Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671735
Laisheng Tong, H. Zou, M. Sun, J. Bocker
In this paper, an extreme low latency and flexible real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulator based on FPGA and digital processor is introduced and its application on an AC railway vehicle traction system composed of power electronic converter and asynchronous motor is reported. By a novel computation load balancing, a reduced FPGA resource consumption and reduced delay introduced by HiL can be achieved. The power bench validation with a real 230 kW induction motor controller shows that the proposed solution can precisely reconstruct the frequency response of the real motor in a large spectrum.
{"title":"Low Latency Hybrid Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulator for Railway Traction System","authors":"Laisheng Tong, H. Zou, M. Sun, J. Bocker","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671735","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an extreme low latency and flexible real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) simulator based on FPGA and digital processor is introduced and its application on an AC railway vehicle traction system composed of power electronic converter and asynchronous motor is reported. By a novel computation load balancing, a reduced FPGA resource consumption and reduced delay introduced by HiL can be achieved. The power bench validation with a real 230 kW induction motor controller shows that the proposed solution can precisely reconstruct the frequency response of the real motor in a large spectrum.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130895840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671701
Zhenshi Wang, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai
Theoretical analysis of wireless power transfer (WPT) via strongly coupled magnetic resonances (SCMR) is given on the coupled-mode theory (CMT) and circuit theory (CT). Furthermore, differences and similarities between these two theories are described. Some kinds of practical system structures are analyzed by CT, and the limitation of SCMR's application is elaborated. Aiming at different practical system structures, the matching methods are explored and the conclusions are validated by simulation.
{"title":"Principle Elaboration and System Structure Validation of Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances","authors":"Zhenshi Wang, Xuezhe Wei, Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671701","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical analysis of wireless power transfer (WPT) via strongly coupled magnetic resonances (SCMR) is given on the coupled-mode theory (CMT) and circuit theory (CT). Furthermore, differences and similarities between these two theories are described. Some kinds of practical system structures are analyzed by CT, and the limitation of SCMR's application is elaborated. Aiming at different practical system structures, the matching methods are explored and the conclusions are validated by simulation.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131863445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671725
Sikai Huang, Lei Wu, D. Infield, Tianshu Zhang
Based on conventional car driving patterns, it has been recognized that typically a car remains stationary for 95% of the time, only being driven on the road for the remaining 5% of that time on average. This gives the system operator opportunities to utilize future EV charging as system reserve demand in order to provide system control, such as frequency response. In this paper, a next generation power system with high penetration of renewables represents the future power grid in Great Britain. Three charging schemes for EVs are presented in order to illustrate their potential as responsive demand for power system control. A case study was undertaken for the year 2020. System frequency stability tests have been performed with shedding EV fleet charging.
{"title":"Using Electric Vehicle Fleet as Responsive Demand for Power System Frequency Support","authors":"Sikai Huang, Lei Wu, D. Infield, Tianshu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671725","url":null,"abstract":"Based on conventional car driving patterns, it has been recognized that typically a car remains stationary for 95% of the time, only being driven on the road for the remaining 5% of that time on average. This gives the system operator opportunities to utilize future EV charging as system reserve demand in order to provide system control, such as frequency response. In this paper, a next generation power system with high penetration of renewables represents the future power grid in Great Britain. Three charging schemes for EVs are presented in order to illustrate their potential as responsive demand for power system control. A case study was undertaken for the year 2020. System frequency stability tests have been performed with shedding EV fleet charging.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134243487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671682
Paulo Kemper, Dongsuk Kum
Single particle models (SPM) are usually limited to low currents, which is a serious constrain for the usage of such models into vehicular battery management systems. The present study develops a physics-based ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, which is called extended single particle model (ESPM). In order to maintain the physical significance of the ODE model, a first-principle electrochemical partial differential equations (PDE) model is directly converted into an ODE model using volume-average method. The simulation results show that the ESPM model achieves an accuracy improvement of at least 14% when compared to the standard SPM for various levels of current inputs with only slight increase in computation time. The developed model paves the way for further improvements towards high-current, electrochemical ODE models with high physical significance and low computation burden.
{"title":"Extended Single Particle Model of Li-Ion Batteries Towards High Current Applications","authors":"Paulo Kemper, Dongsuk Kum","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671682","url":null,"abstract":"Single particle models (SPM) are usually limited to low currents, which is a serious constrain for the usage of such models into vehicular battery management systems. The present study develops a physics-based ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, which is called extended single particle model (ESPM). In order to maintain the physical significance of the ODE model, a first-principle electrochemical partial differential equations (PDE) model is directly converted into an ODE model using volume-average method. The simulation results show that the ESPM model achieves an accuracy improvement of at least 14% when compared to the standard SPM for various levels of current inputs with only slight increase in computation time. The developed model paves the way for further improvements towards high-current, electrochemical ODE models with high physical significance and low computation burden.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133910436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671727
Zhichao He, Geng Yang, H. Geng, Na Shen, Zhanjiang Wang
Modeling the external characteristics of the battery precisely is a basic issue for effective battery management in energy storage systems. It is difficult because many inherent factors influence the external characteristics, but only few information, such as terminal voltage, current and surface temperature, can be obtained for modeling. This paper proposes a simple method for modeling the discharge characteristics of the battery. The basic patterns of discharge curves and their relationship with discharge current are analyzed. A mathematic model is built based on the method .The model is verified with experiments on valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries.
{"title":"A Battery Modeling Method and Its Verification in Discharge Curves of Lead-Acid Batteries","authors":"Zhichao He, Geng Yang, H. Geng, Na Shen, Zhanjiang Wang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671727","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling the external characteristics of the battery precisely is a basic issue for effective battery management in energy storage systems. It is difficult because many inherent factors influence the external characteristics, but only few information, such as terminal voltage, current and surface temperature, can be obtained for modeling. This paper proposes a simple method for modeling the discharge characteristics of the battery. The basic patterns of discharge curves and their relationship with discharge current are analyzed. A mathematic model is built based on the method .The model is verified with experiments on valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132317038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671685
Dian Liu, D. Hari, C. Vagg, L. Ash, S. Akehurst, C. Brace
One of the most promising methods to reduce vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 emissions is by using an electric motor in the vehicle powertrain system to assist the internal combustion engine, or propel vehicle by itself. This paper discusses a new potential method to improve axial flux motor performance and efficiency, by dynamically changing the air gap between the rotor and the stator. A series of experiments have provided insight into how certain key characteristics of the variable air gap (VAG) across a wide range of air gap settings. The results show that, on increasing the air gap from the normal 1.2mm to as much as 18mm, the peak torque reduces from 72Nm to 16Nm while the maximum speed of the motor increases from 5500rev/min to over 7000rev/min. It was seen that the high efficiency region moves towards the higher speed region as the air gap increases. Also, on increasing the air gap, the motor had a higher torque output at high speed. This behaviour is of limited benefit in a fixed geometry design, but the implementation of a software controlled air gap design allows the motor characteristics to be varied to suit the prevailing operating conditions. To demonstrate this benefit, the experimental data were used to build a model of the motor with a dynamically variable air gap concept incorporated into it. This model was then used with a fixed ratio powertrain, combined with a simple vehicle model and exercised over the NEDC drive cycle to predict the savings it would achieve when compared to a standard electric motor of similar technical specifications. The model predicts the overall battery energy usage reduced by 0.72% when using a VAG design. In addition, the VAG concept has the potential to reduce gearbox complexity and provide better drivability at higher speeds over the standard motor.
{"title":"Test and Simulation of Variable Air Gap Concept on Axial Flux Electric Motor","authors":"Dian Liu, D. Hari, C. Vagg, L. Ash, S. Akehurst, C. Brace","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671685","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most promising methods to reduce vehicle fuel consumption and CO2 emissions is by using an electric motor in the vehicle powertrain system to assist the internal combustion engine, or propel vehicle by itself. This paper discusses a new potential method to improve axial flux motor performance and efficiency, by dynamically changing the air gap between the rotor and the stator. A series of experiments have provided insight into how certain key characteristics of the variable air gap (VAG) across a wide range of air gap settings. The results show that, on increasing the air gap from the normal 1.2mm to as much as 18mm, the peak torque reduces from 72Nm to 16Nm while the maximum speed of the motor increases from 5500rev/min to over 7000rev/min. It was seen that the high efficiency region moves towards the higher speed region as the air gap increases. Also, on increasing the air gap, the motor had a higher torque output at high speed. This behaviour is of limited benefit in a fixed geometry design, but the implementation of a software controlled air gap design allows the motor characteristics to be varied to suit the prevailing operating conditions. To demonstrate this benefit, the experimental data were used to build a model of the motor with a dynamically variable air gap concept incorporated into it. This model was then used with a fixed ratio powertrain, combined with a simple vehicle model and exercised over the NEDC drive cycle to predict the savings it would achieve when compared to a standard electric motor of similar technical specifications. The model predicts the overall battery energy usage reduced by 0.72% when using a VAG design. In addition, the VAG concept has the potential to reduce gearbox complexity and provide better drivability at higher speeds over the standard motor.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132802377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671666
Venkata Pathuri Bhuvana, C. Unterrieder, M. Huemer
The tracking of the internal states of a battery such as the state-of-charge (SoC) is a substantive task in battery management systems. In general, batteries are represented as linear or non-linear mathematical models. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are widely used for the non-linear battery state estimation but their efficiency is limited. Recently, more efficient non-linear state estimation methods such as the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and the particle filters (PF) have been developed. In this paper, we compare the efficiency and the complexity of different non-linear battery internal state estimation methods based on the EKF, the UKF, the CKF, and the PF. In addition to the SoC, the transient response of the battery is also estimated. The experimental results show that the PF- and the CKF-based methods perform best. Under the chosen conditions, the PF-based method achieves the root mean square error of approximately 3% of the SoC. Although, the efficiency of the PF is slightly better than the CKF, it is computationally more complex.
{"title":"Battery Internal State Estimation: A Comparative Study of Non-Linear State Estimation Algorithms","authors":"Venkata Pathuri Bhuvana, C. Unterrieder, M. Huemer","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671666","url":null,"abstract":"The tracking of the internal states of a battery such as the state-of-charge (SoC) is a substantive task in battery management systems. In general, batteries are represented as linear or non-linear mathematical models. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) are widely used for the non-linear battery state estimation but their efficiency is limited. Recently, more efficient non-linear state estimation methods such as the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and the particle filters (PF) have been developed. In this paper, we compare the efficiency and the complexity of different non-linear battery internal state estimation methods based on the EKF, the UKF, the CKF, and the PF. In addition to the SoC, the transient response of the battery is also estimated. The experimental results show that the PF- and the CKF-based methods perform best. Under the chosen conditions, the PF-based method achieves the root mean square error of approximately 3% of the SoC. Although, the efficiency of the PF is slightly better than the CKF, it is computationally more complex.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133491792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671693
Emilia Silvas, O. Turan, T. Hofman, M. Steinbuch
The hybridization and electrification of power-trains has brought increased flexibility and, therefore, new challenges, in the design of the hybrid vehicles. Beside the main components that are used for vehicles propulsion, important energy consumers are the auxiliaries such as the power steering pump or others. The influence of these components on the fuel consumption can be defined in terms of the topology, technology and control algorithm choices. This paper presents the influence on fuel consumption of two auxiliaries for two different topologies. For this purpose models are developed for the power steering pump and for the air conditioning compressor, and validated using experimental data from components used in long-haul heavy duty trucks. A case study on the control for the power steering pump is also presented. The results show a significant fuel reduction for each component (for the power steering pump approximately 50% fuel reduction and for the ACC approximately 40% fuel reduction).
{"title":"Modeling for Control and Optimal Design of a Power Steering Pump and an Air Conditioning Compressor Used in Heavy Duty Trucks","authors":"Emilia Silvas, O. Turan, T. Hofman, M. Steinbuch","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671693","url":null,"abstract":"The hybridization and electrification of power-trains has brought increased flexibility and, therefore, new challenges, in the design of the hybrid vehicles. Beside the main components that are used for vehicles propulsion, important energy consumers are the auxiliaries such as the power steering pump or others. The influence of these components on the fuel consumption can be defined in terms of the topology, technology and control algorithm choices. This paper presents the influence on fuel consumption of two auxiliaries for two different topologies. For this purpose models are developed for the power steering pump and for the air conditioning compressor, and validated using experimental data from components used in long-haul heavy duty trucks. A case study on the control for the power steering pump is also presented. The results show a significant fuel reduction for each component (for the power steering pump approximately 50% fuel reduction and for the ACC approximately 40% fuel reduction).","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115350001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671704
L. Yutong, Zhang Junzhi, Lv Chen, Kong Decong, He Chengkun
The brake resistors are widely used in locomotives, heavy machines, elevators and other devices. To further exploit the potential of brake energy regeneration, brake resistors can be introduced into regenerative braking system of electrified vehicles. A new type of regenerative braking system with a brake resistor applied is proposed and researched in this paper. Based on typical downhill condition and Chinese typical urban bus driving cycle, the regenerative braking performances of series and parallel types of hybrid electric buses with a brake resistor equipped are simulated and analyzed respectively. The analysis results show that the system proposed is advantageous with respect to brake safety, regenerative capacity and system lifetime. And selecting references of brake resistors for regenerative braking system of hybrid electric buses are also provided.
{"title":"Research of Regenerative Braking System for Electrified Buses Equipped with a Brake Resistor","authors":"L. Yutong, Zhang Junzhi, Lv Chen, Kong Decong, He Chengkun","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671704","url":null,"abstract":"The brake resistors are widely used in locomotives, heavy machines, elevators and other devices. To further exploit the potential of brake energy regeneration, brake resistors can be introduced into regenerative braking system of electrified vehicles. A new type of regenerative braking system with a brake resistor applied is proposed and researched in this paper. Based on typical downhill condition and Chinese typical urban bus driving cycle, the regenerative braking performances of series and parallel types of hybrid electric buses with a brake resistor equipped are simulated and analyzed respectively. The analysis results show that the system proposed is advantageous with respect to brake safety, regenerative capacity and system lifetime. And selecting references of brake resistors for regenerative braking system of hybrid electric buses are also provided.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123032585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671673
Ping Chen, Zhongkui Lu, Liming Ji, Yuanfang Li
The lithium-ion battery used in the pure electric vehicle has poor charging ability at low temperature, it can renew only after being heated. In general, the lithium-ion battery discharges to self-heat to a certain value in the low temperature environment, then the normal charging mode can be started. However, it will result in that the charging time is too long, or the battery cannot be fully charged during the default time. Moreover, it wouldn't be charged since insufficiency of the reserve battery power. In this paper, a detailed design about the power battery charging heating of pure electric vehicle by using the external power in low temperature is proposed, and finally the scheme is validated through the environment chamber and real vehicle test. The results show that this scheme can satisfy the demand of the real vehicle application and is with practical use value.
{"title":"Design of the Control Scheme of Power Battery Low Temperature Charging Heating Based on the Real Vehicle Applications","authors":"Ping Chen, Zhongkui Lu, Liming Ji, Yuanfang Li","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671673","url":null,"abstract":"The lithium-ion battery used in the pure electric vehicle has poor charging ability at low temperature, it can renew only after being heated. In general, the lithium-ion battery discharges to self-heat to a certain value in the low temperature environment, then the normal charging mode can be started. However, it will result in that the charging time is too long, or the battery cannot be fully charged during the default time. Moreover, it wouldn't be charged since insufficiency of the reserve battery power. In this paper, a detailed design about the power battery charging heating of pure electric vehicle by using the external power in low temperature is proposed, and finally the scheme is validated through the environment chamber and real vehicle test. The results show that this scheme can satisfy the demand of the real vehicle application and is with practical use value.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131769742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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