Engineering最新文献_第2页

Newly Launched Satellite Seeks to Keep Methane Emitters Honest 新发射的卫星力求让甲烷排放者诚实守信

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.08.012

Sean O’Neill (Senior Technology Writer)

引用次数: 0

Bio-Inspired Screwed Conduits from the Microfluidic Rope-Coiling Effect for Microvessels and Bronchioles 用于微血管和支气管的微流体绳索-卷绕效应的生物螺纹导管

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.09.018

Rui Liu , Jiahui Guo , Bin Kong , Yunru Yu , Yuanjin Zhao , Lingyun Sun

Tubular microfibers have recently attracted extensive interest for applications in tissue engineering. However, the fabrication of tubular fibers with intricate hierarchical structures remains a major challenge. Here, we present a novel one-step microfluidic spinning method to generate bio-inspired screwed conduits (BSCs). Based on the microfluidic rope-coiling effect, a viscous hydrogel precursor is first curved into a helix stream in the channel, and then consecutively packed as a hollow structured stream and gelated into a screwed conduit (SC) via ionic and covalent crosslinking. By taking advantage of the excellent fluid-controlling ability of microfluidics, various tubes with diverse structures are fabricated via simple control over fluid velocities and multiple microfluidic device designs. The perfusability and permeability results, as well as the encapsulation and culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAs), and myogenic cells (C2C12), demonstrate that these SCs have good perfusability and permeability and the ability to induce the formation of functional biostructures. These features support the uniqueness and potential applications of these BSCs as biomimetic blood vessels and bronchiole tissues in combination with tissue microstructures, with likely application possibilities in biomedical engineering.

最近，管状微纤维在组织工程中的应用引起了广泛关注。然而，制造具有复杂分层结构的管状纤维仍然是一项重大挑战。在这里，我们提出了一种新颖的一步法微流体纺丝方法来生成生物启发螺旋导管（BSC）。基于微流体的卷绳效应，粘性水凝胶前体首先在通道中弯曲成螺旋流，然后连续包装成空心结构流，并通过离子和共价交联凝胶化成螺旋导管（SC）。利用微流体技术出色的流体控制能力，通过对流体速度的简单控制和多种微流体装置设计，可以制造出各种不同结构的管道。灌注性和渗透性结果以及人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）、人肺泡上皮细胞（HPAs）和肌源细胞（C2C12）的封装和培养结果表明，这些 SCs 具有良好的灌注性和渗透性，并能诱导形成功能性生物结构。这些特点支持了这些 BSCs 作为生物仿真血管和支气管组织的独特性和潜在应用，并与组织微结构相结合，有可能应用于生物医学工程。

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引用次数: 0

Recent Construction Technology Innovations and Practices for Large-Span Arch Bridges in China 中国大跨度拱桥最新施工技术创新与实践

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.05.019

Jielian Zheng

Arch bridges provide significant technical and economic benefits under suitable conditions. In particular, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridges and steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) arch bridges are two types of arch bridges that have gained great economic competitiveness and span growth potential due to advancements in construction technology, engineering materials, and construction equipment over the past 30 years. Under the leadership of the author, two record-breaking arch bridges—that is, the Pingnan Third Bridge (a CFST arch bridge), with a span of 560 m, and the Tian’e Longtan Bridge (an SRC arch bridge), with a span of 600 m—have been built in the past five years, embodying great technological breakthroughs in the construction of these two types of arch bridges. This paper takes these two arch bridges as examples to systematically summarize the latest technological innovations and practices in the construction of CFST arch bridges and SRC arch bridges in China. The technological innovations of CFST arch bridges include cable-stayed fastening-hanging cantilevered assembly methods, new in-tube concrete materials, in-tube concrete pouring techniques, a novel thrust abutment foundation for non-rocky terrain, and measures to reduce the quantity of temporary facilities. The technological innovations of SRC arch bridges involve arch skeleton stiffness selection, the development of encasing concrete materials, encasing concrete pouring, arch rib stress mitigation, and longitudinal reinforcement optimization. To conclude, future research focuses and development directions for these two types of arch bridges are proposed.

在适当的条件下，拱桥可带来巨大的技术和经济效益。其中，混凝土灌注钢管（CFST）拱桥和钢筋混凝土（SRC）拱桥是近 30 年来随着施工技术、工程材料和施工设备的进步而获得巨大经济竞争力和跨度增长潜力的两种拱桥类型。在笔者的领导下，近五年来建成了两座创纪录的拱桥--跨度达 560 米的屏南三桥（CFST 拱桥）和跨度达 600 米的天峨龙潭大桥（SRC 拱桥），体现了这两种拱桥建设技术上的巨大突破。本文以这两座拱桥为例，系统总结了我国 CFST 拱桥和 SRC 拱桥建设的最新技术创新与实践。CFST 拱桥的技术创新包括斜拉扣挂式悬臂拼装方法、新型管内混凝土材料、管内混凝土浇筑技术、适用于非岩石地形的新型推力墩台基础以及减少临时设施数量的措施。SRC 拱桥的技术创新涉及拱骨架刚度选择、套筒混凝土材料开发、套筒混凝土浇筑、拱肋应力缓解和纵向钢筋优化。最后，提出了这两种拱桥未来的研究重点和发展方向。

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引用次数: 0

Large-Scale Surface Modification of Decellularized Matrix with Erythrocyte Membrane for Promoting In Situ Regeneration of Heart Valve 用红细胞膜对脱细胞基质进行大规模表面改性，促进心脏瓣膜的原位再生

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.019

In situ regeneration is a promising strategy for constructing tissue engineering heart valves (TEHVs). Currently, the decellularized heart valve (DHV) is extensively employed as a TEHV scaffold. Nevertheless, DHV exhibits limited blood compatibility and notable difficulties in endothelialization, resulting in thrombosis and graft failure. The red blood cell membrane (RBCM) exhibits excellent biocompatibility and prolonged circulation stability and is extensively applied in the camouflage of nanoparticles for drug delivery; however, there is no report on its application for large-scale modification of decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM). For the first time, we utilized a layer-by-layer assembling strategy to immobilize RBCM on the surface of DHV and construct an innovative TEHV scaffold. Our findings demonstrated that the scaffold significantly improved the hemocompatibility of DHV by effectively preventing plasma protein adsorption, activated platelet adhesion, and erythrocyte aggregation, and induced macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype in vitro. Moreover, RBCM modification significantly enhanced the mechanical properties and enzymatic stability of DHV. The rat models of subcutaneous embedding and abdominal aorta implantation showed that the scaffold regulated the polarization of macrophages into the anti-inflammatory and pro-modeling M2 phenotype and promoted endothelialization and ECM remodeling in the early stage without thrombosis and calcification. The novel TEHV exhibits excellent performance and can overcome the limitations of commonly used clinical prostheses.

原位再生是构建组织工程心脏瓣膜（TEHV）的一种前景广阔的策略。目前，脱细胞心脏瓣膜（DHV）被广泛用作TEHV支架。然而，脱细胞心脏瓣膜的血液相容性有限，内皮化困难，导致血栓形成和移植失败。红细胞膜（RBCM）具有良好的生物相容性和长期循环稳定性，被广泛应用于纳米颗粒的伪装给药，但目前还没有将其大规模应用于脱细胞细胞外基质（ECM）改性的报道。我们首次利用逐层组装策略将 RBCM 固定在 DHV 表面，构建了创新的 TEHV 支架。我们的研究结果表明，该支架能有效防止血浆蛋白吸附、活化血小板粘附和红细胞聚集，并在体外诱导巨噬细胞向 M2 表型极化，从而显著改善了 DHV 的血液相容性。此外，RBCM 改性还能显著提高 DHV 的机械性能和酶稳定性。大鼠皮下包埋和腹主动脉植入模型表明，该支架可调节巨噬细胞极化为抗炎和促进建模的 M2 表型，并在早期促进内皮化和 ECM 重塑，而不会导致血栓形成和钙化。新型 TEHV 性能卓越，可以克服临床常用假体的局限性。

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引用次数: 0

A Single-Sized Metasurface for Image Steganography and Multi-Key Information Encryption 用于图像隐写术和多密钥信息加密的单尺寸元表面

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.015

With the escalating flow of information and digital communication, information security has become an increasingly important issue. Traditional cryptographic methods are being threatened by advancing progress in computing, while physical encryption methods are favored as a viable and compelling avenue. Metasurfaces, which are known for their extraordinary ability to manipulate optical parameters at the nanoscale, exhibit significant potential for the revolution of optical devices, making them a highly promising candidate for optical encryption applications. Here, a single-sized metasurface with four independent channels is proposed for conducting steganography and multi-key information encryption. More specifically, plaintext is transformed into a ciphertext image, which is encoded into a metasurface, while the decryption key is discretely integrated into another channel within the same metasurface. Two different keys for steganographic image unveiling are also encoded into the metasurface and can be retrieved with different channels and spatial positions. This distributed multi-key encryption approach can enhance security, while strategically distributing images across distinct spatial zones serves as an additional measure to reduce the risk of information leakage. This minimalist designed metasurface, with its advantages of high information density and robust security, holds promise across applications including portable encryption, high-camouflaged image display, and high-density optical storage.

随着信息流和数字通信的不断升级，信息安全已成为一个日益重要的问题。传统的加密方法正受到计算技术进步的威胁，而物理加密方法作为一种可行且引人注目的途径受到青睐。元表面以其在纳米尺度上操纵光学参数的非凡能力而著称，在光学设备革命中展现出巨大的潜力，使其成为光学加密应用中极具前景的候选材料。本文提出了一种具有四个独立通道的单尺寸元表面，用于进行隐写术和多密钥信息加密。更具体地说，明文被转化为密文图像，并被编码到元表面中，而解密密钥则被分离地集成到同一元表面中的另一个通道中。用于揭示隐写图像的两个不同密钥也被编码到元表面中，并可通过不同的通道和空间位置进行检索。这种分布式多密钥加密方法可以提高安全性，而战略性地将图像分布在不同的空间区域则是降低信息泄漏风险的额外措施。这种设计简约的元表面具有信息密度高和安全性强的优点，在便携式加密、高伪装图像显示和高密度光存储等应用领域大有可为。

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引用次数: 0

Digital Twins for Engineering Asset Management: Synthesis, Analytical Framework, and Future Directions 数字孪生工程资产管理：综述、分析框架和未来方向

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.12.006

Effective engineering asset management (EAM) is critical to economic development and improving livability in society, but its complexity often impedes optimal asset functionalities. Digital twins (DTs) could revolutionize the EAM paradigm by bidirectionally linking the physical and digital worlds in real time. There is great industrial and academic interest in DTs for EAM. However, previous review studies have predominately focused on technical aspects using limited life-cycle perspectives, failing to holistically synthesize DTs for EAM from the managerial point of view. Based on a systematic literature review, we introduce an analytical framework for describing DTs for EAM, which encompasses three levels: DT 1.0 for technical EAM, DT 2.0 for technical−human EAM, and DT 3.0 for technical−environmental EAM. Using this framework, we identify what is known, what is unknown, and future directions at each level. DT 1.0 addresses issues of asset quality, progress, and cost management, generating technical value. It lacks multi-objective self-adaptive EAM, however, and suffers from high application cost. It is imperative to enable closed-loop EAM in order to provide various functional services with affordable DT 1.0. DT 2.0 accommodates issues of human−machine symbiosis, safety, and flexibility management, generating managerial value beyond the technical performance improvement of engineering assets. However, DT 2.0 currently lacks the automation and security of human−machine interactions and the managerial value related to humans is not prominent enough. Future research needs to align technical and managerial value with highly automated and secure DT 2.0. DT 3.0 covers issues of participatory governance, organization management, sustainable development, and resilience enhancement, generating macro social value. Yet it suffers from organizational fragmentation and can only address limited social governance issues. Numerous research opportunities exist to coordinate different stakeholders. Similarly, future research opportunities exist to develop DT 3.0 in a more open and complex system.

有效的工程资产管理（EAM）对经济发展和提高社会宜居性至关重要，但其复杂性往往会阻碍资产功能的优化。数字孪生（DTs）可以实时双向连接物理世界和数字世界，从而彻底改变工程资产管理模式。工业界和学术界对用于 EAM 的 DT 都很感兴趣。然而，以往的综述研究主要集中在技术方面，采用的是有限的生命周期视角，未能从管理角度对用于企业资产管理的 DT 进行全面综合。在系统性文献回顾的基础上，我们提出了一个描述企业资产管理 DT 的分析框架，包括三个层次或类别：DT 1.0 适用于技术型企业资产管理，DT 2.0 适用于技术-人力型企业资产管理，DT 3.0 适用于技术-环境型企业资产管理。利用这一框架，我们确定了每个级别的已知信息、未知信息和未来方向。DT 1.0 解决了资产质量、进度和成本管理问题，产生了技术价值。然而，它缺乏多目标自适应 EAM，而且应用成本较高。为了以可承受的 DT 1.0 提供各种功能服务，必须启用闭环 EAM。DT 2.0 可解决人机共生、安全和灵活性管理等问题，在提高工程资产的技术性能之外还能产生管理价值。然而，DT 2.0 目前缺乏人机交互的自动化和安全性，与人相关的管理价值也不够突出。未来的研究需要将技术和管理价值与高度自动化和安全的 DT 2.0 相结合。DT 3.0 涵盖了参与式治理、组织管理、可持续发展和提高复原力等问题，产生了宏观的社会价值。然而，它存在组织分散的问题，只能解决有限的社会治理问题。在协调不同利益攸关方方面存在大量研究机会。同样，未来也有研究机会在一个更加开放和复杂的系统中开发 DT 3.0。

{"title":"Digital Twins for Engineering Asset Management: Synthesis, Analytical Framework, and Future Directions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.eng.2023.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eng.2023.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective engineering asset management (EAM) is critical to economic development and improving livability in society, but its complexity often impedes optimal asset functionalities. Digital twins (DTs) could revolutionize the EAM paradigm by bidirectionally linking the physical and digital worlds in real time. There is great industrial and academic interest in DTs for EAM. However, previous review studies have predominately focused on technical aspects using limited life-cycle perspectives, failing to holistically synthesize DTs for EAM from the managerial point of view. Based on a systematic literature review, we introduce an analytical framework for describing DTs for EAM, which encompasses three levels: DT 1.0 for technical EAM, DT 2.0 for technical−human EAM, and DT 3.0 for technical−environmental EAM. Using this framework, we identify what is known, what is unknown, and future directions at each level. DT 1.0 addresses issues of asset quality, progress, and cost management, generating technical value. It lacks multi-objective self-adaptive EAM, however, and suffers from high application cost. It is imperative to enable closed-loop EAM in order to provide various functional services with affordable DT 1.0. DT 2.0 accommodates issues of human−machine symbiosis, safety, and flexibility management, generating managerial value beyond the technical performance improvement of engineering assets. However, DT 2.0 currently lacks the automation and security of human−machine interactions and the managerial value related to humans is not prominent enough. Future research needs to align technical and managerial value with highly automated and secure DT 2.0. DT 3.0 covers issues of participatory governance, organization management, sustainable development, and resilience enhancement, generating macro social value. Yet it suffers from organizational fragmentation and can only address limited social governance issues. Numerous research opportunities exist to coordinate different stakeholders. Similarly, future research opportunities exist to develop DT 3.0 in a more open and complex system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11783,"journal":{"name":"Engineering","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 261-275"},"PeriodicalIF":10.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unraveling the Stray Current-Induced Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) Effect on Sulfate Corrosion in Concrete 揭示杂散电流引发的界面过渡区 (ITZ) 对混凝土硫酸盐腐蚀的影响

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.08.001

Yong-Qing Chen , Lin-Ya Liu , Da-Wei Huang , Qing-Song Feng , Ren-Peng Chen , Xin Kang

The rail transit in sulfate-rich areas faces the combined effects of stray current and salt corrosion; however, the sulfate ion transport and concrete degradation mechanisms under such conditions are still unclear. To address this issue, novel sulfate transport and mesoscale splitting tests were designed, with a focus on considering the differences between the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and cement matrix. Under the influence of stray current, the ITZ played a pivotal role in regulating the transport and mechanical failure processes of sulfate attack, while the tortuous and blocking effects of aggregates almost disappeared. This phenomenon was termed the “stray current-induced ITZ effect.” The experimental data revealed that the difference in sulfate ion transport attributed to the ITZ ranged from 1.90 to 2.31 times, while the difference in splitting strength ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 times. Through the real-time synchronization of splitting experiments and microsecond-responsive particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology, the mechanical properties were exposed to the consequences of the stray current-induced ITZ effect. The number of splitting cracks in the concrete increased, rather than along the central axis, which was significantly different from the conditions without stray current and the ideal Brazilian disk test. Furthermore, a sulfate ion mass transfer model that incorporates reactivity and electrodiffusion was meticulously constructed. The embedded finite element calculation exhibited excellent agreement with the experimental results, indicating its reliability and accuracy. Additionally, the stress field was determined utilizing analytical methods, and the mechanism underlying crack propagation was successfully obtained. Compared to the cement matrix, a stray current led to more sulfates, more microstructure degradation, and greater increases in thickness and porosity in the ITZ, which was considered to be the essence of the stray current-induced ITZ effect.

富含硫酸盐地区的轨道交通面临着杂散电流和盐腐蚀的双重影响；然而，这种条件下的硫酸根离子迁移和混凝土降解机制仍不清楚。针对这一问题，我们设计了新型硫酸盐迁移和中尺度分裂试验，重点考虑了界面过渡区（ITZ）和水泥基质之间的差异。在杂散电流的影响下，ITZ 在调节硫酸盐侵蚀的传输和机械破坏过程中发挥了关键作用，而集料的迂回和阻挡作用几乎消失。这种现象被称为 "杂散电流诱导的 ITZ 效应"。实验数据显示，ITZ 导致的硫酸根离子传输差异为 1.90 至 2.31 倍，而分裂强度差异为 1.56 至 1.64 倍。通过实时同步劈裂实验和微秒响应粒子图像测速（PIV）技术，力学性能暴露了杂散电流引起的 ITZ 效应的后果。混凝土中劈裂裂缝的数量增加了，而不是沿着中心轴线，这与没有杂散电流的条件和理想的巴西盘试验有明显不同。此外，还精心构建了一个包含反应性和电扩散的硫酸根离子传质模型。嵌入式有限元计算与实验结果非常吻合，表明其可靠性和准确性。此外，还利用分析方法确定了应力场，并成功获得了裂纹扩展的基本机制。与水泥基体相比，杂散电流导致 ITZ 中硫酸盐含量更高、微观结构退化更严重、厚度和孔隙率增加更大，这被认为是杂散电流诱导 ITZ 效应的本质。

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引用次数: 0

Development of Direct Reduced Iron in China: Challenges and Pathways 中国直接还原铁的发展：挑战与途径

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.025

Chengzhi Wei, Xin Zhang, Jin Zhang, Liangping Xu, Guanghui Li, Tao Jiang

The steel industry is considered an important basic sector of the national economy, and its high energy consumption and carbon emissions make it a major contributor to climate change, especially in China. The majority of crude steel in China is produced via the energy- and carbon-intensive blast furnace–basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) route, which greatly relies on coking coal. In recent years, China’s steel sector has made significant progress in energy conservation and emission reduction, driven by decarbonization policies and regulations. However, due to the huge output of crude steel, the steel sector still produces 15% of the total national CO₂ emissions. The direct reduced iron (DRI) plus scrap–electric arc furnace (EAF) process is currently considered a good alternative to the conventional route as a means of reducing CO₂ emissions and the steel industry’s reliance on iron ore and coking coal, since the gas-based DRI plus scrap–EAF route is expected to be more promising than the coal-based one. Unfortunately, almost no DRI is produced in China, seriously restricting the development of the EAF route. Here, we highlight the challenges and pathways of the future development of DRI, with a focus on China. In the short term, replacing natural gas with coke oven gas (COG) and byproduct gas from the integrated refining and chemical sector is a more economically feasible and cleaner way to develop a gas-based route in China. As the energy revolution proceeds, using fossil fuels in combination with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen will be a good alternative due to the relatively low cost. In the long term, DRI is expected to be produced using 100% hydrogen from renewable energy. Both the development of deep processing technologies and the invention of a novel binder are required to prepare high-quality pellets for direct reduction (DR), and further research on the one-step gas-based process is necessary.

钢铁工业被认为是国民经济的重要基础产业，其高能耗和高碳排放使其成为气候变化的主要因素，尤其是在中国。中国大部分粗钢都是通过高炉--碱性氧气炉（BF-BOF）这一高能耗、高碳排放的途径生产的，对炼焦煤的依赖很大。近年来，在去碳化政策法规的推动下，中国钢铁行业在节能减排方面取得了长足进步。然而，由于粗钢产量巨大，钢铁行业的二氧化碳排放量仍占全国总排放量的 15%。直接还原铁（DRI）加废钢-电弧炉（EAF）工艺目前被认为是传统工艺的良好替代品，是减少二氧化碳排放和钢铁行业对铁矿石和炼焦煤依赖的一种手段，因为基于天然气的 DRI 加废钢-电弧炉工艺预计比基于煤炭的工艺更有前途。遗憾的是，中国几乎不生产 DRI，严重制约了电炉法路线的发展。在此，我们将以中国为重点，强调 DRI 未来发展的挑战和途径。在短期内，用焦炉煤气（COG）和炼化一体化行业的副产品气替代天然气，是在中国发展天然气路线的一种更经济可行、更清洁的方式。随着能源革命的推进，化石燃料与碳捕集、利用和封存（CCUS）以及氢气的结合使用将因其相对较低的成本而成为一种很好的替代方案。从长远来看，预计 DRI 的生产将 100% 使用来自可再生能源的氢气。为制备用于直接还原（DR）的高质量颗粒，需要开发深加工技术和发明新型粘合剂，并且有必要进一步研究基于气体的一步法工艺。

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引用次数: 0

Development of an Integrated CMUTs-Based Resonant Biosensor for Label-Free Detection of DNA with Improved Selectivity by Ethylene-Glycol Alkanethiols 利用乙二醇烷硫醇开发基于 CMUTs 的集成式共振生物传感器，用于无标记检测 DNA 并提高其选择性

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.12.015

Gravimetric resonant-inspired biosensors have attracted increasing attention in industrial and point-of-care applications, enabling label-free detection of biomarkers such as DNA and antibodies. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) are promising tools for developing miniaturized high-performance biosensing complementary metal–oxide–silicon (CMOS) platforms. However, their operability is limited by inefficient functionalization, aggregation, crosstalk in the buffer, and the requirement for an external high-voltage (HV) power supply. In this study, we aimed to propose a CMUTs-based resonant biosensor integrated with a CMOS front–end interface coupled with ethylene–glycol alkanethiols to detect single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides with large specificity. The topography of the functionalized surface was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Improved selectivity for on-chip hybridization was demonstrated by comparing complementary and non-complementary single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides using fluorescence imaging technology. The sensor array was further characterized using a five-element lumped equivalent model. The 4 mm² application-specific integrated circuit chip was designed and developed through 0.18 μm HV bipolar-CMOS-double diffused metal–oxide–silicon (DMOS) technology (BCD) to generate on-chip 20 V HV boosting and to track feedback frequency under a standard 1.8 V supply, with a total power consumption of 3.8 mW in a continuous mode. The measured results indicated a detection sensitivity of 7.943 × 10⁻³ μmol∙L⁻¹∙Hz⁻¹ over a concentration range of 1 to 100 μmol∙L⁻¹. In conclusion, the label-free biosensing of DNA under dry conditions was successfully demonstrated using a microfabricated CMUT array with a 2 MHz frequency on CMOS electronics with an internal HV supplier. Moreover, ethylene–glycol alkanethiols successfully deposited self-assembled monolayers on aluminum electrodes, which has never been attempted thus far on CMUTs, to enhance the selectivity of bio-functionalization. The findings of this study indicate the possibility of full-on-chip DNA biosensing with CMUTs.

受重力共振启发的生物传感器在工业和护理点应用中吸引了越来越多的关注，它可以对 DNA 和抗体等生物标记物进行无标记检测。电容式微机械超声换能器（CMUT）是开发微型高性能生物传感互补金属氧化物硅（CMOS）平台的理想工具。然而，由于功能化效率低、聚集、缓冲器串扰以及需要外部高压（HV）电源，它们的可操作性受到了限制。在本研究中，我们旨在提出一种基于 CMUTs 的共振生物传感器，该传感器集成了 CMOS 前端接口和乙二醇烷硫醇，可检测具有高度特异性的单链 DNA 寡核苷酸。能量色散 X 射线显微分析对功能化表面的形貌进行了表征。通过使用荧光成像技术比较互补和非互补单链 DNA 寡核苷酸，证明了芯片杂交选择性的提高。该传感器阵列使用五元素叠加等效模型进行了进一步表征。通过 0.18 μm HV 双极-CMOS-双扩散金属氧化物-硅（DMOS）技术（BCD）设计和开发了 4 mm2 特定应用集成电路芯片，在标准 1.8 V 电源下产生片上 20 V HV 升压并跟踪反馈频率，在连续模式下总功耗为 3.8 mW。测量结果表明，在 1 至 100 μmol∙L-1 的浓度范围内，检测灵敏度为 7.943 × 10-3 μmol∙L-1∙Hz-1。总之，在带有内部高压供应商的 CMOS 电子设备上使用频率为 2 MHz 的微加工 CMUT 阵列，成功地演示了在干燥条件下对 DNA 的无标记生物传感。此外，乙二醇烷硫醇成功地在铝电极上沉积了自组装单层，这是迄今为止在 CMUT 上从未尝试过的，从而提高了生物功能化的选择性。这项研究的结果表明了利用 CMUT 实现全芯片 DNA 生物传感的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

A Single-Board Integrated Millimeter-Wave Asymmetric Full-Digital Beamforming Array for B5G/6G Applications 用于 B5G/6G 应用的单板集成毫米波非对称全数字波束成形阵列

IF 10.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.04.013

In this article, a single-board integrated millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) asymmetric full-digital beamforming (AFDBF) array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) communications. The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) arrays independently in a single board. Unlike the traditional symmetric array, the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8 × 8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8 + 8 Rx array arranged in an L shape. The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54λ₀ for both the Tx and Rx arrays, where λ₀ is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz. The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays. In addition, the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array. The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz. An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from −47° to +47° in both the azimuth and the elevation planes, and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is –45° to +45°. The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz (considering the saturation point). Furthermore, the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 3% when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) waveforms are used.

本文为第五代（B5G）和第六代（6G）通信开发了一种单板集成毫米波（mm-Wave）非对称全数字波束成形（AFDBF）阵列。所提出的集成阵列通过在三维空间中设计垂直连接，有效地解决了在全数字阵列中布置大量端口的难题，并成功地将全数字发射（Tx）和接收（Rx）阵列独立集成在一块电路板上。与传统的对称阵列不同，所提出的非对称阵列由一个呈正方形排列的 8 × 8 Tx 阵列和一个呈 L 形排列的 8 + 8 Rx 阵列组成。对于 Tx 和 Rx 阵列，两个相邻元件之间的中心到中心距离均为 0.54λ0，其中 λ0 为 27 GHz 时的自由空间波长。与传统的砖式全数字阵列相比，拟议的 AFDBF 阵列结构更紧凑，系统硬件成本和功耗更低。此外，拟议的 AFDBF 阵列的能效优于混合波束成形阵列。测量结果表明，拟议阵列的工作频带为 24.25-29.50 GHz。发射阵列中的八元线性阵列可在方位角和仰角平面上实现 -47° 至 +47° 的扫描角度，每个八元接收阵列的实测扫描范围为 -45° 至 +45°。在 28.0 GHz（考虑到饱和点）频率下，八元发射机阵列的实测最大有效各向同性辐射功率（EIRP）为 43.2 dBm。此外，在使用 64 正交振幅调制（QAM）波形时，测得的误差矢量幅度（EVM）小于 3%。

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