Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449027
M. Balat
Abstract Natural gas is the fastest growing primary energy source in the world. Because it is a cleaner fuel than oil or coal and not as controversial as nuclear power, gas is expected to be the fuel of choice for many countries in the future. Positive contribution of NG on environmental pollution must also be considered in economical aspects. NG is widely available. CO 2 emission of NG is lower than both diesel fuel and gasoline, which makes NG engines favorable also in terms of the greenhouse effect. The correlation equations for production and consumption trends of natural gas (VNG) versus year (Y) are:
{"title":"World Natural Gas (NG) Reserves, NG Production and Consumption Trends and Future Appearance","authors":"M. Balat","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Natural gas is the fastest growing primary energy source in the world. Because it is a cleaner fuel than oil or coal and not as controversial as nuclear power, gas is expected to be the fuel of choice for many countries in the future. Positive contribution of NG on environmental pollution must also be considered in economical aspects. NG is widely available. CO 2 emission of NG is lower than both diesel fuel and gasoline, which makes NG engines favorable also in terms of the greenhouse effect. The correlation equations for production and consumption trends of natural gas (VNG) versus year (Y) are:","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"18 1","pages":"921 - 929"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84187353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450872
Lin Li, Hongxun Zhang, X. Zhuang
This article presents the results of an experimental study of waste paper pyrolysis in tubular furnace pyrolysis equipment. Pyrolysis of waste paper has been conducted in different pyrolysis temperatures and heating rates to investigate the product distribution and yields of pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis oil was characterized by elemental analysis and various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, which are HPLC, 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV. The results of spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis show that there are four main different compounds in bio-oil: anhydrosugars, carboxyl compounds, carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds.
{"title":"Pyrolysis of Waste Paper: Characterization and Composition of Pyrolysis Oil","authors":"Lin Li, Hongxun Zhang, X. Zhuang","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450872","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of an experimental study of waste paper pyrolysis in tubular furnace pyrolysis equipment. Pyrolysis of waste paper has been conducted in different pyrolysis temperatures and heating rates to investigate the product distribution and yields of pyrolysis products. The pyrolysis oil was characterized by elemental analysis and various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, which are HPLC, 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV. The results of spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis show that there are four main different compounds in bio-oil: anhydrosugars, carboxyl compounds, carbonyl compounds and aromatic compounds.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"23 1","pages":"867 - 873"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88456582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-07-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449531
L. Degirmenci, T. Durusoy
Pyrolysis kinetics of (−210 + 149), (−250 + 210) and (−420 + 250) μm particle size Göynük oil shale was investigated under non-isothermal conditions with a heating rate of 10–60 K/min in the 298–1173 K pyrolysis temperature interval under argon atmosphere. The pyrolysis characteristics of the samples were analyzed using TG/DTG curves. Differential thermogravimetric data were analyzed by a model assuming first order kinetics. Minimum activation energy was obtained as 0.6 kJ/mol with 60 K/min in (−210 + 149) μm. It appears from the results that higher heating rate values have a limiting effect on the behavior of the pyrolysis reaction.
{"title":"Effect of Heating Rate and Particle Size on the Pyrolysis of Göynük Oil Shale","authors":"L. Degirmenci, T. Durusoy","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449531","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrolysis kinetics of (−210 + 149), (−250 + 210) and (−420 + 250) μm particle size Göynük oil shale was investigated under non-isothermal conditions with a heating rate of 10–60 K/min in the 298–1173 K pyrolysis temperature interval under argon atmosphere. The pyrolysis characteristics of the samples were analyzed using TG/DTG curves. Differential thermogravimetric data were analyzed by a model assuming first order kinetics. Minimum activation energy was obtained as 0.6 kJ/mol with 60 K/min in (−210 + 149) μm. It appears from the results that higher heating rate values have a limiting effect on the behavior of the pyrolysis reaction.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"9 1","pages":"787 - 795"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78673137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310590967274
J. Speight
The book gives a detailed practical approach to improve the energy efficiency in petroleum processing and deals with the role of management and refinery operators in achieving the best technological parameters, the most rational utilization of energy, as well as the greatest possible economic success. The book contains chapters related to: Technological and Energy Characteristics of the Chemical Process Industry, Techno-Economic Aspects of Efficiency and Effectiveness of an Oil Refinery, Instruments for Determining Energy and Processing Efficiency of an Oil Refinery, Blending of Semi-Products into Finished Products and Determining Fished Product Cost Prices, and Management in the Function of Increasing Energy and Processing Efficiency and Effectiveness. This book provides an interesting and apparent introspective look at the efficiency of refineries and how this efficiency can be adapted to future needs. It provides interesting and thought-provoking reading.
{"title":"A Review of: “Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena”","authors":"J. Speight","doi":"10.1080/00908310590967274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310590967274","url":null,"abstract":"The book gives a detailed practical approach to improve the energy efficiency in petroleum processing and deals with the role of management and refinery operators in achieving the best technological parameters, the most rational utilization of energy, as well as the greatest possible economic success. The book contains chapters related to: Technological and Energy Characteristics of the Chemical Process Industry, Techno-Economic Aspects of Efficiency and Effectiveness of an Oil Refinery, Instruments for Determining Energy and Processing Efficiency of an Oil Refinery, Blending of Semi-Products into Finished Products and Determining Fished Product Cost Prices, and Management in the Function of Increasing Energy and Processing Efficiency and Effectiveness. This book provides an interesting and apparent introspective look at the efficiency of refineries and how this efficiency can be adapted to future needs. It provides interesting and thought-provoking reading.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"87 1","pages":"779 - 779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86789542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490449351
Z. Yamani
A novel technique based on the multi-photon dissociation of methane for hydrogen production has been developed. The study was carried out with a simple setup using UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength. The hydrogen yield achieved at ambient temperature and one atmospheric pressure is 6.6 mole %. The conversion process of methane to produce hydrogen was investigated under different experimental parameters such as laser exposure time, laser power, and methane pressure. The quantum efficiency of these processes was also estimated. The maximum quantum efficiency of 42% was attained for 30 minutes of laser exposure of methane at 1 atmospheric pressure.
{"title":"Clean Production of Hydrogen via Laser-Induced Methane Conversion","authors":"Z. Yamani","doi":"10.1080/00908310490449351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490449351","url":null,"abstract":"A novel technique based on the multi-photon dissociation of methane for hydrogen production has been developed. The study was carried out with a simple setup using UV laser radiation at 355 nm wavelength. The hydrogen yield achieved at ambient temperature and one atmospheric pressure is 6.6 mole %. The conversion process of methane to produce hydrogen was investigated under different experimental parameters such as laser exposure time, laser power, and methane pressure. The quantum efficiency of these processes was also estimated. The maximum quantum efficiency of 42% was attained for 30 minutes of laser exposure of methane at 1 atmospheric pressure.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"7 1","pages":"661 - 668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84262568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450944
M. Günes, S. Günes
The kinetic model that describes the weight loss of Turkish coals under pyrolysis conditions has been investigated. Nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis data on 12 Turkish coals have been compared with the predictions of single first-order and distributed activation energy models. It was observed that the distributed activation energy model appears to provide a quantitatively satisfactory description of the devolatilization behavior of Turkish coals.
{"title":"A Study on Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Some Turkish Coals","authors":"M. Günes, S. Günes","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450944","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetic model that describes the weight loss of Turkish coals under pyrolysis conditions has been investigated. Nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis data on 12 Turkish coals have been compared with the predictions of single first-order and distributed activation energy models. It was observed that the distributed activation energy model appears to provide a quantitatively satisfactory description of the devolatilization behavior of Turkish coals.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"23 1","pages":"749 - 759"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72800836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450449
M. Günes
This study includes a simple and very general evaluation of sulphurdioxide (SO 2 ) and particulate matter (PM) data on the ambient air of the city centers in Turkey. Annual averages of SO 2 and PM data were studied between 1993–2002 during the winter season (October–March). It was observed that lignite, which is commonly used for heating in Turkey, is a significant component of SO 2 and PM formation. Variation of SO 2 and PM data in the city centers that consume natural gas was compared with the data of some city centers that do not consume natural gas. It was observed that SO 2 and PM averages of the city centers that started to consume natural gas have regularly diminished.
{"title":"A Simple Evaluation of SO2 and PM Data on Ambient Air Quality","authors":"M. Günes","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450449","url":null,"abstract":"This study includes a simple and very general evaluation of sulphurdioxide (SO 2 ) and particulate matter (PM) data on the ambient air of the city centers in Turkey. Annual averages of SO 2 and PM data were studied between 1993–2002 during the winter season (October–March). It was observed that lignite, which is commonly used for heating in Turkey, is a significant component of SO 2 and PM formation. Variation of SO 2 and PM data in the city centers that consume natural gas was compared with the data of some city centers that do not consume natural gas. It was observed that SO 2 and PM averages of the city centers that started to consume natural gas have regularly diminished.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"26 1","pages":"729 - 740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78986305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-06-01DOI: 10.1080/00908310490450638
F. Boukadi, A. Bemani, T. Babadagli
In this article, relative permeability measurement methods for water-oil systems mimicking displacement processes in porous media when reservoir pressure is supported by an active aquifer or a water injection scheme are compared. The measurement methods are compared within the context of reservoir wettability. It is suggested that for reservoirs with predominant water-wetness, unsteady-state experiments could be run under the suggested Peters and Khataniar (1987) stability criteria. Steady-state experiments could also be run for comparative and in turn quality control purposes. In addition, a combination of unsteady-, steady-state and centrifugal experiments could be adopted to generate trustful results for reservoirs with intermediate wettability, but only if one has a reliable initial relative permeability to oil (k ro ) at a representative initial water saturation (S wi ). As such, it is recommended to use an unsteady-state technique for the initiation of the displacement experiments, a steady-state method for mid-range saturations, and the centrifuge for tail-end saturations. It should be noted that for the centrifugal method, comparable centrifugal and viscous forces are required to mimic displacement processes. Coyne's procedure could also be used for comparative and quality control purposes.
{"title":"Investigating Uncertainties in Relative Permeability Measurements","authors":"F. Boukadi, A. Bemani, T. Babadagli","doi":"10.1080/00908310490450638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490450638","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, relative permeability measurement methods for water-oil systems mimicking displacement processes in porous media when reservoir pressure is supported by an active aquifer or a water injection scheme are compared. The measurement methods are compared within the context of reservoir wettability. It is suggested that for reservoirs with predominant water-wetness, unsteady-state experiments could be run under the suggested Peters and Khataniar (1987) stability criteria. Steady-state experiments could also be run for comparative and in turn quality control purposes. In addition, a combination of unsteady-, steady-state and centrifugal experiments could be adopted to generate trustful results for reservoirs with intermediate wettability, but only if one has a reliable initial relative permeability to oil (k ro ) at a representative initial water saturation (S wi ). As such, it is recommended to use an unsteady-state technique for the initiation of the displacement experiments, a steady-state method for mid-range saturations, and the centrifuge for tail-end saturations. It should be noted that for the centrifugal method, comparable centrifugal and viscous forces are required to mimic displacement processes. Coyne's procedure could also be used for comparative and quality control purposes.","PeriodicalId":11841,"journal":{"name":"Energy Sources","volume":"35 1","pages":"719 - 728"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81918144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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