Erwerbs-Obstbau最新文献

In peach cultivation, there is an increasing interest in breeding rootstock suitable for intensive planting and for use in calcareous and poor soils. This study was carried out to test the performance of some promising Prunus rootstocks for ‘Transvalia’ peach variety. A total of 16 rootstocks obtained by interspecies hybridization from different origins were used for ‘Transvalia’ peach variety. Rootstock diameter, scion diameter, sapling height, rootstock scion ratio, leaf chlorophyll contents and leaf plant nutrient contents were analyzed. Results showed that the level of the majority of macro- and micro-elements was found to be sufficient. Leaf chlorophyll contents of ‘Transvalia’ peach cultivar grafted on stronger rootstocks such as GN-22, FG-58 and NGF-14 were found to be the highest. It has been determined that FG-16 rootstock is 40% more dwarf in terms of seedling growth strength compared to GN-22 rootstock in the Mediterranean climate zone. There were significant differences between rootstocks in terms of scion leaf chylorphyll content (SPAD values). The highest leaf chlorophyll contents were found in ‘Transvalia’ peach variety grafted on GN-22 (48.22), FG-58 (47.75) and NGF-14 (47.14), which are strong rootstocks. No correlation was found between growth strength and leaf plant nutrients. However, it has been determined that strong growing rootstocks can give positive results in lower quality soils.

Poor seed germination, which is due to various germination inhibitors, is a matter of concern in papaya. The presence of a sarcotesta plays a leading role in causing hindrances in this regard. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of seed stratification at 7–8 ⁰C and seedling administration with cycocel with regard to papaya germination, growth, and development. Vermicompost, coco peat, and garden soil were combined to create the potting media. A total of 11 treatments made up the experiment, which combined varying stratification times (measured in days) with multiple cycocel concentrations (measured in ppm) in the seedlings that germinated. The experiment was designed using the completely randomized design (CRD) statistical method, with three replications of each treatment. Several characteristics of the papaya seedlings were noted and examined during their developmental stage. In terms of germination percentage, the entire study indicated that seed stratification for 20 days and then cycocel application at 100 and 200 ppm were the most promising with a value of 86.67% in each case. After 10 days of seed stratification and 800 ppm of cycocel application, the overall quantity of leaves was noticeably higher (9.00 leaves). For the same 10-day stratification period, the maximum leaf length measured was 6.67 cm; however, 200 ppm of cycocel was applied. Following a 10- and 20-day stratification process, the application of 300 ppm of cycocel resulted in higher end values for the number of roots (34.67 for both combinations); however, the treatments had no effect on root length, as the control group recorded the highest mean value (9.27 cm). Lastly, the maximum accumulation of chlorophyll was demonstrated by a 20-day stratification period and a 600-ppm cycocel application (0.360 mg g⁻¹). Thus, based on the study, we can conclude that the employment of cycocel and stratification have proven to be beneficial techniques for papaya seed development. Promising outcomes were seen with both the stratification times of 10 and 20 days in addition to varying cycocel concentrations.

Shoots obtained from micro-cuttings of ‘Balıkçı Siyahı’ (Vitis labrusca L.) grape type were used as explants. The explants were cultivated in MS nutrient medium containing 1 mg/l benzyl adenine for shoot formation following surface sterilization. Shoots derived from the explants were transferred to MS medium containing 2 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid for rooting. The rooted plantlets were transferred to MS medium containing four doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mM) of H₃BO₃ and three doses (0, 100, 200 mM) of NaCl for determination of salt stress and the effectiveness of boric acid. In the study, some physiological parameters such as plant vitality (%), damage degree (0–3), some shoot growth parameters, chlorophyll content (SPAD), shoot tolerance ratio, leaf turgor weight (g), ion flux (%), cell membrane damage ratio (%) and explant relative water content (%) were evaluated. As salt doses increase, it has been observed that the damage, ion flux and cell membrane damage rate also increase. It has been determined that the most negative effect occurs in the plant with the application of 200 mM NaCl, significantly reducing growth and development. Overall, it has been determined that 0.5 mM and 1 mM H₃BO₃ doses reduce the negative effects caused by salt stress.

The aim of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency, greenhouse gas emission and economic analysis in sour cherry production. The study data belongs to the 2022–2023 production season. The number of farms studied in the study was 69 farms producing sour cherries and the complete count method was used. Study data represents the 2022–2023 production season. As a result of the study, total energy input was calculated as 14,143.79 MJ/ha, total energy output as 21,630.75 MJ/ha, energy use efficiency as 1.53, specific energy as 1.92 MJ/kg, energy productivity as 0.52 kg/MJ and net energy value as 7486.96 MJ/ha. Energy inputs in sour cherry production consist of direct energy with 8207.24 MJ (%58.03), indirect energy with 5936.55 MJ/ha (%41.97), renewable energy with 2590.73 MJ/ha (%18.32) and non-renewable energy with 11,553.06 MJ (81.68%). Total greenhouse gas emissions of 479.73 kgCO_2eq/ha and greenhouse gas emission rate of 0.06 kgCO_2eq/kg were calculated. The total cost incurred in the production of sour cherry was 39,818.84 TL, the amount of sour cherry produced was 7382.51 kg and the production cost of 1 kg of sour cherry was 5.39 TL. According to the profitability indicators of sour cherry farms on enterprise basis, gross value of production value were calculated as 64,375.49 TL, variable costs 23,891.30 TL, fixed costs 15,927.54 TL, production costs 39,818.84 TL, gross profit 40,484.19 TL, net profit 24,556.65 TL and relative profit 1.61.

Soil and/or water salinity are a serious problem in arid zones, affecting plants in parallel to extreme temperatures and water deficit. These conditions intensify other stresses including pests, diseases, nutrient imbalances or toxicity, unsuitable soil conditions and poor texture, low microorganism activity, sodicity, bicarbonate content and high pH in soil and water and thus, interfere plant growth and development. Therefore, it is important to find better genetics to cope with harsh environments, and pomegranate trees are not an exception. As pomegranates are planted in harsh environments, evaluating pomegranate varieties under salt stresses might be helpful to find beneficial techniques to improve fruit yield and quality and also to guarantee human health. The aim of this review is to introduce new insights for evaluating pomegranate varieties tolerant to salt stress.

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of calcium chloride (0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%), boric acid (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%) and their combinations on apple trees cv. ‘Red Delicious’, applied twice (60 days and 30 days before harvest). Results revealed that among different treatments, maximum fruit weight (192.13 g), fruit length (7.49 cm), fruit diameter (7.64 cm) and fruit volume (185.86 cm³) were observed in treatment T₁₀ (0.6% CaCl₂ + 0.2% H₃BO₃), and the highest TSS (14.56 °Brix), TSS:acid ratio (80.89), total sugar (11.36%), reducing sugar (9.37%), non-reducing sugar (1.83%), chlorophyll content SPAD value (53.75), firmness (7.62 kg cm⁻²), shelf life under room temperature (28.20 days), under refrigeration (93.20 days) and under controlled atmosphere (CA) storage (180.50 days), organoleptic rating out of a 9-point hedonic scale (taste: 8.70, flavour: 8.70 and overall acceptability: 8.60), quality grading out of a 9-point hedonic scale (texture: 8.90, aroma: 8.90, appearance: 8.70, colour: 8.40) out of a 9-point hedonic scale and the lowest titratable acidity (0.18%) were recorded with the application of treatment T₁₁ (0.6% CaCl₂ + 0.4% H₃BO₃). Our results support the use of calcium chloride and boric acid as a promising fertilizer for improving the overall characteristics of apple cv. ‘Red Delicious’.

The aim of this study was to analyse the cost and profitability of agricultural farms engaged in pear production activities in the Korkuteli district of Antalya province, Türkiye, and to calculate marketing margins. In the study, primary data were obtained from 96 pear producers in the Korkuteli district by face-to-face survey method. The costs and profitability of pear producers were calculated using a single-product budget analysis method. According to the findings of the research, the cost of pear production per hectare of the producers was calculated as US$ 8824.75 on average for farms and US$ 9654.74 on average for the region. The share of variable costs in production was 68.29%, and the share of fixed costs was 31.71%. According to the regional average, the cost element with the highest share of production costs was pesticide costs. The gross production value per hectare was calculated as US$ 15539.34 at the interviewed pear farms, and US$ 14620.33 on the regional average. Relative profit was 1.76 on average for the interviewed farms and 1.51 on average for the region. Therefore, for every US$ 1 cost of pear production, a US$ 1.76 gross production value was obtained. It was determined that profit margins increased and unit costs decreased according to production scale. Pesticides, fertilisers and labour were important cost items in production costs. The highest kilogram cost was for farms in the second group, and the lowest kilogram cost was for farms in the fourth group. This was related to the sales channel preferences and yields of the farms.

This study investigated the effects of vermicompost, growth-promoting bacteria (Bacillus subtilis OSU-142), and algae extract combinations on total phenolics, flavonoid, anthocyanin, glucose, fructose, some phenolic compounds, and leaf chlorophyll content in ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry cultivar. For this purpose, vermicompost, bacteria, and algae extracts were applied using three different methods to tree canopy, soil, and both tree canopy and soil. Soil applications were made once during bud swelling, and tree canopy applications were made twice, at full bloom and 15 days after full bloom. All applications increased the total phenolics and flavonoid content. While the “algae application to tree canopy” increased the total flavonoid to 15.76 mg CE 100 g⁻¹ from 7.23 mg CE 100 g⁻¹, “the application of algae to soil and tree canopy” increased the total phenolics to 85.80 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ from 71.05 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹. Except for “bacterial applications to tree canopy alone”, all applications significantly increased the total chlorophyll. The highest total chlorophyll (74.94 mg g⁻¹) was obtained from “the algae application to tree canopy”. However, it was determined that algae, bacteria, and vermicompost did not have a positive significant effect on glucose, fructose, campherol, catechin, ferulic acid, and anthocyanin content. In addition, the application of “bacteria to both tree canopy and soil” increased the chlorogenic acid content of fruits by approximately 50% compared to the control. Applications of “vermicompost to soil + bacteria to both soil and tree canopy”, “algae extract to the tree canopy”, and “bacteria to tree canopy” (28.75, 28.30 and 25.20 µg g⁻¹, respectively) increased the caffeic acid content of fruit compared to control. It was observed that only the application of “vermicompost to soil + bacterial to soil and tree canopy” had a positive effect on the quercetin content of fruits based on control.

Pistachio trees show a clear response to low amounts of water supply. This experiment aims to follow the impact of partial root drying (PRD) on the phenolic compounds and fatty acids profile of the pistachio cultivars ‘Mateur’, ‘Elguetar’, ‘Kerman’ and ‘Ohadi’ grown in semi-arid conditions during the growing seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment orchard was located in the Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Sidi Bouzid (CRRA), Tunisia. Pistachio trees were subjected to three irrigation treatments from March to September, corresponding to T0: control irrigated at 100% crop evapotranspiration (ETc), T1: 75% ETc and T2: 50% ETc on a 15-day alternating cycle on one side of the root system. Results showed that reducing irrigation by 25% (75% ETc) compared to the control (100% ETc) increased water productivity mainly for the cv. ‘Mateur’ without significant reductions on yield, whereas the 50% ETc water regime clearly reduced the yield components. The two water regimes 75% ETc (T1) and 50% ETc (T2) enhanced the bioactive compounds content as compared to the control treatment (T0). Based on agronomic and nut quality parameters, it can be concluded that the PRD irrigation strategy is a very promising irrigation technique in pistachio trees to reduce water loss.

Land fragmentation is a critical problem that threatens the economic and environmental sustainability of hazelnut farms. The aim of the study was to assess the economic and environmental effects of land fragmentation on hazelnut farming in Türkiye. The primary data for the study were collected through face-to-face questionnaires from 121 randomly sampled hazelnut farms. The partial budgeting analysis method was used to estimate the economic performance of the hazelnut farms. The environmental impact of land fragmentation in hazelnut farming was assessed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The study revealed that the average production cost per hectare was US$ 1834.0 in fragmented farms, compared to US$ 1661.2 in non-fragmented farms. The hazelnut production cost per kilogram in the fragmented farms was 20.18% higher than in non-fragmented farms. The higher share of variable costs in the total production costs of fragmented farms was due to increased hired labor costs. Economic performance indicators, including GDP, gross profit, net profit, and relative profit, were lower in fragmented farms compared to non-fragmented farms. The LCA results showed that hazelnut production emitted 618.60 kg of CO_2-eq of greenhouse gas (GHG) per hectare in 1 year. Additionally, producing 1 kg of hazelnuts emitted 0.4495 kg CO_2-eq of GHG emissions. For non-fragmented farms, the GHG emissions per kilogram of hazelnuts were 0.4780 kg CO_2-eq, while in fragmented farms, it was 0.5342 kg CO_2-eq. This represented an 11.74% increase in GHG emissions for fragmented farms. The significantly lower GHG emissions in non-fragmented farms were mainly due to differences in chemical fertilization and farm manure application. In contrast, fragmented farms showed a larger machinery-related contribution and a more pronounced impact of diesel usage on emissions. The study concluded that addressing land fragmentation on hazelnut farms would enhance their economic performance. GHG emissions can be mitigated by improving agricultural practices, optimizing machinery and fuel use, enhancing chemical management, reevaluating farm structures, and raising climate change awareness.