M. Verhelst, W. Vereecken, M. Steyaert, W. Dehaene
This paper compares different receiver architectures for UWB radio communication in the 3.1-5GHz band, targeting data rates up to 10Mbps, in terms of their BER performance and power consumption. A receiver, in which some correlations are carried out in the analog domain seems to outperform a fully digital receiver, commonly suggested for baseband UWB. This paper proves that for equal processing gain requirements the partially analog receiver consumes 7 times less power per received bit than the fully digital one.
{"title":"Architectures for low power ultra-wideband radio receivers in the 3.1-5GHz band for data rates < 10Mbps","authors":"M. Verhelst, W. Vereecken, M. Steyaert, W. Dehaene","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares different receiver architectures for UWB radio communication in the 3.1-5GHz band, targeting data rates up to 10Mbps, in terms of their BER performance and power consumption. A receiver, in which some correlations are carried out in the analog domain seems to outperform a fully digital receiver, commonly suggested for baseband UWB. This paper proves that for equal processing gain requirements the partially analog receiver consumes 7 times less power per received bit than the fully digital one.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The security of sensor networks is a challenging area. Key management is one of the crucial parts in constructing the security among sensor nodes. However, key management protocols require a great deal of energy consumption, particularly in the transmission of initial key negotiation messages. In this paper, we examine three previously published sensor network security schemes: SPINS and C&R for master-key-based schemes, and Eschenhaur-Gligor (EG) for distributed-key-based schemes. We then present two new low-power schemes, which we call BROSK and OKS as alternatives to master-key-based schemes and distributed-key-based schemes, respectively. Compared to SPINS and C&R protocols, BROSK can reduce energy consumption by up to 12/spl times/ by reducing the number of data transmissions in the key negotiation process. Compared with EG, OKS reduces energy by up to 96% and reduces memory requirements by up to 78%.
{"title":"Reducing radio energy consumption of key management protocols for wireless sensor networks","authors":"B. Lai, D. Hwang, Sunghae Kim, I. Verbauwhede","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013320","url":null,"abstract":"The security of sensor networks is a challenging area. Key management is one of the crucial parts in constructing the security among sensor nodes. However, key management protocols require a great deal of energy consumption, particularly in the transmission of initial key negotiation messages. In this paper, we examine three previously published sensor network security schemes: SPINS and C&R for master-key-based schemes, and Eschenhaur-Gligor (EG) for distributed-key-based schemes. We then present two new low-power schemes, which we call BROSK and OKS as alternatives to master-key-based schemes and distributed-key-based schemes, respectively. Compared to SPINS and C&R protocols, BROSK can reduce energy consumption by up to 12/spl times/ by reducing the number of data transmissions in the key negotiation process. Compared with EG, OKS reduces energy by up to 96% and reduces memory requirements by up to 78%.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132543186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low-power circuits are especially sensitive to the increasing levels of process variability and uncertainty. In this paper we study the problem of leakage power minimization through dual Vth design techniques in the presence of significant Vth variation. For the first time we consider the optimal selection of Vth under a statistical model of threshold variation. Probabilistic analytical models are introduced to account for the impact of Vth uncertainty on leakage power and timing slack. Using this model, we show that the non-probabilistic analysis significantly (by 3/spl times/) underestimates the leakage power. We also show that in the presence of variability the optimal value of the second Vth must be about 30mV higher compared to the variation-free scenario. In addition, this model provides a way to compute the optimal value of the second Vth for a variety of process conditions.
{"title":"Leakage power reduction by dual-Vth designs under probabilistic analysis of Vth variation","authors":"Michael Liu, Wei-Shen Wang, M. Orshansky","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013243","url":null,"abstract":"Low-power circuits are especially sensitive to the increasing levels of process variability and uncertainty. In this paper we study the problem of leakage power minimization through dual Vth design techniques in the presence of significant Vth variation. For the first time we consider the optimal selection of Vth under a statistical model of threshold variation. Probabilistic analytical models are introduced to account for the impact of Vth uncertainty on leakage power and timing slack. Using this model, we show that the non-probabilistic analysis significantly (by 3/spl times/) underestimates the leakage power. We also show that in the presence of variability the optimal value of the second Vth must be about 30mV higher compared to the variation-free scenario. In addition, this model provides a way to compute the optimal value of the second Vth for a variety of process conditions.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124901697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we investigate the statistics of multiplier operands and identify two characteristics of their distribution that have important consequences for the design of low power multipliers: most inputs are positive, and most inputs have a small number of significant bits. These characteristics are exploited in the design of a multiplier that employs three techniques to minimize power consumption: asynchronous control, a radix-2 algorithm, and split registers. The power savings resulting from the use of these techniques are 55%, 23% and 12% respectively when compared to a synchronous multiplier using a radix-4 modified Booth's algorithm with unified registers. The results are derived from HSPICE simulations using input vectors from benchmark programs. A high-level software model is also used to compare the numbers of transitions in the various models.
{"title":"The design of a low power asynchronous multiplier","authors":"Yijun Liu, S. Furber","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013310","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the statistics of multiplier operands and identify two characteristics of their distribution that have important consequences for the design of low power multipliers: most inputs are positive, and most inputs have a small number of significant bits. These characteristics are exploited in the design of a multiplier that employs three techniques to minimize power consumption: asynchronous control, a radix-2 algorithm, and split registers. The power savings resulting from the use of these techniques are 55%, 23% and 12% respectively when compared to a synchronous multiplier using a radix-4 modified Booth's algorithm with unified registers. The results are derived from HSPICE simulations using input vectors from benchmark programs. A high-level software model is also used to compare the numbers of transitions in the various models.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127707242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Schrom, P. Hazucha, J. Hahn, V. Kursun, D. Gardner, S. Narendra, T. Karnik, V. De
Rapidly increasing input current of microprocessors resulted in rising cost and motherboard real estate occupied by decoupling capacitors and power routing. We show by analysis that an on-die switching DC-DC converter is feasible for future microprocessor power delivery. The DC-DC converter can be fabricated in an existing CMOS process (90nm-180nm) with a back-end thin-film inductor module. We show that 85% efficiency and 10% output voltage droop can be achieved for 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 conversion ratios, area overhead of 5% and no additional on-die decoupling capacitance. A 4:1 conversion results in 3.4/spl times/ smaller input current and 6.8/spl times/ smaller external decoupling.
{"title":"Feasibility of monolithic and 3D-stacked DC-DC converters for microprocessors in 90nm technology generation","authors":"G. Schrom, P. Hazucha, J. Hahn, V. Kursun, D. Gardner, S. Narendra, T. Karnik, V. De","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013302","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly increasing input current of microprocessors resulted in rising cost and motherboard real estate occupied by decoupling capacitors and power routing. We show by analysis that an on-die switching DC-DC converter is feasible for future microprocessor power delivery. The DC-DC converter can be fabricated in an existing CMOS process (90nm-180nm) with a back-end thin-film inductor module. We show that 85% efficiency and 10% output voltage droop can be achieved for 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1 conversion ratios, area overhead of 5% and no additional on-die decoupling capacitance. A 4:1 conversion results in 3.4/spl times/ smaller input current and 6.8/spl times/ smaller external decoupling.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121122459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar power is an important source of renewable energy for many low-power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. This paper proposes a source-tracking power management strategy that maximizes the panel's total energy output under a given solar profile by load matching. The power efficiency was validated by extensive measurement. Compared to a conventional solar powered system, our load matching strategy improves the power utilization by 132% for a portable system performing image processing and wireless communication tasks.
{"title":"Maximizing efficiency of solar-powered systems by load matching","authors":"Dexin Li, P. Chou","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013280","url":null,"abstract":"Solar power is an important source of renewable energy for many low-power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. This paper proposes a source-tracking power management strategy that maximizes the panel's total energy output under a given solar profile by load matching. The power efficiency was validated by extensive measurement. Compared to a conventional solar powered system, our load matching strategy improves the power utilization by 132% for a portable system performing image processing and wireless communication tasks.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121140480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Negri, M. Sami, D. Macii, Alessandra Terranegra
The proliferation of pervasive computing applications relying on battery-powered devices and wireless connectivity is posing great emphasis on the issue of power optimization. While node-level models and approaches have been widely discussed, a problem requiring even greater attention is that of power associated with the communication protocols. We propose a high-level modeling methodology based on finite state machines useful to predict the energy consumption of given communication tasks with very low computational cost, which can be applied to any protocol. We use this methodology to create a power model of Bluetooth that we characterize and validate experimentally on a real implementation.
{"title":"FSM-based power modeling of wireless protocols: the case of Bluetooth","authors":"L. Negri, M. Sami, D. Macii, Alessandra Terranegra","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013323","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of pervasive computing applications relying on battery-powered devices and wireless connectivity is posing great emphasis on the issue of power optimization. While node-level models and approaches have been widely discussed, a problem requiring even greater attention is that of power associated with the communication protocols. We propose a high-level modeling methodology based on finite state machines useful to predict the energy consumption of given communication tasks with very low computational cost, which can be applied to any protocol. We use this methodology to create a power model of Bluetooth that we characterize and validate experimentally on a real implementation.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114997558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subthreshold operation is emerging as an energy-saving approach to many new applications. This paper examines energy minimization for circuits operating in the subthreshold region. We show the dependence of the optimum V/sub DD/ for a given technology on design characteristics and operating conditions. Solving equations for total energy provides an analytical solution for the Optimum VDD and V/sub T/ to minimize energy for a given frequency in subthreshold operation. SPICE simulations of a 200K transistor FIR filter confirm the analytical solution and the dependence of the minimum energy operating point on important parameters.
{"title":"Characterizing and modeling minimum energy operation for subthreshold circuits","authors":"B. Calhoun, A. Chandrakasan","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013265","url":null,"abstract":"Subthreshold operation is emerging as an energy-saving approach to many new applications. This paper examines energy minimization for circuits operating in the subthreshold region. We show the dependence of the optimum V/sub DD/ for a given technology on design characteristics and operating conditions. Solving equations for total energy provides an analytical solution for the Optimum VDD and V/sub T/ to minimize energy for a given frequency in subthreshold operation. SPICE simulations of a 200K transistor FIR filter confirm the analytical solution and the dependence of the minimum energy operating point on important parameters.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129607658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Himanshu Kaul, D. Sylvester, M. Anders, R. Krishnamurthy
We propose various low-latency spatial encoder circuits based on bus-invert coding for reducing peak energy and current in on-chip buses with minimum penalty on total latency. The encoders are implemented in dual-rail domino logic with interfaces for static inputs and static buses. A spatial and temporally encoded dynamic bus technique is also proposed for higher performance targets. Comparisons to standard on-chip buses of various lengths with optimal repeater configurations at the 130nm node show the energy-delay and peak current-delay design space in which the different encoder circuits are beneficial. A 9mm spatially encoded static bus exhibits peak energy gains beyond that achievable through repeater optimization for a single cycle operation at 1 GHz, with delay and energy overhead of the encoding included. For throughput constrained buses, the spatially encoded static bus can provide up to 31% reduction in peak energy, while the spatially and temporally encoded dynamic bus yields peak current reductions of more than 50% for all bus lengths.
{"title":"Spatial encoding circuit techniques for peak power reduction of on-chip high-performance buses","authors":"Himanshu Kaul, D. Sylvester, M. Anders, R. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013286","url":null,"abstract":"We propose various low-latency spatial encoder circuits based on bus-invert coding for reducing peak energy and current in on-chip buses with minimum penalty on total latency. The encoders are implemented in dual-rail domino logic with interfaces for static inputs and static buses. A spatial and temporally encoded dynamic bus technique is also proposed for higher performance targets. Comparisons to standard on-chip buses of various lengths with optimal repeater configurations at the 130nm node show the energy-delay and peak current-delay design space in which the different encoder circuits are beneficial. A 9mm spatially encoded static bus exhibits peak energy gains beyond that achievable through repeater optimization for a single cycle operation at 1 GHz, with delay and energy overhead of the encoding included. For throughput constrained buses, the spatially encoded static bus can provide up to 31% reduction in peak energy, while the spatially and temporally encoded dynamic bus yields peak current reductions of more than 50% for all bus lengths.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124985948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A fixed-width multiplier using the left-to-right algorithm for partial-product reduction is presented. The high-speed feature offered by this design is used to trade for low power. In one design, the proposed multiplier not only owns 8% speed improvement but also gains 14% power and 13% area reduction. When applying the voltage scaling to balance the speed, the power reduction is increased to 29%.
{"title":"Low-power fixed-width array multipliers","authors":"Jinn-Shyan Wang, C. Kuo, Tsung-Han Yang","doi":"10.1145/1013235.1013311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1013235.1013311","url":null,"abstract":"A fixed-width multiplier using the left-to-right algorithm for partial-product reduction is presented. The high-speed feature offered by this design is used to trade for low power. In one design, the proposed multiplier not only owns 8% speed improvement but also gains 14% power and 13% area reduction. When applying the voltage scaling to balance the speed, the power reduction is increased to 29%.","PeriodicalId":120002,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8758)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123109464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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