Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449126
F. Al-Amrousi, A. El-naggar
The present investigation deals with the composition and properties of gaseous products of the oxidative cracking process that are applied to fulfill the disposal and utilization of shredded automotive tire scrape and spent lubricating oils mixed at different proportions. Cracking of these mixtures has been performed in an autoclave in an air atmosphere under a pressure of 7 atm, using 0.8 wt% phenols as a catalyst under different conditions of temperatures and time of reaction. The main products of pyrolysis are pyrolytic gases, pyrolytic oils and pyrolytic char. The gases were identified as C 1 , CO 2 , C 2 , C 3 , olefins C 4 , i-C 4 , n-C 4 , olefins C 5 , I-C 5 , n-C 5 , C 6 , and C 7 . Gas chromatography analysis showed that an increase in temperature and time of reaction led to an increase in the light fraction and decreases of the proportion of heavy fraction. The optimum cracking conditions were fulfilled when using oil-rubber ratio 1/0.5, and was, respectively, 0.7 Mpa air pressure, 450°C, and a reaction time of 45 min. The produced gases could be used as a natural gas in heating and as a chemical source based on calorific value and olefins content nature.
{"title":"Gaseous Fuels from Degraded Scrape Rubber and Used Lube Oil","authors":"F. Al-Amrousi, A. El-naggar","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449126","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation deals with the composition and properties of gaseous products of the oxidative cracking process that are applied to fulfill the disposal and utilization of shredded automotive tire scrape and spent lubricating oils mixed at different proportions. Cracking of these mixtures has been performed in an autoclave in an air atmosphere under a pressure of 7 atm, using 0.8 wt% phenols as a catalyst under different conditions of temperatures and time of reaction. The main products of pyrolysis are pyrolytic gases, pyrolytic oils and pyrolytic char. The gases were identified as C 1 , CO 2 , C 2 , C 3 , olefins C 4 , i-C 4 , n-C 4 , olefins C 5 , I-C 5 , n-C 5 , C 6 , and C 7 . Gas chromatography analysis showed that an increase in temperature and time of reaction led to an increase in the light fraction and decreases of the proportion of heavy fraction. The optimum cracking conditions were fulfilled when using oil-rubber ratio 1/0.5, and was, respectively, 0.7 Mpa air pressure, 450°C, and a reaction time of 45 min. The produced gases could be used as a natural gas in heating and as a chemical source based on calorific value and olefins content nature.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72547812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449388
L. Saeed, A. Tohka, R. Zevenhoven, M. Haapala
In this article, the design of a test facility for a two-stage combustion process is presented, and an assessment of waste PVC (polyvinyl chlorine) processing is reported. The test facility contained two fluidized bed reactors. The first reactor was a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) that was operated in the temperature range 200–400°C and the second reactor was a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) that operated at 700–900°C. The process idea was based on the fact that PVC can be decomposed into recoverable HCl and low-chlorine or chlorine-free residue by heating to a temperature of around 300–350°C. The design of the test facility was based on a kinetic decomposition calculation for PVC, design procedures found in the literature, and on the theoretic analysis results from using a process simulation software (PROSIM). Details for all important parts of the process are discussed. Results from pyrolysis/de-hydrochlorination of the PVC and char combustion tests using a waste PVC sewage pipe are presented. It shows that PVC (chlorine content > 50%wt) can be converted into HCl and a char (chlorine content 2.6%wt) plus small amounts of by-products.
{"title":"Two-Stage Combustion of PVC-Containing Wastes with HCI Recovery: An Experimental Assessment","authors":"L. Saeed, A. Tohka, R. Zevenhoven, M. Haapala","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449388","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the design of a test facility for a two-stage combustion process is presented, and an assessment of waste PVC (polyvinyl chlorine) processing is reported. The test facility contained two fluidized bed reactors. The first reactor was a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) that was operated in the temperature range 200–400°C and the second reactor was a circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC) that operated at 700–900°C. The process idea was based on the fact that PVC can be decomposed into recoverable HCl and low-chlorine or chlorine-free residue by heating to a temperature of around 300–350°C. The design of the test facility was based on a kinetic decomposition calculation for PVC, design procedures found in the literature, and on the theoretic analysis results from using a process simulation software (PROSIM). Details for all important parts of the process are discussed. Results from pyrolysis/de-hydrochlorination of the PVC and char combustion tests using a waste PVC sewage pipe are presented. It shows that PVC (chlorine content > 50%wt) can be converted into HCl and a char (chlorine content 2.6%wt) plus small amounts of by-products.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82102581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310590967210
J. Speight
The primary focus of this book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. Chapter 1 describes the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which is probably one of the most important subjects in reservoir engineering. Chapter 2 discusses various water-influx models along with detailed descriptions of the computational steps involved in applying these models. Chapter 3 presents the mathematical treatment of unconventional gas reservoirs that include abnormally pressured reservoirs, coal bed methane, tight gas, gas hydrates, and shallow gas reservoirs. Chapter 4 covers the basic principle oil recovery mechanisms and the various forms of the material balance equation. Chapter 5 focuses on illustrating the practical application of predicting the oil reservoir performance under different scenarios of driving mechanisms. Fundamentals of oil field economics are discussed in Chapter 6. The book is arranged so that it can be used as a textbook for senior and graduate students or as a reference book for practicing engineers. This is a useful book that is easy to read and a welcome addition to the literature on this subject.
{"title":"A Review of: “Advanced Reservoir Engineering”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310590967210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310590967210","url":null,"abstract":"The primary focus of this book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. Chapter 1 describes the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which is probably one of the most important subjects in reservoir engineering. Chapter 2 discusses various water-influx models along with detailed descriptions of the computational steps involved in applying these models. Chapter 3 presents the mathematical treatment of unconventional gas reservoirs that include abnormally pressured reservoirs, coal bed methane, tight gas, gas hydrates, and shallow gas reservoirs. Chapter 4 covers the basic principle oil recovery mechanisms and the various forms of the material balance equation. Chapter 5 focuses on illustrating the practical application of predicting the oil reservoir performance under different scenarios of driving mechanisms. Fundamentals of oil field economics are discussed in Chapter 6. The book is arranged so that it can be used as a textbook for senior and graduate students or as a reference book for practicing engineers. This is a useful book that is easy to read and a welcome addition to the literature on this subject.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79857406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450836
A. Demirbaş
Hydrogen can be used as a motor fuel, whereas neither nuclear nor solar energy can be used directly. Hydrogen fuel is hydrogen gas with small amounts of oxygen and other materials added. Benefits include cleaner air, cleaner water, and better health. Hydrogen is also a renewable resource. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel directly in an internal combustion engine not much different from the engines used with gasoline. Hydrogen is not a primary fuel; it must be manufactured from water with either fossil or nonfossil energy sources. Boron fuel is made up of the element boron. It is mixed with pure oxygen in the engine. Boron is very safe because it is hard to ignite. It also contains more energy than petroleum. Boron has a very high energy density, much better than that of liquid hydrogen and also a lot safer, so it seems practical as a fuel for a vehicle. Unfortunately, boron is quite a limited resource and pure oxygen is expensive.
{"title":"Hydrogen and Boron as Recent Alternative Motor Fuels","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450836","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen can be used as a motor fuel, whereas neither nuclear nor solar energy can be used directly. Hydrogen fuel is hydrogen gas with small amounts of oxygen and other materials added. Benefits include cleaner air, cleaner water, and better health. Hydrogen is also a renewable resource. Hydrogen has good properties as a fuel for internal combustion engines in automobiles. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel directly in an internal combustion engine not much different from the engines used with gasoline. Hydrogen is not a primary fuel; it must be manufactured from water with either fossil or nonfossil energy sources. Boron fuel is made up of the element boron. It is mixed with pure oxygen in the engine. Boron is very safe because it is hard to ignite. It also contains more energy than petroleum. Boron has a very high energy density, much better than that of liquid hydrogen and also a lot safer, so it seems practical as a fuel for a vehicle. Unfortunately, boron is quite a limited resource and pure oxygen is expensive.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75984769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450971
A. Demirbaş
The aim of this study is to estimate rough chemical formulae of lignin constituents of selected biomass samples (beech wood, spruce wood, walnut shell, hazelnut shell, corncob, wheat straw and sunflower shell). Isolation of original lignin from a lignocellulosic material is considerable trouble. Various fuel characteristics, such as moisture, ash, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and extractive contents of different biomass species were determined on ash-free dry weight and extractive-free dry weight basis to find out the relationship, if any, between ash and extractive content with the higher heating value. The extractive content is an important parameter directly affecting the heating value. Extractives raised the higher heating values of the biomass samples.
{"title":"Estimating of Structural Composition of Wood and Non-Wood Biomass Samples","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450971","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to estimate rough chemical formulae of lignin constituents of selected biomass samples (beech wood, spruce wood, walnut shell, hazelnut shell, corncob, wheat straw and sunflower shell). Isolation of original lignin from a lignocellulosic material is considerable trouble. Various fuel characteristics, such as moisture, ash, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and extractive contents of different biomass species were determined on ash-free dry weight and extractive-free dry weight basis to find out the relationship, if any, between ash and extractive content with the higher heating value. The extractive content is an important parameter directly affecting the heating value. Extractives raised the higher heating values of the biomass samples.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85762148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490478782
A. Demirbaş
Hydrogen will play an important role in the future energy economy mainly as a storage and transportation medium for renewable energy sources. Thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis, steam gasification and decarbonization of lignocellulosic materials have the potential to be cost competitive with conventional means of producing hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced from agricultural residues by pyrolysis. The effect of Na 2 CO 3 as an alkali on pyrolysis depends on the residue sample species and structural composition of the agricultural residue. The total volume and the yield of gas from the pyrolysis increase with increasing temperature. The yield of hydrogen from hemicelluloses is higher than that of cellulose or lignin at lower temperatures while the yield of hydrogen from lignin is higher than that of hemicelluloses or cellulose at higher temperatures.
{"title":"Hydrogen Production via Pyrolytic Degradation of Agricultural Residues","authors":"A. Demirbaş","doi":"10.1080/00908310490478782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490478782","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen will play an important role in the future energy economy mainly as a storage and transportation medium for renewable energy sources. Thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis, steam gasification and decarbonization of lignocellulosic materials have the potential to be cost competitive with conventional means of producing hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced from agricultural residues by pyrolysis. The effect of Na 2 CO 3 as an alkali on pyrolysis depends on the residue sample species and structural composition of the agricultural residue. The total volume and the yield of gas from the pyrolysis increase with increasing temperature. The yield of hydrogen from hemicelluloses is higher than that of cellulose or lignin at lower temperatures while the yield of hydrogen from lignin is higher than that of hemicelluloses or cellulose at higher temperatures.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78462255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310590967229
J. Speight
The primary focus of this book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. Chapter 1 describes the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which is probably one of the most important subjects in reservoir engineering. Chapter 2 discusses various water-influx models along with detailed descriptions of the computational steps involved in applying these models. Chapter 3 presents the mathematical treatment of unconventional gas reservoirs that include abnormally pressured reservoirs, coal bed methane, tight gas, gas hydrates, and shallow gas reservoirs. Chapter 4 covers the basic principle oil recovery mechanisms and the various forms of the material balance equation. Chapter 5 focuses on illustrating the practical application of predicting the oil reservoir performance under different scenarios of driving mechanisms. Fundamentals of oil field economics are discussed in Chapter 6. The book is arranged so that it can be used as a textbook for senior and graduate students or as a reference book for practicing engineers. This is a useful book that is easy to read and a welcome addition to the literature on this subject.
{"title":"A Review of: “Carbocation Chemistry”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310590967229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310590967229","url":null,"abstract":"The primary focus of this book is to present the basic physics of reservoir engineering using the simplest and most straightforward of mathematical techniques. Chapter 1 describes the theory and practice of well testing and pressure analysis techniques, which is probably one of the most important subjects in reservoir engineering. Chapter 2 discusses various water-influx models along with detailed descriptions of the computational steps involved in applying these models. Chapter 3 presents the mathematical treatment of unconventional gas reservoirs that include abnormally pressured reservoirs, coal bed methane, tight gas, gas hydrates, and shallow gas reservoirs. Chapter 4 covers the basic principle oil recovery mechanisms and the various forms of the material balance equation. Chapter 5 focuses on illustrating the practical application of predicting the oil reservoir performance under different scenarios of driving mechanisms. Fundamentals of oil field economics are discussed in Chapter 6. The book is arranged so that it can be used as a textbook for senior and graduate students or as a reference book for practicing engineers. This is a useful book that is easy to read and a welcome addition to the literature on this subject.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85171311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310590967265
J. Speight
The book gives a detailed practical approach to improve the energy efficiency in petroleum processing and deals with the role of management and refinery operators in achieving the best technological parameters, the most rational utilization of energy, as well as the greatest possible economic success. The book contains chapters related to: Technological and Energy Characteristics of the Chemical Process Industry, Techno-Economic Aspects of Efficiency and Effectiveness of an Oil Refinery, Instruments for Determining Energy and Processing Efficiency of an Oil Refinery, Blending of Semi-Products into Finished Products and Determining Fished Product Cost Prices, and Management in the Function of Increasing Energy and Processing Efficiency and Effectiveness. This book provides an interesting and apparent introspective look at the efficiency of refineries and how this efficiency can be adapted to future needs. It provides interesting and thought-provoking reading.
{"title":"A Review of: “Oil Refineries in the 21st Century: Energy Efficient, Cost Effective, Environmentally Benign”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310590967265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310590967265","url":null,"abstract":"The book gives a detailed practical approach to improve the energy efficiency in petroleum processing and deals with the role of management and refinery operators in achieving the best technological parameters, the most rational utilization of energy, as well as the greatest possible economic success. The book contains chapters related to: Technological and Energy Characteristics of the Chemical Process Industry, Techno-Economic Aspects of Efficiency and Effectiveness of an Oil Refinery, Instruments for Determining Energy and Processing Efficiency of an Oil Refinery, Blending of Semi-Products into Finished Products and Determining Fished Product Cost Prices, and Management in the Function of Increasing Energy and Processing Efficiency and Effectiveness. This book provides an interesting and apparent introspective look at the efficiency of refineries and how this efficiency can be adapted to future needs. It provides interesting and thought-provoking reading.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83026639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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