Erwerbs-Obstbau最新文献

Citrus pseudolimon is grown in Asia and has received little attention in terms of industrial uses and research. In this study, the effect of growing location on the physicochemical, functional, and bioactive characteristics of C. pseudolimon collected from different areas of India were studied. The results regarding physicochemical parameters indicated that maximum yield and acidity were observed in the sample collected from the highest latitude and longitude along with the bright color of the fruit. The retention of bioactive compounds follows the same trend. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy also indicates the highest retention of phytocompounds in C. pseudolimon fruit growing in cold regions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyzed about 19 volatile compounds in the C. pseudolimon juice irrespective of the location of the sample. Results demonstrated that low growing temperature results in high retention of bioactive compounds. This study suggests that C. pseudolimon fruit has the potential to be utilized for industrial applications as a functional food ingredient for the development of innovative food products.

Hylocereus costaricensis Web. (pink pulp dragon fruit) is a commercially important nutri-rich fruit crop of tropical and subtropical regions as it is a treasure of antioxidants and dietary fiber with a low glycemic index. Although the morphological descriptions of the white pulp (H. undatus Haworth) and red pulp (H. polyrhizus Web.) dragon fruits have been recorded using the BBCH scale, there is little knowledge about the phenology of the pink pulp dragon fruit, Hylocereus costaricensis (Web.) Britton and Rose. The extended BBCH scale is used in the current study to establish codes and phenological stages of pink pulp dragon fruit. This three-digit number system helps to standardize its phenological stages. Seven main growth phases have been identified: bud initiation (stage 0), shoot development (stage 3), development of primary shoots (stage 4), floral bud initiation (stage 5), flowering (stage 6), fruit development (stage 7) and fruit maturity and harvest (stage 8). There are now 40 distinct secondary growth stages that have been defined and documented. Because it describes all the phenophases related to vegetative and reproductive phases of dragon fruit, the enlarged BBCH scale is widely relevant. The scale can be used for the characterization of germplasm and to assess the effect of climate change on the phenology of dragon fruit. This important phenological stage scale may be utilized in growth, development and physiological studies besides usage in calculating heat unit requirements for different phenological stages. This BBCH scale can be utilized for effective management of orchards, standardization of propagation methods, intercultural operations, water and nutrition management, judging maturity standards for harvest, post-harvest shelf life and integrated pest and disease management.

A field study was conducted during the 2021 and 2022 seasons on 7‑year-old Persian lime trees grafted on Citrus volkameriana rootstock to investigate the effects of four nitrogen fertilization sources: ammonium sulphate (20.6%), urea (46.5%), granular ammonium nitrate (33.5%), and slow-release (40%) on yield and fruit quality. The results revealed that the yield of trees was significantly affected by different nitrogen forms. Compared with nitrogen applied through other sources, nitrogen applied through slow-release resulted in the highest yield and good fruit quality. The slow-release application ultimately resulted in the highest total average yield (4.05 t/feddan) and the lowest cost (561.73 LE/t fruit). The average cost of fertilizing granular ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and urea to produce one ton of Persian lime fruit was 975.32, 1106.01, and 607.85 LE/t, respectively. Urea-derived nitrogen had the greatest impact on fruit weight and increased fruit diameter and juice percentage, followed by slow-release nitrogen and granular ammonium nitrogen in both seasons. The nitrogen source also affected the colour, lightness, and hue angle of the Persian lime peel. In light of these results, it can be concluded that using N slow-release fertilization for Persian lime trees grown in sandy soil is a good choice for reducing the number of applications annually, reducing the production cost, and improving the efficiency of nitrogen used by the trees to obtain a high yield with good fruit quality.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a critical challenge in agriculture, particularly when it comes to managing fruit orchards. To address the potential damage, our study aimed to analyze 110 soil samples from pome-fruit tree rhizospheres to identify PPNs. After transferring the samples to the lab, soil washing and nematode extraction were performed using a modified combination of the sieve and centrifugation method by Jenkins, followed by fixation and transfer to glycerin according to De Grisse’s method. The results showed that of the 27 identified species, Amplimerlinius parbati, Pratylenchus estoniensis, Rotylenchus bialaebursus, and R. secondus were new records for Iran. A. parbati was distinguished by between four and five head annuli, large stylet with downward knobs, and annulated tail with hemispherical shape. P. estoniensis was identified by two annuli in the lip region, well-developed empty spermathecal, and striated tail tip. R. bialaebursus possessed a rounded lip region with four annuli, phasmids in between nine and 12 annuli anterior to the anus, and a rounded tail with between six and eight annuli. R. secondus was recognized by conoid and slightly offset labial region without/with faint annulation, stylet pointed and less than 30 µm, rounded tail and vulva situated at 50–70%. Subsequently, the potential threat of the species to fruit orchards is discussed.

Understanding the complex interplay between environmental factors and grape quality is crucial for the viticulture industry, as it directly influences wine quality and the distinctiveness of products. This significance underpinned our comprehensive study, which aimed to dissect the relationships between ‘terroir’, including the altitude, regional climate, soil characteristics, vineyard management practice, and the composition of grapes in cv. ‘Kalecik Karası’ (Vitis vinifera L.). Six vineyard sites ranging from 115 to 1180 m altitude were studied. Total soluble solids (TSS, °Brix) titratable acidity, pH and color index of red grapes (CIRG) were evaluated as the main maturity indices and phenolic composition based on anthocyanin and tannin was analyzed. According to the results of the study, we deduced the critical importance of adopting region-specific viticultural practices tailored to the unique environmental conditions of each terroir. This approach not only optimizes grape quality but also accentuates the uniqueness of the wines produced, reflecting the inherent qualities of their origin. The highest altitude Nevşehir (1180 m) showed high levels of total and extractable anthocyanin highlighting the region’s favorable conditions for these compounds (355.26 mg kg⁻¹ and 364.00 mg kg⁻¹), while exhibiting the second lowest skin tannin (1979.40 mg kg⁻¹ and 2180.78 mg kg⁻¹) in both years. Particularly for cultivars like ‘Kalecik Karası’, our study demonstrated how specific terroirs could significantly affect their phenolic composition and, consequently, wine quality. By aligning viticultural practices with the distinct characteristics of each terroir, producers can enhance both the quality and distinctiveness of their wines. This emphasizes the necessity of ongoing research and adaptation in viticultural strategies to fully harness the potential of diverse grape varieties and terroirs, ensuring the production of high-quality wines that truly reflect their origin.

Cornelian cherry is an important plant called ‘Super plant’, which is consumed using different parts around the world. Especially the fruit parts of the plant are consumed as food. In addition, parts such as flowers, seeds and fruits are rich in essential oils. It is used in traditional medicine to treat diseases such as respiratory infections and digestive disorders. It can be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food preservation. It may be a natural antimicrobial agent due to its potent effects against human pathogens. In this review, the existing literature on the areas of usage, growing environments, general characteristics, biological activities, mineral, phenolic and essential oil contents as well as other properties of the cornelian cherry was reviewed. According to the findings, it has been seen that the cornelian cherry plant is an important natural product that can be used in both food and pharmacology fields.

The current trend of expanding blueberry plantations requires studies on the production capacity of blueberry cultivars in different cultivation areas. The paper’s aim was to follow the effect of genotype and environment on some production characteristics of three blueberry cultivars (‘Duke’, ‘Hannah’s Choice’ and ‘Elliott’) grown in the Banat region of Romania. The average fruit weight, production per bush and production per hectare were calculated. The analysis of obtained data highlighted a variability from one cultivar to another, and within the cultivar from one year to another. The simulated models have highlighted the highly significant influence of considered factors combined (cultivar*year) on production features. ‘Duke’ and ‘Elliott’ cultivars have the best results in the study area, that is, ‘Duke’ cultivar can provide blueberries for market early (from June) and ‘Elliott’ cultivar provides blueberries during the summer–autumn time interval. The outputs are very useful, bearing in mind the low amount of available information from the literature.

Alternative weed management strategies are needed to reconcile the production, health, and environmental goals in agriculture. In this study, a recently developed sprayable self-hardening mulch material based on renewable raw materials (mainly rapeseed oil, starch and sodium alginate) was tested for its potential for weed control in vineyards and orchards. Field trials were conducted in Austria, Germany, and Italy. Weed coverage and biomass were assessed after the application of the mulch material and common in-row weed management practices, namely, herbicide use and mechanical weeding. The present trials showed that the mulch material is largely able to reduce weed growth at a rate comparable to herbicide use and mechanical weeding. The strongest effect on weed coverage was observed shortly after its application (three to four weeks) with a reduction of 83–97% compared with the untreated control. The greatest reduction in biomass was observed in May and June (83–99%). Weed growth then increased to varying degrees depending on the site. The mulch material reached its limits when persistent weeds with extensive root systems (e.g. Cirsium arvense) were prevalent or when high weed pressure was present before the application. For a broader application, optimizations in the use of the mulch material are needed, for example, regarding the application timing and optimal layer thickness. Above all, further development of the application technology and an improvement in cost efficiency are required.

Grapes, recognized for their diverse phytochemical compounds, were investigated across 9 local varieties in the Lake Van Basin at an altitude of 1700 m. Utilizing HPLC and FRAP methods, we assessed the phytochemical traits, focusing on phenolic substances and organic acids. Notable findings include the highest concentrations of protocatechuic, syringic, and ferulic acid in the cv. Beyaz Kismis; rutin and p‑qumaric acid in cv. Beyaz Kecimemesi; Gallic acid in cv. Siyah Kecimemesi; o‑qumaric acid in cv. Kizil Uzum; and Phloridzin in cv. Telli Baba. For organic acids, tartaric acid prevailed in cv. Siyah Kismis; malic acid in cv. Siyah Kecimemesi; citric acid in cv. Siyah Kismis; and fumaric acid in cv. Siyah Kecimemesi. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in cv. Siyah Kismis. Significant variations in phenolic substances, organic acids (excluding citric acid), and total antioxidant capacity were identified among varieties. The elevated bioactive content in grapes cultivated under high-altitude and cool climate conditions positions the region favorably for grape-related products (e.g., juice, wine, vinegar).

Use of dwarf rootstocks in apples like M9 and MM111 can help to achieve higher yield and early fruit bearing, and MM11 is also resistant to aphid apple. The effect of rootstock and harvest date on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit was studied during the harvest period and storage time. To compare between two apple rootstocks M9 and MM111 and three different harvest dates, including 150 days (first harvest), 165 days (second harvest) and 180 days (third harvest) after flowering to determine optimal fruit quality at the time of harvest and after storage, physical and chemical characteristics were measured on each harvest date and after 35-day periods until the end of the storage time. The results showed that the quality parameters of the fruit at the time of harvest and after storage depend on the type of rootstock and the degree of ripening of the apples. So that the fruits of the first harvest date after the end of storage and MM111 rootstock had the highest amount of fruit firmness, density, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (TA), total sugar, content of starch, dry matter, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity and the lowest percentage of weight loss, decay and physiological disorders, followed by fruits of the second and third harvest dates.