Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574505
Alvin Wu, M. Tabaddor, Carl Wang, J. Jeevarajan
Understanding the root causes and mitigating the safety hazards associated with internal short circuits in lithium ion cells is an active area of research and a needed update for battery safety standards. For battery safety standards, there is a need for a practical, safe and reliable test method for battery safety standards that can assess the safety performance of lithium ion cells under the conditions of an internal short circuit. In this paper, we provide details of proposed test method which relies on external, localized indentation of cell casing to induce an internal fault that might simulate some field failures.
{"title":"Simulation of internal short circuits in lithium ion cells","authors":"Alvin Wu, M. Tabaddor, Carl Wang, J. Jeevarajan","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574505","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the root causes and mitigating the safety hazards associated with internal short circuits in lithium ion cells is an active area of research and a needed update for battery safety standards. For battery safety standards, there is a need for a practical, safe and reliable test method for battery safety standards that can assess the safety performance of lithium ion cells under the conditions of an internal short circuit. In this paper, we provide details of proposed test method which relies on external, localized indentation of cell casing to induce an internal fault that might simulate some field failures.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114959934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573500
P. K. Toor, A. Emadi, H. Kojori
Emerging batteries based on Li-ion cells are of significant interest for aerospace, automotive, and utility energy storage systems because of their high energy density and low maintenance. Despite these and other advantages, there have been safety and certification issues, which have prevented widespread application of Li-ion batteries for aerospace applications. The main objective of this paper is to investigate a novel approach of Self-Regulated Low Voltage Active Electric Accumulator for a starter/generator system in a typical aircraft and compare its benefits and limitations to the existing battery technologies. Computer simulations will be presented to better understand feasibility and limitations of the proposed concept design.
{"title":"Analysis and design of a Low Voltage Active Electric Accumulator","authors":"P. K. Toor, A. Emadi, H. Kojori","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573500","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging batteries based on Li-ion cells are of significant interest for aerospace, automotive, and utility energy storage systems because of their high energy density and low maintenance. Despite these and other advantages, there have been safety and certification issues, which have prevented widespread application of Li-ion batteries for aerospace applications. The main objective of this paper is to investigate a novel approach of Self-Regulated Low Voltage Active Electric Accumulator for a starter/generator system in a typical aircraft and compare its benefits and limitations to the existing battery technologies. Computer simulations will be presented to better understand feasibility and limitations of the proposed concept design.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127976298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574502
H. Rahimi-Eichi, M. Chow
Total capacity is one of the most important parameters to characterize the performance and application of a battery. Although the nominal capacity is provided by the manufacturer, the actual capacity is subject to change with cycling effect, temperature and even storage ageing of the battery. Following our previous publications in which we developed an online adaptive parameters/state of charge (SOC) co-estimation algorithm to identify the parameters of the dynamic model of the battery and accordingly design an observer to estimate the SOC. In this paper, first we show that the parameters identification and SOC estimation results are not dependent on the correct approximation of the capacity. Afterwards, using the estimated SOC, we design another observer to estimate the actual capacity of the battery.
{"title":"Adaptive online battery parameters/SOC/capacity co-estimation","authors":"H. Rahimi-Eichi, M. Chow","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574502","url":null,"abstract":"Total capacity is one of the most important parameters to characterize the performance and application of a battery. Although the nominal capacity is provided by the manufacturer, the actual capacity is subject to change with cycling effect, temperature and even storage ageing of the battery. Following our previous publications in which we developed an online adaptive parameters/state of charge (SOC) co-estimation algorithm to identify the parameters of the dynamic model of the battery and accordingly design an observer to estimate the SOC. In this paper, first we show that the parameters identification and SOC estimation results are not dependent on the correct approximation of the capacity. Afterwards, using the estimated SOC, we design another observer to estimate the actual capacity of the battery.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132603603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574496
Haoyu Wang, A. Khaligh
In this paper, four basic resonant dc/dc topologies (SRC, PRC, LCC, and LLC) are investigated for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging applications. A methodology based on first harmonic approximation is introduced to effectively evaluate the circuit performance in battery charging applications. The charging profile of a 360 V, 3.2 kW Li-ion battery pack is introduced to facilitate the design of resonant chargers. Four half-bridge isolated resonant chargers are designed and compared using this proposed method. Simulations show that LLC resonant converter outperforms the other three converters by maintaining good performance over the full range of battery states of charge.
{"title":"Comprehensive topological analyses of isolated resonant converters in PEV battery charging applications","authors":"Haoyu Wang, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574496","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, four basic resonant dc/dc topologies (SRC, PRC, LCC, and LLC) are investigated for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging applications. A methodology based on first harmonic approximation is introduced to effectively evaluate the circuit performance in battery charging applications. The charging profile of a 360 V, 3.2 kW Li-ion battery pack is introduced to facilitate the design of resonant chargers. Four half-bridge isolated resonant chargers are designed and compared using this proposed method. Simulations show that LLC resonant converter outperforms the other three converters by maintaining good performance over the full range of battery states of charge.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133342616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573503
E. Uhlin, Joakim Unneback
Substituting traditional vehicles with fully electric ones can dramatically improve transport energy efficiency (kWh/tonne) for transport operations. This paper presents a system designed to simulate electric power requirement of fully electrified mass excavation in quarries. A Discrete Event System (DES)-module tailored for electrification is used to represent mass excavation work flow in the quarry. Electric vehicle models are developed and used to generate activity durations as well as work cycle energy and power requirement. These performance characteristic values are used in simulation in the DES. The outcome of the simulation is the electric power requirement as well as energy efficiency- and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculations.
{"title":"On electrification of mass excavation","authors":"E. Uhlin, Joakim Unneback","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573503","url":null,"abstract":"Substituting traditional vehicles with fully electric ones can dramatically improve transport energy efficiency (kWh/tonne) for transport operations. This paper presents a system designed to simulate electric power requirement of fully electrified mass excavation in quarries. A Discrete Event System (DES)-module tailored for electrification is used to represent mass excavation work flow in the quarry. Electric vehicle models are developed and used to generate activity durations as well as work cycle energy and power requirement. These performance characteristic values are used in simulation in the DES. The outcome of the simulation is the electric power requirement as well as energy efficiency- and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) calculations.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130549835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574510
Nathan Reimensnyder, N. Weise
With the increasing interest in electric and solar vehicles, compact, efficient and cost effective power solutions are necessary. In this paper a voltage control strategy is proposed for a novel single-stage, isolated, bidirectional AC-DC converter with open loop power factor correction (PFC) for use in on-board electric vehicle (EV) chargers. The analysis presents a mathematical correlation between the modulation phase-shift and the DC component of the DC bus current. The phase-shift is used to control the DC bus voltage. A transfer function is developed for the plant and a PI controller is selected and designed. The modulation scheme is unaffected by the voltage controller therefore open loop PFC is maintained. Simulation and hardware results are presented and confirm the analysis.
{"title":"Voltage control of a single phase, single-stage, isolated AC-DC converter","authors":"Nathan Reimensnyder, N. Weise","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574510","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing interest in electric and solar vehicles, compact, efficient and cost effective power solutions are necessary. In this paper a voltage control strategy is proposed for a novel single-stage, isolated, bidirectional AC-DC converter with open loop power factor correction (PFC) for use in on-board electric vehicle (EV) chargers. The analysis presents a mathematical correlation between the modulation phase-shift and the DC component of the DC bus current. The phase-shift is used to control the DC bus voltage. A transfer function is developed for the plant and a PI controller is selected and designed. The modulation scheme is unaffected by the voltage controller therefore open loop PFC is maintained. Simulation and hardware results are presented and confirm the analysis.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"28 Pt 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131820629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574520
M. Manoharan, M. Lanagan, Shihai Zhang, D. Kushner, C. Zou, T. Murata
Traditional polymer capacitors used for pulsed power and power electronics applications have severe limitations in terms of portability and high temperature reliability. Alkali-free glass is a promising material for high temperature and high power capacitors because of its low dielectric loss and high breakdown strength (10 MV/cm), resulting in energy density values higher than 35 J/cm3. Thin glass sheet production has grown substantially because of the strong demand from the flat panel display industry and a large investment in the development of new glass fabrication methods. Several alkali-free glass compositions, such as Schott's AF-45 and NEG's OA-10G barium-boro-alumino-silicate glass, are commercially offered with a permittivity range of 5 to 7 and low dielectric loss (tan δ < 0.5%) values up to temperatures of 200°C. Glass ribbons and sheets are available with thicknesses between 5 and 50 µm and length of up to a few meters.
{"title":"High temperature - High energy density polymer-coated glass capacitors","authors":"M. Manoharan, M. Lanagan, Shihai Zhang, D. Kushner, C. Zou, T. Murata","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574520","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional polymer capacitors used for pulsed power and power electronics applications have severe limitations in terms of portability and high temperature reliability. Alkali-free glass is a promising material for high temperature and high power capacitors because of its low dielectric loss and high breakdown strength (10 MV/cm), resulting in energy density values higher than 35 J/cm3. Thin glass sheet production has grown substantially because of the strong demand from the flat panel display industry and a large investment in the development of new glass fabrication methods. Several alkali-free glass compositions, such as Schott's AF-45 and NEG's OA-10G barium-boro-alumino-silicate glass, are commercially offered with a permittivity range of 5 to 7 and low dielectric loss (tan δ < 0.5%) values up to temperatures of 200°C. Glass ribbons and sheets are available with thicknesses between 5 and 50 µm and length of up to a few meters.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133527714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573510
A. Lateef, A. Emadi, H. Kojori
In more electrified vehicular and aerospace applications, higher voltage and energy battery systems are being used which employ large number of cells in parallel and series combinations. This may lead to: a) single point of failures, and b) safety and charge equalization issues that demand complex control and costly battery management methods. Furthermore, the output voltages of such batteries remain unregulated complicating the overall distribution and utilization of the electrical power system. To address these issues, this paper investigates the feasibility and limitations of a high voltage active electric accumulator with integrated power electronics for safe charge and dis-charge of energy for use in aerospace starter/generator systems.
{"title":"Analysis and design of a High Voltage Active Electric Accumulator","authors":"A. Lateef, A. Emadi, H. Kojori","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573510","url":null,"abstract":"In more electrified vehicular and aerospace applications, higher voltage and energy battery systems are being used which employ large number of cells in parallel and series combinations. This may lead to: a) single point of failures, and b) safety and charge equalization issues that demand complex control and costly battery management methods. Furthermore, the output voltages of such batteries remain unregulated complicating the overall distribution and utilization of the electrical power system. To address these issues, this paper investigates the feasibility and limitations of a high voltage active electric accumulator with integrated power electronics for safe charge and dis-charge of energy for use in aerospace starter/generator systems.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130742859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573512
L. Al-Musawi, Rocky Tran, M. Dang, N. Al-Mutawaly
Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles typically utilize multi level chargers which are powered by solid-state converters. These converters increase harmonic levels which can potentially impact adjacent residential loads as well as the local distribution grid. Such impacts will become more prevalent in the near future as electric vehicle adoption increases. This paper investigates the harmonic impacts generated by an electric vehicle charger on residential distribution systems within a controlled lab environment. The outcomes from this research will be utilized to identify mitigation plans in support of utilities' smart grid implementation programs.
{"title":"The impact of EV/PHEV chargers on residential loads - A case study","authors":"L. Al-Musawi, Rocky Tran, M. Dang, N. Al-Mutawaly","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573512","url":null,"abstract":"Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles typically utilize multi level chargers which are powered by solid-state converters. These converters increase harmonic levels which can potentially impact adjacent residential loads as well as the local distribution grid. Such impacts will become more prevalent in the near future as electric vehicle adoption increases. This paper investigates the harmonic impacts generated by an electric vehicle charger on residential distribution systems within a controlled lab environment. The outcomes from this research will be utilized to identify mitigation plans in support of utilities' smart grid implementation programs.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115637552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-16DOI: 10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574508
Haoyu Wang, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh
In this paper, a two-stage on board battery charger is proposed for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). An interleaved boost topology is employed in the first stage for power factor correction (PFC) and to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD). In the second stage, a half bridge LLC multi-resonant converter is adopted for galvanic isolation and dc-dc conversion. Design considerations are discussed focusing on the reducing the charger volume, and increasing conversion efficiency over the wide battery pack voltage ranges. Detailed design procedure is provided for a 7.6 kW prototype, charging the battery with an output voltage range of 320 V to 420 V from 240 V, 60 Hz single phase grid. Results of the analyses show that the first stage PFC converter achieves THD less than 4% and power factor higher than 0.99, and the second stage LLC converter operates with high efficiency over the full output voltage range under ZVT.
{"title":"Design considerations for a level-2 on-board PEV charger based on interleaved boost PFC and LLC resonant converters","authors":"Haoyu Wang, S. Dusmez, A. Khaligh","doi":"10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC.2013.6574508","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a two-stage on board battery charger is proposed for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). An interleaved boost topology is employed in the first stage for power factor correction (PFC) and to reduce total harmonic distortion (THD). In the second stage, a half bridge LLC multi-resonant converter is adopted for galvanic isolation and dc-dc conversion. Design considerations are discussed focusing on the reducing the charger volume, and increasing conversion efficiency over the wide battery pack voltage ranges. Detailed design procedure is provided for a 7.6 kW prototype, charging the battery with an output voltage range of 320 V to 420 V from 240 V, 60 Hz single phase grid. Results of the analyses show that the first stage PFC converter achieves THD less than 4% and power factor higher than 0.99, and the second stage LLC converter operates with high efficiency over the full output voltage range under ZVT.","PeriodicalId":118616,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122970424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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