Erwerbs-Obstbau最新文献

Wild edible fruits are considered to be an excellent source of nutrients and have received global attention due to their contributions in human health. In this study, the morphological properties of 44 wild edible fruit species from India’s Eastern Himalayan regions were studied. Dillenia indica had the highest fruit weight (407 g), fruit width (10.35 cm), volume (373.33 mL), and pulp weight (350.95 g) of the studied fruits, while Citrus medica had the highest fruit length (15.50 cm), peel weight (288.71 g), and peel thickness (2.08 cm). The pulp percentages of Rubus rosifolius and R. ellipticus were found to be high, with 98.12 and 97.65%, respectively. Castanopsis hystrix, a nut fruit, has the highest dry matter percentage (77.20). In terms of seed morphology, Spondias pinnata had the highest seed weight (16.94 g), seed length (4.06 cm), and width (2.92 cm). In terms of the number of seeds per fruit, both the Rubus and Ficus spp. possessed an infinite number of small seeds. D. indica had the most seeds per fruit (148.83). Fruit and seed color varied for the assessed fruit species. During the ripening period, the fruit color displayed various hues, including yellow, orange, brown, purple, red, green, and black groups. The timing of flowering and fruit maturation period also varied, which helps to validate and determine the availability fruit species. The findings revealed that all the investigated fruits featured diverse morphological characteristics, providing a deeper understanding of the structural characteristics of 44 fruits considered desirable for future commercialization. The outcome of the study will help fruit growers and breeders to select the appropriate wild edible fruit species based on the market needs taking into account the ripening season and fruit color.

The highly perishable nature of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries contributes to the sharp decline in their postharvest shelf and storage life with reduced berry quality and marketability. Thus, the present research was aimed at extending postharvest market potential and maintaining quality of table grapes by using Aloe vera (ALV) gel coating during cold storage. In this study, three commercial table grape cvs. viz. ‘Sundarkhani’, ‘Khismishi’ and ‘Shaghali’ were treated with ALV gel coating (50%) and kept at cold storage (2 ± 1 °C with 90% RH) for 20 days. ALV gel-treated ‘Sundarkhani’ berries exhibited less rachis browning (2%), berry weight loss (10%), electrolyte leakage (40.1%) and a higher level of total phenolic content (185.98 mg mL⁻¹ FW) than ‘Khismishi’ and ‘Shaghali’ berries, respectively. A lower respiration rate (0.29 mmol CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) and higher level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (488.20 U mg⁻¹ protein) were recorded in ALV gel-treated ‘Khismishi’ berries than control. Comparably, ALV gel-treated ‘Shaghali’ berries significantly retained higher berry firmness (0.45 N), marketability index (90%), vitamin C (60.20 mg mL⁻¹), total antioxidants (320.40 %DPPH activity) and catalase (104.20 U mg⁻¹ protein) enzyme activities after 20 days of storage. In conclusion, ALV gel coating (50%) significantly extended the marketability of table grape cvs. ‘Sundarkhani’ and ‘Shaghali’ by reducing rachis browning and preserving bioactive compounds during 20 days of storage. Hence, in the grape sector, ALV gel coating could be a practical substitute for synthetic chemicals due to its potential to enhance marketability and maintain freshness and quality.

Formulations prepared from natural products tend to stimulate plant growth by providing essential mineral nutrients and plant hormones as well as improving the soil microbial biomass. The study was conducted during 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of applying liquid formulations derived from natural products on plant growth and soil health of a newly established ‘Black Amber’ plum orchard in the North-Western Himalayan region. Results showed that application of the recommended dose of fertilizers (F) recorded the maximum annual shoot growth, plant spread, leaf area and chlorophyll content, which was followed by biogas slurry (3 L plant⁻¹). Leaf macronutrient content was highest in inorganic fertilizer (F) treatment. Biogas slurry (3 L plant⁻¹) application recorded high leaf micronutrient content, while also stimulating the best results in macronutrient content among the organic formulations. Jeevamrit (3 L plant⁻¹) improved leaf area, leaf K, leaf Cu and leaf Zn content and induced improvement in the soil microbial population, while soil organic carbon was highest under biogas slurry (3 L plant⁻¹). Inorganic fertilizers (F) recorded the maximum soil nutrient content; however, organic formulations of jeevamrit (3 L plant⁻¹), biogas slurry (3 L plant⁻¹) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (1.5 L plant⁻¹) showed significant improvement in soil nutrient status. The results indicate the potential of liquid formulations made from natural products in creating a sustainable crop production system and reducing dependence on inorganic fertilizers.

Elevating the selenium concentration in fruit has the potential to enhance the average dietary selenium intake in humans. The application of selenium fertilizer through a spraying method has been found to be an effective approach for producing selenium-enriched fruit. While kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is known for its ability to accumulate selenium, the ‘Hongyang’ variety grown in Sichuan, China has been observed to have low selenium content. The tree was treated by spraying the leaves with water solution containing 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg per litre in the form of sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) in the flowering period. The total Se and organic Se content, and the effects of different concentrations of Na₂SeO₃ on antioxidant activity in peels, pulps and seeds of fruits were investigated. The findings indicated that kiwifruit has the ability to transform exogenously absorbed inorganic selenium into organic selenium. The organic selenium content in the pulps treated with 50 mg L⁻¹ sodium selenite was 9.04 times higher than in the control treatment. Furthermore, protein-Se was identified as the main component of organic selenium, comprising 48.04–51.15% of the pulps. The protein-Se is the primary component of organic Se, which the proportion in pulps was 48.04–51.15%. The application of 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹ sodium selenite via foliar spraying resulted in a notable enhancement of ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values across all tissues. A significant positive correlation between FRAP value and organic Se content in pulps, and a significant relationship between ORAC values and protein-Se and polysaccharide-Se content of kiwifruit tissue showed regression equation. In general, the optimum Se application is 50 mg L⁻¹, and some areas with a severe selenium deficiency can apply 100 mg L⁻¹ selenite. It might serve as a source of selenium in dietary supplements or as an ingredient for the formulation of nutraceuticals.

This research was carried out to investigate the changes in bioactive compounds within four orange-superior genotypes (G3, G4, G5 and G6) cultivated in the north of Iran. These genotypes were harvested at three different maturation stages, with a 30-day interval, and their bioactive compound profiles were compared to those of the commercially grown orange cv. Mars. The study revealed notable changes in various bioactive compounds in response to delayed harvest times. Specifically, as the harvest was delayed, significant increases were observed in vitamin C content, total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity, reduced and non-reduced sugar content, total sugar content, hesperidin content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Conversely, fruit carotenoid content and titratable acidity (TA) experienced a considerable reduction. Among the studied genotypes, G6 demonstrated particularly elevated levels of carotenoids (0.19 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), vitamin C (6.29 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), TPC (4.13 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), antioxidant activity (5.32%DPPHsc), reduced sugar (3.31 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), non-reduced sugar (8.04 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW), and total sugar content (3.54 mg 100 g⁻¹ FW) compared to the orange cv. Mars during the second harvest period. Overall, G6, as an orange-superior genotype, harvested on December 10th, presents a promising candidate for early selection in developing early maturing commercial orange cultivars.

Phytophthora citrophthora exerts detrimental effects on strawberry growth and physiology. In the presence of P. citrophthora, strawberry plants may face mineral deficiency during their growth. This study aimed to investigate the impact of P. citrophthora on ‘Albion’ strawberry plants under conditions of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) deficiency. Plants of ‘Albion’ strawberry cultivar (2 months old) were used as an experimental material. After 2 months of growth in a nutrient solution, these plants were subjected to 2 months of deficiency in Ca, Fe, or Zn. Following this period, P. citrophthora infection was introduced to the strawberries over a 3-week time frame. The findings of this research indicated that the most severe disease symptoms were observed under Fe deficiency conditions. Furthermore, when P. citrophthora infection coincided with Fe deficiency, there was a notable decrease in leaf-relative water content, accompanied by slight wilting symptoms. Overall, P. citrophthora infection led to an increase in the concentrations of chlorophyll precursors, including Proto IX, Mg-Proto IX, and Pchlide. Both nutrient deficiency conditions and P. citrophthora infection contributed to a decrease in cortical cell expansion. In addition, under nutrient deficiencies, the diameter of xylem conduits generally increased in both infected and non-infected plants, except in cases of P. citrophthora infection combined with Fe deficiency. Notably, the severity of P. citrophthora wilt was found to be higher under Fe deficiency conditions.

Guava fruits are a rich source of carotenoids, lycopene, and anthocyanin pigments. Colored guava fruits contain a higher concentration of these pigments in comparison to white pulped varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of color reader values for indirect estimation of pigment content in guava fruits. Using the CIELAB’s color space values (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h°), we quantitatively estimated the variations in pulp color (white, red, and purple) across 35 guava genotypes, including hybrids and germplasm. Using spectrophotometric methods, the contents of total carotenoids, lycopene, and anthocyanins were estimated, revealing significant discrepancies among the genotypes. The color value a* was positively correlated with total carotenoids (r_p = 0.81, r_g = 0.85 at p < 0.01), total lycopene (r_p = 0.86, r_g = 0.93 at p < 0.001) and total anthocyanin contents (r_p = 0.56, r_g = 0.52 at p < 0.001). The phenotypic path analysis revealed that total carotenoids (0.31), lycopene (0.51), and anthocyanin (0.13) contents exerted a positive direct effect on color a* value, while genotypic path analysis demonstrated a direct positive effect by lycopene (1.12) and an indirect positive effect by carotenoids (1.02) and anthocyanins (0.63) mediated through total lycopene. These findings suggest that each pigment contributes uniquely to the color a* values, with lycopene being the primary contributor.

The aim was to determine the growth of pollen tubes throughout the transmitting tissue and the process of fertilization in open, optimal and over pollination on the 3rd, 6th and 9th day after pollination of pistillate flowers, together with apomixis. The experiment was carried out over 2 years in Lovasberény, Fejér district, Hungary, which differed in temperature conditions. The average number of pollen tubes in the locule of the ovary was significantly higher in 2017 (1.3%) than in 2019 (1%). A higher percentage of fruit set was recorded in 2017 compared to 2019. The percentage of apomictic fruits from variant of unpollination was higher in 2017 (10%) than in 2019 (3.7%). Based on these results it can be concluded that pollen tube growth and post-fertilization processes together with apomixis of cultivar ‘AK’ are better adaptable to lower temperatures. These findings may help us to move walnut production to the north or to higher altitudes, where the climate is more continental.

The delay in the establishment of the controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions has been shown to be an effective storage procedure in alleviating or even preventing the occurrence of internal storage disorders (ISD) in apples and pears during long-term CA storage. Apples and pears respond differently to this practice in relation to the prevention of ISD during long-term CA storage and/or in keeping quality traits such as flesh firmness, soluble solids, acidity and skin color. Therefore, the responsiveness of these pome fruits varies either in relation to the effectiveness in alleviating the occurrence of ISD or regarding the exposition time of fruit in air at low temperature before long-term CA storage. This review aims to discuss everything from the initial experimental trials using this procedure with apple and pear to the current results and commercial application for the storage of pears. The possible mode of action of delayed CA in reducing the occurrence of ISD in apples and pears as well as the benefits of the rapid CA (secondarily) is also discussed.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of various plant nutrition applications and two pruning levels on the leaf mineral composition of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Ercis Uzumu’) cultivated under high-altitude conditions. The experiment, employing a randomized block experimental design with three replicates, includes a control group, and vines pruned to 30 or 40 buds, fertilized with poultry manure (PM), poultry manure + inorganic foliar fertilizer (PM + IFF), or poultry manure + organic foliar fertilizer (PM + OFF). Pruning significantly influences leaf mineral content, particularly phosphorus (P < 0.01), manganese (P < 0.05), and nickel levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, fertilizer applications exhibit significant effects on phosphorous, magnesium, copper, iron, sodium, cadmium, chrome, and nickel levels (P < 0.01), with organic plant nutrition prominently enhancing leaf mineral content. Additionally, observations reveal higher ratios of P, K, Ca, and Mg in the 30 bud pruning per vine applications, as well as similar trends in micro-elements (Zn, Mn, and Cu) except for Fe. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing grapevine cultivation practices at high altitudes.