 和 33 MHz 带宽上,实验隔离度分别达到 50、70 和 80 dB,并具有出色的调谐能力。此外,该模块还在两个真实的 IBFD 场景中进行了测试,以评估其在存在 Tx 强干扰信号的情况下与 Tx 到 Rx 泄漏和调制误差有关的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Shaking for Cancer Treatment 探索摇晃治疗癌症
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.001
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引用次数: 0
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