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Artificial Bear Bile: A Novel Approach to Balancing Medical Requirements and Animal Welfare 人工熊胆:一种平衡医疗需求和动物福利的新方法
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.017

Bear bile has been a valuable and effective medicinal material in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for over 13 centuries. However, the current practice of obtaining it through bear farming is under scrutiny for its adverse impact on bear welfare. Here, we present a new approach for creating artificial bear bile (ABB) as a high-quality and sustainable alternative to natural bear bile. This study addresses the scientific challenges of creating bear bile alternatives through interdisciplinary collaborations across various fields, including resources, chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacology, and TCM. A comprehensive efficacy assessment system that bridges the gap between TCM and modern medical terminology has been established, allowing for the systematic screening of therapeutic constituents. Through the utilization of chemical synthesis and enzyme engineering technologies, our research has achieved the environmentally friendly, large-scale production of bear bile therapeutic compounds, as well as the optimization and recomposition of ABB formulations. The resulting ABB not only closely resembles natural bear bile in its composition but also offers advantages such as consistent product quality, availability of raw materials, and independence from threatened or wild resources. Comprehensive preclinical efficacy evaluations have demonstrated the equivalence of the therapeutic effects from ABB and those from commercially available drained bear bile (DBB). Furthermore, preclinical toxicological assessment and phase I clinical trials show that the safety of ABB is on par with that of the currently used DBB. This innovative strategy can serve as a new research paradigm for developing alternatives for other endangered TCMs, thereby strengthening the integrity and sustainability of TCM.

13个多世纪以来,熊胆汁一直是一种珍贵而有效的中药药材。然而,目前通过养熊来获取熊皮的做法正受到审查,因为它对熊的福利有不利影响。在这里,我们提出了一种新的方法来创造人工熊胆(ABB)作为一种高质量和可持续的天然熊胆替代品。本研究通过资源、化学、生物学、医学、药理学和中医等多个领域的跨学科合作,解决了创造熊胆替代品的科学挑战。建立了一套综合疗效评估体系,弥合了中医与现代医学术语之间的差距,可以系统地筛选治疗成分。通过利用化学合成和酶工程技术,我们的研究实现了熊胆治疗化合物的环保、规模化生产,以及ABB配方的优化和重组。由此产生的ABB不仅在成分上与天然熊胆非常相似,而且具有产品质量稳定、原材料可获得性以及不依赖于受威胁或野生资源等优势。全面的临床前疗效评估表明,ABB的治疗效果与市售的熊胆(DBB)的治疗效果相当。此外,临床前毒理学评估和Ⅰ期临床试验表明,ABB的安全性与目前使用的DBB相当。这一创新策略可作为开发其他濒危中药替代品的新研究范式,从而加强中药的完整性和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Ecological-Based Mining: A Coal–Water–Thermal Collaborative Paradigm in Ecologically Fragile Areas in Western China 基于生态的采矿:中国西部生态脆弱地区的煤-水-热协同范例
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.019

A substantial reduction in groundwater level, exacerbated by coal mining activities, is intensifying water scarcity in western China’s ecologically fragile coal mining areas. China’s national strategic goal of achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality has made eco-friendly mining that prioritizes the protection and efficient use of water resources essential. Based on the resource characteristics of mine water and heat hazards, an intensive coal–water–thermal collaborative co-mining paradigm for the duration of the mining process is proposed. An integrated system for the production, supply, and storage of mining companion resources is achieved through technologies such as roof water inrush prevention and control, hydrothermal quality improvement, and deep-injection geological storage. An active preventive and control system achieved by adjusting the mining technology and a passive system centered on multi-objective drainage and grouting treatment are suggested, in accordance with the original geological characteristics and dynamic process of water inrush. By implementing advanced multi-objective drainage, specifically designed to address the “skylight-type” water inrush mode in the Yulin mining area of Shaanxi Province, a substantial reduction of 50% in water drillings and inflow was achieved, leading to stabilized water conditions that effectively ensure subsequent safe coal mining. An integrated-energy complementary model that incorporates the clean production concept of heat utilization is also proposed. The findings indicate a potential saving of 8419 t of standard coal by using water and air heat as an alternative heating source for the Xiaojihan coalmine, resulting in an impressive energy conservation of 50.2% and a notable 24.2% reduction in carbon emissions. The ultra-deep sustained water injection of 100 m3·h−1 in a single well would not rupture the formation or cause water leakage, and 7.87 × 105 t of mine water could be effectively stored in the Liujiagou Formation, presenting a viable method for mine–water management in the Ordos Basin and providing insights for green and low-carbon mining.

煤矿开采活动加剧了地下水位的大幅下降,加剧了中国西部生态脆弱的煤矿开采区的水资源短缺问题。中国的国家战略目标是实现碳峰值和碳中和,因此,优先保护和高效利用水资源的生态友好型采矿至关重要。根据矿井水和热害的资源特点,提出了在开采过程中的集约化煤-水-热协同共采模式。通过顶板涌水防治、水热质量改善、深部注水地质封存等技术,实现了矿井伴生资源的产、供、储一体化系统。根据原有地质特征和涌水动态过程,提出了通过调整开采技术实现的主动防治系统和以多目标排水注浆处理为核心的被动系统。针对陕西榆林矿区的 "天窗型 "涌水模式,采用先进的多目标排水技术,实现了钻孔涌水量大幅减少 50%,水情稳定,有效保证了后续的安全采煤。此外,还提出了结合热利用清洁生产理念的综合能源互补模式。研究结果表明,利用水热和风热作为小纪汗煤矿的替代热源,可节约 8419 吨标准煤,节能率高达 50.2%,碳排放量显著减少 24.2%。单井 100 m-h 的超深持续注水不会造成地层破裂或漏水,可在刘家沟地层中有效储存 7.87 × 10 t 矿井水,为鄂尔多斯盆地矿井水管理提供了可行方法,为绿色低碳采矿提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Egypt Shows World How to Tackle Hepatitis C 埃及向世界展示如何应对丙型肝炎
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.007
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引用次数: 0
DNA G-Quadruplexes as Targets for Natural Product Drug Discovery 作为天然产品药物发现目标的 DNA G-四重链
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.03.015

DNA guanine (G)-quadruplexes (G4s) are unique secondary structures formed by two or more stacked G-tetrads in G-rich DNA sequences. These structures have been found to play a crucial role in highly transcribed genes, especially in cancer-related oncogenes, making them attractive targets for cancer therapeutics. Significantly, targeting oncogene promoter G4 structures has emerged as a promising strategy to address the challenge of undruggable and drug-resistant proteins, such as MYC, BCL2, KRAS, and EGFR. Natural products have long been an important source of drug discovery, particularly in the fields of cancer and infectious diseases. Noteworthy progress has recently been made in the discovery of naturally occurring DNA G4-targeting drugs. Numerous DNA G4s, such as MYC-G4, BCL2-G4, KRAS-G4, PDGFR-β-G4, VEGF-G4, and telomeric-G4, have been identified as potential targets of natural products, including berberine, telomestatin, quindoline, sanguinarine, isaindigotone, and many others. Herein, we summarize and evaluate recent advancements in natural and nature-derived DNA G4 binders, focusing on understanding the structural recognition of DNA G4s by small molecules derived from nature. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with developing drugs that target DNA G4s.

DNA 鸟嘌呤(G)-四联体(G4s)是由富含 G 的 DNA 序列中的两个或多个叠层 G-四联体形成的独特二级结构。研究发现,这些结构在高转录基因,尤其是与癌症相关的癌基因中起着至关重要的作用,因此成为癌症疗法的诱人靶标。重要的是,靶向癌基因启动子 G4 结构已成为一种有前途的策略,可解决 MYC、BCL2、KRAS 和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)等不可药用和耐药蛋白的难题。长期以来,天然产物一直是药物发现的重要来源,尤其是在癌症和传染病领域。最近,在发现天然 DNA G4 靶向药物方面取得了显著进展。许多 DNA G4,如 MYC-G4、BCL2-G4、KRAS-G4、PDGFR-β-G4、VEGF-G4 和端粒-G4,已被确定为天然产物的潜在靶点,包括小檗碱、端粒雌激素、喹多啉、山金车花碱、异丹参酮等。在此,我们总结并评估了天然和自然衍生 DNA G4 结合剂的最新进展,重点是了解自然衍生小分子对 DNA G4 的结构识别。我们还讨论了与开发 DNA G4 靶向药物相关的挑战和机遇。
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引用次数: 0
Antibodies Targeting a Conserved Surface Polysaccharide Are Protective Against a Wide Range of Microbial Pathogens Producing β-1–6-Linked Poly-N-Acetylglucosamine (PNAG) 靶向保守表面多糖的抗体对产生β-1-6-连接聚-N-乙酰葡糖胺(PNAG)的多种微生物病原体具有保护作用
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.012

The β-1–6-linked poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) polymer is a conserved surface polysaccharide produced by many bacteria, fungi, and protozoan (and even filarial) parasites. This wide-ranging expression makes PNAG an attractive target for vaccine development, as it potentially encompasses a broad range of microorganisms. Significant progress has been made in discovering important properties of the biology of PNAG expression in recent years. The molecular characterization and regulation of operons for the production of PNAG biosynthetic proteins and enzymes have been studied in many bacteria. In addition, the physiological function of PNAG has been further elucidated. PNAG-based vaccines and PNAG-targeting antibodies have shown great efficacy in preclinical research. Furthermore, clinical tests for both vaccines and antibodies have been carried out in humans and economically important animals, and the results are promising. Although it is not destined to be a smooth road, we are optimistic about new vaccines and immunotherapeutics targeting PNAG becoming validated and eventually licensed for clinical use against multiple infectious agents.

β-1-6连接的聚-N-乙酰葡糖胺(PNAG)聚合物是一种保守的表面多糖,由许多细菌、真菌和原生动物(甚至丝虫)寄生虫产生。这种广泛的表达方式使 PNAG 成为一个有吸引力的疫苗开发目标,因为它有可能涵盖广泛的微生物。近年来,在发现 PNAG 表达生物学的重要特性方面取得了重大进展。对许多细菌中生产 PNAG 生物合成蛋白和酶的操作子的分子特征和调控进行了研究。此外,还进一步阐明了 PNAG 的生理功能。基于 PNAG 的疫苗和 PNAG 靶向抗体已在临床前研究中显示出巨大的功效。此外,疫苗和抗体已在人类和重要经济动物身上进行了临床试验,结果令人鼓舞。尽管这条道路注定不会一帆风顺,但我们对以 PNAG 为靶标的新型疫苗和免疫疗法通过验证并最终获得临床许可、用于对抗多种传染性病原体的前景充满信心。
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引用次数: 0
Buxu Tongyu Granule Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia by Activating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Soluble Guanylate Cyclase to Inhibit Abnormal Vasomotion 步长通瘀颗粒通过激活血管平滑肌细胞可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶抑制异常血管运动来缓解心肌缺血症状
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.06.009

Myocardial ischemia is a serious threat to human health, and vascular dysfunction is its main cause. Buxu Tongyu (BXTY) Granule is an effective traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating myocardial ischemia. However, the underlying mechanism of BXTY is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that BXTY ameliorates myocardial ischemia by activating the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)–3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)–protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to dilate the arteries. BXTY was given by gavage for ten consecutive days before establishing an animal model of acute myocardial ischemia in mice via the intraperitoneal injection of pituitrin. The results showed that BXTY alleviated the symptoms of myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin in mice, including electrocardiogram abnormalities and changes in plasma enzymes. In addition, BXTY dilated pre-constricted blood vessels and inhibited the vasoconstriction of the superior mesenteric artery in a dose-dependent but endothelial-independent manner. These effects were eliminated by pre-incubating vascular rings with the sGC inhibitors NS 2028 or ODQ, or with the PKG inhibitor KT 5823. Moreover, BXTY increased the protein expression of sGC-β1 and the intracellular second messenger cGMP level in mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAs). NS 2028 or ODQ reversed these effects of BXTY. The expression level of the cGMP downstream effector protein PKG-1 increased after treating MOVAs with BXTY. NS 2028, ODQ, or KT 5823 also reversed this effect of BXTY. In conclusion, BXTY can improve the symptoms of acute myocardial ischemia in mice, and activating the sGC–cGMP–PKG pathway in VSMCs to induce vasodilation is its key pharmacodynamic mechanism.

心肌缺血严重威胁人类健康,而血管功能障碍是其主要病因。步长通瘀颗粒是治疗心肌缺血的有效中药。然而,BXTY 的内在机制仍不清楚。在这项研究中,我们证明 BXTY 可通过激活血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)中的可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶(sGC)-3′,5′-环鸟苷单磷酸(cGMP)-蛋白激酶 G(PKG)信号通路来扩张动脉,从而改善心肌缺血。在通过腹腔注射垂体促肾上腺皮质激素建立小鼠急性心肌缺血动物模型之前,连续十天灌胃服用 BXTY。结果表明,BXTY 可减轻垂体促肾上腺皮质激素诱发的小鼠心肌缺血症状,包括心电图异常和血浆酶的变化。此外,BXTY 还能扩张预先收缩的血管,并抑制肠系膜上动脉的血管收缩。用 sGC 抑制剂 NS 2028 或 ODQ 或 PKG 抑制剂 KT 5823 预先孵育血管环后,这些效应被消除。此外,BXTY 还能增加小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(MOVAs)中 sGC-β1 蛋白表达和细胞内第二信使 cGMP 水平。NS 2028 或 ODQ 逆转了 BXTY 的这些作用。用 BXTY 处理 MOVAs 后,cGMP 下游效应蛋白 PKG-1 的表达水平升高。NS 2028、ODQ 或 KT 5823 也逆转了 BXTY 的这种作用。总之,BXTY 可改善小鼠急性心肌缺血的症状,而激活血管内皮细胞的 sGC-cGMP-PKG 通路以诱导血管扩张是其关键的药效学机制。
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引用次数: 0
Role of Urban Underground-Space Development in Achieving Carbon Neutrality: A National-Level Analysis in China 城市地下空间开发在实现碳中和中的作用:中国国家层面的分析
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.07.012
Jiajia Wang, Huabo Duan, Kunyang Chen, I. Chan, Fan Xue, Ning Zhang, Xiangsheng Chen, Jian Zuo
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引用次数: 0
PMN-MDSC: A Culprit Behind Immunosenescence and Increased Susceptibility to Clostridioides difficile Infection During Aging PMN-MDSC:衰老过程中免疫衰老和对艰难梭菌感染易感性增加的罪魁祸首
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.06.014
Jianmin Wu, Ming Zhang, Hao Zhang, Mingxuan Sheng, Jiazeng Sun, Fang Wu, Haina Gao, Lishui Chen, Zhili Li, Qiyu Tian, Longjiao Zhu, Bing Fang
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引用次数: 0
A Deep-Learning and Transfer-Learning Hybrid Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm for FY4-AGRI: Development and Verification over Asia 用于 FY4-AGRI 的深度学习与迁移学习混合气溶胶检索算法:开发与亚洲验证
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.09.023

The Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) is a mission-critical instrument for the Fengyun series of satellites. AGRI acquires full-disk images every 15 min and views East Asia every 5 min through 14 spectral bands, enabling the detection of highly variable aerosol optical depth (AOD). Quantitative retrieval of AOD has hitherto been challenging, especially over land. In this study, an AOD retrieval algorithm is proposed that combines deep learning and transfer learning. The algorithm uses core concepts from both the Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB) algorithms to select features for the machine-learning (ML) algorithm, allowing for AOD retrieval at 550 nm over both dark and bright surfaces. The algorithm consists of two steps: ① A baseline deep neural network (DNN) with skip connections is developed using 10 min Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) AODs as the target variable, and ② sunphotometer AODs from 89 ground-based stations are used to fine-tune the DNN parameters. Out-of-station validation shows that the retrieved AOD attains high accuracy, characterized by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.70, a mean bias error (MBE) of 0.03, and a percentage of data within the expected error (EE) of 70.7%. A sensitivity study reveals that the top-of-atmosphere reflectance at 650 and 470 nm, as well as the surface reflectance at 650 nm, are the two largest sources of uncertainty impacting the retrieval. In a case study of monitoring an extreme aerosol event, the AGRI AOD is found to be able to capture the detailed temporal evolution of the event. This work demonstrates the superiority of the transfer-learning technique in satellite AOD retrievals and the applicability of the retrieved AGRI AOD in monitoring extreme pollution events.

先进地球同步辐射成像仪(AGRI)是风云系列卫星的关键任务仪器。AGRI 每 15 分钟获取一次全盘图像,每 5 分钟通过 14 个光谱波段观测东亚地区,从而能够探测高度可变的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)。迄今为止,气溶胶光学深度的定量检索一直具有挑战性,尤其是在陆地上。本研究提出了一种结合深度学习和迁移学习的 AOD 检索算法。该算法采用了暗目标(DT)和深蓝(DB)算法的核心概念,为机器学习(ML)算法选择特征,可在 550 nm 波长范围内对暗表面和亮表面进行 AOD 检索。该算法包括两个步骤:使用 10 分钟先进向日葵成像仪 AOD 作为目标变量,开发了一个具有跳接连接的基线深度神经网络(DNN);②使用 89 个地面站的太阳光度计 AOD 对 DNN 参数进行微调。站外验证表明,检索到的 AOD 具有很高的准确性,其特征是判定系数 (R2) 为 0.70,平均偏差误差 (MBE) 为 0.03,预期误差 (EE) 范围内的数据百分比为 70.7%。敏感性研究表明,650 和 470 纳米波长的大气顶部反射率以及 650 纳米波长的地表反射率是影响检索的两个最大的不确定性来源。在监测极端气溶胶事件的案例研究中,发现 AGRI AOD 能够捕捉到事件的详细时间演变过程。这项工作证明了转移学习技术在卫星 AOD 检索中的优越性,以及 AGRI AOD 在监测极端污染事件中的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Neg-Entropy Mechanism as a Target for Natural Medicines 作为天然药物靶点的负熵机制
IF 10.1 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2024.05.007
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引用次数: 0
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