Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671702
C. Depature, A. Bouscayrol, L. Boulon
In this paper the driving range of a commercial Electric Vehicle is extended using a low power fuel cell system. By using two driving cycles (Urban Driving Cycle (UDC) and a real cycle), both vehicles are compared in simulation using Energetic Macroscopic Representation. By adding a 1.2 kW fuel cell system and 2700 sl, 19.5 kg hydrogen tanks, the driving range is extended from 105.6 km to 128.2 km for an UDC, and from 68.3 km to 73.2 km for a real cycle.
{"title":"Range-Extender Electric Vehicle Using a Fuel Cell","authors":"C. Depature, A. Bouscayrol, L. Boulon","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671702","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the driving range of a commercial Electric Vehicle is extended using a low power fuel cell system. By using two driving cycles (Urban Driving Cycle (UDC) and a real cycle), both vehicles are compared in simulation using Energetic Macroscopic Representation. By adding a 1.2 kW fuel cell system and 2700 sl, 19.5 kg hydrogen tanks, the driving range is extended from 105.6 km to 128.2 km for an UDC, and from 68.3 km to 73.2 km for a real cycle.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127930386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671694
Shi-fei Yuan, Hongjie Wu, Xi Zhang, Chengliang Yin
An electrochemical impedance spectrum is one critical non-destructive approach to indicate the health status of lithium-ion batteries. This paper presents an online model-based method of estimating the electrochemical impedance spectra based on discrete fractional order model. Firstly, a discrete fractional order model (FOM) is employed to model the dynamic behavior of the lithium-ion battery, especially the diffusion kinetics. In addition, another highlight of FOM lay on its significant performance in the impedance modeling for Li-ion battery over a wide range of frequency domain. Secondly, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is adopted to identify parameters of FOM recursively. Based on identification results, the electrochemical impedance spectra can be obtained by simulation. Finally, a verifying experiment is carried out based on hybrid pulse power characterization test (HPPC) mixed by EIS test. The first order and second order equivalent circuits (short as, EC1 & EC2) have been imported here as the comparison with the fractional order model. The simulation results reveal that the fractional order model can ensure an acceptable accuracy of the RMS of impedance spectra, with a maximum error being less than 0.1mohm.
{"title":"Online Estimation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Discrete Fractional Order Model","authors":"Shi-fei Yuan, Hongjie Wu, Xi Zhang, Chengliang Yin","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671694","url":null,"abstract":"An electrochemical impedance spectrum is one critical non-destructive approach to indicate the health status of lithium-ion batteries. This paper presents an online model-based method of estimating the electrochemical impedance spectra based on discrete fractional order model. Firstly, a discrete fractional order model (FOM) is employed to model the dynamic behavior of the lithium-ion battery, especially the diffusion kinetics. In addition, another highlight of FOM lay on its significant performance in the impedance modeling for Li-ion battery over a wide range of frequency domain. Secondly, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is adopted to identify parameters of FOM recursively. Based on identification results, the electrochemical impedance spectra can be obtained by simulation. Finally, a verifying experiment is carried out based on hybrid pulse power characterization test (HPPC) mixed by EIS test. The first order and second order equivalent circuits (short as, EC1 & EC2) have been imported here as the comparison with the fractional order model. The simulation results reveal that the fractional order model can ensure an acceptable accuracy of the RMS of impedance spectra, with a maximum error being less than 0.1mohm.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132419591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671688
T. Mesbahi, N. Rizoug, P. Bartholomeus, P. L. Moigne
The Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly used like an energy storage system for electric vehicles. This kind of batteries exhibits many advantages such as high energy density, no memory effect, high operation voltage, etc. . . On the other hand, the cost of this battery is higher compared to the other technologies and needs a good management using a battery management system (BMS). For that, the emulation of this component can decrease the development cost. In this paper a particular battery emulator based on power electronics device with an improved battery model will be presented. The developed system allows user to test the electrical vehicle at various battery behavior or ambient conditions. The advantage of this system is their ability to vary the internal parameters of the battery and also the creation of a default safely. The experimental results obtained with a dSPACE 1104 controller board show a well performance of the battery emulator and confirm the feasibility of our system.
{"title":"Li-Ion Battery Emulator for Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"T. Mesbahi, N. Rizoug, P. Bartholomeus, P. L. Moigne","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671688","url":null,"abstract":"The Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly used like an energy storage system for electric vehicles. This kind of batteries exhibits many advantages such as high energy density, no memory effect, high operation voltage, etc. . . On the other hand, the cost of this battery is higher compared to the other technologies and needs a good management using a battery management system (BMS). For that, the emulation of this component can decrease the development cost. In this paper a particular battery emulator based on power electronics device with an improved battery model will be presented. The developed system allows user to test the electrical vehicle at various battery behavior or ambient conditions. The advantage of this system is their ability to vary the internal parameters of the battery and also the creation of a default safely. The experimental results obtained with a dSPACE 1104 controller board show a well performance of the battery emulator and confirm the feasibility of our system.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127373488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671678
T. Gerrits, C. Wijnands, J. Paulides, J. Duarte
Wide angular velocity operation of an electrical machine is demonstrated by partitioning each of the stator coils of a three-phase configuration. An open-winding machine drive circuit is proposed with which dynamic transitions between machine operating modes can be executed. The principle of operation and the design choices of the required bidirectional series switch are explained and motivated. The behavior of the proposed system is analysed, and verified by simulations. Finally, the results of a configuration (gear) transition are compared to a state-of-the-art mechanical twin-clutch transmission, showing that both the angular jerk and transition time are much smaller with the proposed system.
{"title":"Dynamic Machine Operation Transitions","authors":"T. Gerrits, C. Wijnands, J. Paulides, J. Duarte","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671678","url":null,"abstract":"Wide angular velocity operation of an electrical machine is demonstrated by partitioning each of the stator coils of a three-phase configuration. An open-winding machine drive circuit is proposed with which dynamic transitions between machine operating modes can be executed. The principle of operation and the design choices of the required bidirectional series switch are explained and motivated. The behavior of the proposed system is analysed, and verified by simulations. Finally, the results of a configuration (gear) transition are compared to a state-of-the-art mechanical twin-clutch transmission, showing that both the angular jerk and transition time are much smaller with the proposed system.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130610406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-21DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671676
Houyu Yu, Miaohua Huang, Zhenliang Zhang
The motor-wheel driving electric vehicle can realize the direct yaw-moment control by means of the longitudinal force difference between left and right wheels in order to improve its yaw rate response. Furthermore, the H∞ control is used to determine the longitudinal force difference between left and right wheels in order to restrain the effect of uncertainties such as the parameter perturbation and the model perturbation in order to improve the robustness of the direct yaw-moment control. The simulations of the parameter perturbation and the model perturbation with the step steering angle input show that the proposed control improves the vehicle handling stability under the effect of uncertainties.
{"title":"Direct Yaw-Moment Hinfinity Control of Motor-Wheel Driving Electric Vehicle","authors":"Houyu Yu, Miaohua Huang, Zhenliang Zhang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671676","url":null,"abstract":"The motor-wheel driving electric vehicle can realize the direct yaw-moment control by means of the longitudinal force difference between left and right wheels in order to improve its yaw rate response. Furthermore, the H∞ control is used to determine the longitudinal force difference between left and right wheels in order to restrain the effect of uncertainties such as the parameter perturbation and the model perturbation in order to improve the robustness of the direct yaw-moment control. The simulations of the parameter perturbation and the model perturbation with the step steering angle input show that the proposed control improves the vehicle handling stability under the effect of uncertainties.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130826220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671733
F. Ruf, M. Winter, H. Michel, J. Froeschl, H. Herzog
The power demand in 14V automotive power nets has steadily increased in recent years. On the one hand, more and more comfort electronics have been integrated. On the other hand, previously hydraulically driven chassis control systems have been replaced by electrically powered systems in order to increase efficiency. This trend has led to a drastic increase of the load's combined peak power. For this reason, voltage stability has become an important design criterion of automotive power nets. This paper experimentally investigates the influence of an autonomous load shutdown mechanism on voltage stability. The mechanism temporarily shuts down non-safety-critical heating systems with high continuous power consumption, e.g. seat heaters. This mechanism is implemented on a generic ECU hardware. In order to achieve the most realistic behavior of the system, the hardware is integrated into a 14V power net test bench, consisting of a car chassis and the wiring harness. Concluding measurements reveal that this mechanism is able to increase the terminal voltage at the most critical positions of the power net by about 1V.
{"title":"Experimental Investigations on an Autonomous Load Shutdown Mechanism in Respect to Voltage Stability in Automotive Power Nets","authors":"F. Ruf, M. Winter, H. Michel, J. Froeschl, H. Herzog","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671733","url":null,"abstract":"The power demand in 14V automotive power nets has steadily increased in recent years. On the one hand, more and more comfort electronics have been integrated. On the other hand, previously hydraulically driven chassis control systems have been replaced by electrically powered systems in order to increase efficiency. This trend has led to a drastic increase of the load's combined peak power. For this reason, voltage stability has become an important design criterion of automotive power nets. This paper experimentally investigates the influence of an autonomous load shutdown mechanism on voltage stability. The mechanism temporarily shuts down non-safety-critical heating systems with high continuous power consumption, e.g. seat heaters. This mechanism is implemented on a generic ECU hardware. In order to achieve the most realistic behavior of the system, the hardware is integrated into a 14V power net test bench, consisting of a car chassis and the wiring harness. Concluding measurements reveal that this mechanism is able to increase the terminal voltage at the most critical positions of the power net by about 1V.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126997162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671707
M. Purschel, A. Kiep
This publication will give an overview of different voltage classes available in all kind of xEV (hybrid-, plug in hybrid-, and battery electric vehicle). What kind of power semiconductors should be used for what voltage class will be answered. The influence of different topologies at dedicated board net voltages on the selection for the power semiconductor will be explained.
{"title":"Semiconductor for xEV: Different Voltage Classes for Optimized Fuel Saving to Cost Ratio to Market","authors":"M. Purschel, A. Kiep","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671707","url":null,"abstract":"This publication will give an overview of different voltage classes available in all kind of xEV (hybrid-, plug in hybrid-, and battery electric vehicle). What kind of power semiconductors should be used for what voltage class will be answered. The influence of different topologies at dedicated board net voltages on the selection for the power semiconductor will be explained.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"483 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116280498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671739
Maja Diebig, S. Frei
Complex multi-voltage automotive power supply systems are difficult to optimize. In this paper a simulation-based method to optimize multi voltage power supply systems is presented. With an electrical-thermal wire model the ampacity and the voltage drop of a cable can be determined. With these criteria cables of the power supply system can be dimensioned. By extending the electric-thermal models with functions defining costs, weight and space of the wires and DC/DC-converter models evaluation and optimization of multi-voltage vehicle systems is possible.
{"title":"Simulation-Based Optimization of Multi Voltage Automotive Power Supply Systems","authors":"Maja Diebig, S. Frei","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671739","url":null,"abstract":"Complex multi-voltage automotive power supply systems are difficult to optimize. In this paper a simulation-based method to optimize multi voltage power supply systems is presented. With an electrical-thermal wire model the ampacity and the voltage drop of a cable can be determined. With these criteria cables of the power supply system can be dimensioned. By extending the electric-thermal models with functions defining costs, weight and space of the wires and DC/DC-converter models evaluation and optimization of multi-voltage vehicle systems is possible.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126011322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671680
Bumin Meng, Yaonan Wang, Yimin Yang
This paper describes the application of an Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine(OS_ELM) for online efficiency-optimization control of Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV also called REEV). Efficiency-optimization control of EREV is formulated as a nonlinear constrained multi-objective problem with competing and non-commensurable objectives of fuel consumption, emissions, driving performance, battery life and driving range. To get real-time Pareto optimal solutions, an Offline Extreme Learning Machine and OS_ELM are hanged together. ELM is used to describe nonlinear system of EREV. When work status of gasoline engine or load change, optimum work status can be sought out by OS_ELM. Finally, the optimization is performed over the following three typical driving cycles that are currently used in the U.S. and European communities: 1) the Federal Test Procedure (FTP); 2) Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC); and 3) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). The results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach to generate well optimal solutions of the on-board charger optimization of EREV.
{"title":"Efficiency-Optimization Control of Extended Range Electric Vehicle Using Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine","authors":"Bumin Meng, Yaonan Wang, Yimin Yang","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the application of an Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine(OS_ELM) for online efficiency-optimization control of Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV also called REEV). Efficiency-optimization control of EREV is formulated as a nonlinear constrained multi-objective problem with competing and non-commensurable objectives of fuel consumption, emissions, driving performance, battery life and driving range. To get real-time Pareto optimal solutions, an Offline Extreme Learning Machine and OS_ELM are hanged together. ELM is used to describe nonlinear system of EREV. When work status of gasoline engine or load change, optimum work status can be sought out by OS_ELM. Finally, the optimization is performed over the following three typical driving cycles that are currently used in the U.S. and European communities: 1) the Federal Test Procedure (FTP); 2) Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC); and 3) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). The results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach to generate well optimal solutions of the on-board charger optimization of EREV.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133276090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671669
N. Bhiwapurkar, V. Ganti
Hybrid Electric vehicles are becoming popular because of the improvement in fuel economy and strict emission norms. Range-extender hybrid vehicles are interesting as they provide best fuel economy in city drive cycle. The fuel economy of hybrid vehicle is depended on electric range, control strategy, electric-recharge and drive cycle. In this paper two control strategies for battery state of charge (SOC) control are evaluated for optimizing fuel economy and depth of discharge (DOD) of battery for range-extender vehicle. Advisor model with lead-acid battery is used to evaluate and compare fuel economy and DOD of battery in city drive cycle. The results are presented and it can be seen that PI controller method gives a better control over battery SOC and reduces transient in engine power as compared to the Additional power method.
{"title":"Comparison of On-Board Charging Strategies for Range-Extender Hybrid Vehicles with Lead-Acid Batteries","authors":"N. Bhiwapurkar, V. Ganti","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2013.6671669","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid Electric vehicles are becoming popular because of the improvement in fuel economy and strict emission norms. Range-extender hybrid vehicles are interesting as they provide best fuel economy in city drive cycle. The fuel economy of hybrid vehicle is depended on electric range, control strategy, electric-recharge and drive cycle. In this paper two control strategies for battery state of charge (SOC) control are evaluated for optimizing fuel economy and depth of discharge (DOD) of battery for range-extender vehicle. Advisor model with lead-acid battery is used to evaluate and compare fuel economy and DOD of battery in city drive cycle. The results are presented and it can be seen that PI controller method gives a better control over battery SOC and reduces transient in engine power as compared to the Additional power method.","PeriodicalId":119598,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114818721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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