P. De Michelis, V. Quattrociocchi, T. Alberti, E. Papini, G. Consolini
This study investigates the spectral and dynamic characteristics of turbulent fluctuations in the electric field within equatorial plasma bubbles using data from the Electric Field Detector aboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-01. We applied a novel analysis method, developed within the framework of dynamical systems theory, to high-resolution electric field data, allowing us to resolve spatial scales down to just a few meters. This method evaluates the system's persistence in specific states and the instantaneous dimension of fluctuations. Our findings reveal a significant increase in the instantaneous dimension and a decrease in the extremal index , which measures local persistence, within the plasma bubbles. These results suggest a complex interplay of structures at different scales driven by turbulent dynamics characterizing these ionospheric plasma depletions. This study provides new insights into the turbulent processes within equatorial plasma bubbles, advancing our understanding of their underlying mechanisms.
{"title":"A Dynamical System Analysis of Electric Field Fluctuations Inside Equatorial Plasma Bubbles: A Case Study Using CSES-01 Observations","authors":"P. De Michelis, V. Quattrociocchi, T. Alberti, E. Papini, G. Consolini","doi":"10.1029/2024gl113821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl113821","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the spectral and dynamic characteristics of turbulent fluctuations in the electric field within equatorial plasma bubbles using data from the Electric Field Detector aboard the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite-01. We applied a novel analysis method, developed within the framework of dynamical systems theory, to high-resolution electric field data, allowing us to resolve spatial scales down to just a few meters. This method evaluates the system's persistence in specific states and the instantaneous dimension of fluctuations. Our findings reveal a significant increase in the instantaneous dimension <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/4a889b75-f54b-41f8-8d3a-976a010f5610/grl72076-math-0001.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl72076:grl72076-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl72076-math-0001.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>d</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$d$</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math> and a decrease in the extremal index <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/c25d30ae-1e45-47c9-b18d-ddfc45191eff/grl72076-math-0002.png\"></span><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl72076:grl72076-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl72076-math-0002.png\">\u0000<semantics>\u0000<mrow>\u0000<mi>θ</mi>\u0000</mrow>\u0000$theta $</annotation>\u0000</semantics></math>, which measures local persistence, within the plasma bubbles. These results suggest a complex interplay of structures at different scales driven by turbulent dynamics characterizing these ionospheric plasma depletions. This study provides new insights into the turbulent processes within equatorial plasma bubbles, advancing our understanding of their underlying mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Ventrucci, Federico Fabiano, Oliver Mehling, Katinka Bellomo, Paolo Davini
The ocean absorbs most of the excess heat induced by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Among the different processes, a key role has been attributed to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), both for heat uptake and redistribution among basins, yet a comprehensive view remains elusive. In this study, we investigate how a weakening of the AMOC would influence ocean heat storage in a warming climate by comparing two idealized experiments with two different AMOC evolutions from the global climate model EC-Earth3, after abrupt carbon dioxide quadrupling. We find that AMOC weakening influences both vertical and inter-basin heat redistribution. For a stronger AMOC decline, more heat is stored in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and in the intermediate ocean layers above 700 m, while less heat accumulates in the deeper ocean layers, especially in the Atlantic. Globally, we find a 3% increase in cumulated ocean heat uptake at the end of the simulations.
{"title":"AMOC Weakening Shapes Ocean Heat Storage Patterns Under Strong Idealized Warming","authors":"Chiara Ventrucci, Federico Fabiano, Oliver Mehling, Katinka Bellomo, Paolo Davini","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120405","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean absorbs most of the excess heat induced by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Among the different processes, a key role has been attributed to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), both for heat uptake and redistribution among basins, yet a comprehensive view remains elusive. In this study, we investigate how a weakening of the AMOC would influence ocean heat storage in a warming climate by comparing two idealized experiments with two different AMOC evolutions from the global climate model EC-Earth3, after abrupt carbon dioxide quadrupling. We find that AMOC weakening influences both vertical and inter-basin heat redistribution. For a stronger AMOC decline, more heat is stored in the Indo-Pacific Ocean and in the intermediate ocean layers above 700 m, while less heat accumulates in the deeper ocean layers, especially in the Atlantic. Globally, we find a 3% increase in cumulated ocean heat uptake at the end of the simulations.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"325 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the counter-intuitive observation that a deep earthquake can generate larger co-seismic displacements than a shallow event across a broad region (e.g., >4° from epicenter). This finding is based on a detailed comparative GNSS analysis of the co-seismic displacement observations from two MW 8.3 events—the 2013 598.1 km-deep Okhotsk event and the 2015 22.4 km-deep Illapel event—revealing a maximum observed displacement difference of over 4 mm. Our modeling confirms the observation and demonstrates that this phenomenon primarily arises from the 3D displacement pattern generated by earthquakes, not from the effect of the Earth's curvature. These results are generalizable to other pairs of deep and shallow earthquakes, highlighting intermediate and deep earthquakes as substantial sources of surface deformation that should be systematically incorporated into our current framework of geodesy; moreover, geodetic data may offer new insights into the deep rupture process.
{"title":"Deep Earthquakes Can Generate Larger Co-Seismic Displacements Than Shallow Events","authors":"Sifang Chen, Sunyoung Park","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119813","url":null,"abstract":"We report the counter-intuitive observation that a deep earthquake can generate larger co-seismic displacements than a shallow event across a broad region (e.g., >4° from epicenter). This finding is based on a detailed comparative GNSS analysis of the co-seismic displacement observations from two M<sub>W</sub> 8.3 events—the 2013 598.1 km-deep Okhotsk event and the 2015 22.4 km-deep Illapel event—revealing a maximum observed displacement difference of over 4 mm. Our modeling confirms the observation and demonstrates that this phenomenon primarily arises from the 3D displacement pattern generated by earthquakes, not from the effect of the Earth's curvature. These results are generalizable to other pairs of deep and shallow earthquakes, highlighting intermediate and deep earthquakes as substantial sources of surface deformation that should be systematically incorporated into our current framework of geodesy; moreover, geodetic data may offer new insights into the deep rupture process.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and major driver of stratospheric ozone depletion. Isotopic data constrain bottom-up models, yet global natural-abundance patterns remain poorly resolved. We compiled a global database of in situ soil-emitted N2O isotopes from chamber- or probe-based studies to examine the spatiotemporal variability and environmental controls. Croplands showed the greatest variability, with mean δ15Nbulk, δ18O, and δ15NSP values of −15.0‰, 35.3‰, and 13.7‰; natural soils were slightly 15N-enriched, consistent with less anthropogenic influence. Using the Time-resolved Fractionation and Mixing Evaluation (TimeFRAME) model, we estimated bacterial denitrification as the major N2O source process (45%–63%) and found a mean N2O reduction potential of 43%. Global distribution of isotope signatures reflected the edaphic drivers including positive δ15NSP–pH and negative δ15Nbulk–moisture relationship. Overall, this global inventory provides empirically constrained isotopic end-members for improved source–sink attribution, new insights into terrestrial N2O cycling, and a benchmark for model evaluation.
{"title":"Synthesis of Global Soil-Emitted N2O Isotopic Signatures: Geoclimatic Patterns and Influential Factors","authors":"Tianchen Li, Eliza Harris, Zetong Niu, Longfei Yu","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116045","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is a potent greenhouse gas and major driver of stratospheric ozone depletion. Isotopic data constrain bottom-up models, yet global natural-abundance patterns remain poorly resolved. We compiled a global database of in situ soil-emitted N<sub>2</sub>O isotopes from chamber- or probe-based studies to examine the spatiotemporal variability and environmental controls. Croplands showed the greatest variability, with mean δ<sup>15</sup>N<sup>bulk</sup>, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and δ<sup>15</sup>N<sup>SP</sup> values of −15.0‰, 35.3‰, and 13.7‰; natural soils were slightly <sup>15</sup>N-enriched, consistent with less anthropogenic influence. Using the Time-resolved Fractionation and Mixing Evaluation (TimeFRAME) model, we estimated bacterial denitrification as the major N<sub>2</sub>O source process (45%–63%) and found a mean N<sub>2</sub>O reduction potential of 43%. Global distribution of isotope signatures reflected the edaphic drivers including positive δ<sup>15</sup>N<sup>SP</sup>–pH and negative δ<sup>15</sup>N<sup>bulk</sup>–moisture relationship. Overall, this global inventory provides empirically constrained isotopic end-members for improved source–sink attribution, new insights into terrestrial N<sub>2</sub>O cycling, and a benchmark for model evaluation.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In India, over 200 million people live within 100 km of the coastline, and many reside in low-lying areas exposed to increasing flood risks associated with sea-level rise. However, the role of vertical land motion (VLM)—particularly land subsidence—in shaping this coastal exposure remains poorly quantified. Here we present the first assessment of VLM across India's coastal zone, using 8 years of Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series data (2016–2024). This comprehensive data set reveals widespread subsidence with several notable hotspots: Ahmedabad, Chennai, Amaravathi, Kochi, Kakinada, and Kolkata. The five major deltas along the east coast display extensive subsidence up to 20 mm/yr. Over 8.5 million residents live in coastal areas experiencing subsidence greater than 5 mm/yr. Our findings suggest that coastal subsidence in India is more extensive than previously recognized and poses a significant challenge for long-term land-use planning in coastal zones.
{"title":"Vertical Land Motion and Human Exposure Across India's Coastal Regions","authors":"Quantao Zhu, Pei-Chin Wu, Meng (Matt) Wei, Estelle Chaussard","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120539","url":null,"abstract":"In India, over 200 million people live within 100 km of the coastline, and many reside in low-lying areas exposed to increasing flood risks associated with sea-level rise. However, the role of vertical land motion (VLM)—particularly land subsidence—in shaping this coastal exposure remains poorly quantified. Here we present the first assessment of VLM across India's coastal zone, using 8 years of Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series data (2016–2024). This comprehensive data set reveals widespread subsidence with several notable hotspots: Ahmedabad, Chennai, Amaravathi, Kochi, Kakinada, and Kolkata. The five major deltas along the east coast display extensive subsidence up to 20 mm/yr. Over 8.5 million residents live in coastal areas experiencing subsidence greater than 5 mm/yr. Our findings suggest that coastal subsidence in India is more extensive than previously recognized and poses a significant challenge for long-term land-use planning in coastal zones.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146209989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yael Arieli, Orit Altaratz, Alexander Khain, Ilan Koren
Warm cumulus clouds are key components of Earth's weather and climate systems, yet mixing processes within them and their interaction with their environment remain a major source of uncertainty in climate predictions. Based on adiabatic fraction (AF), such clouds can be divided into three regions: the adiabatic core, the skin (the diluted cloud edge), and the periphery, which lies between them, in terms of AF values. Despite its large volume and mass, the periphery is still poorly understood. This study shows that the periphery is equally supplied by air coming from the core and skin. However, periphery air flows mainly toward the skin, with limited transport into the core. The skin contributes to the periphery primarily through transport associated with the toroidal vortex. Each zone also exhibits distinct microphysical properties, including differences in droplet mean radius, variance, and relative dispersion.
{"title":"Investigating the Periphery Region in Warm Cumulus Clouds","authors":"Yael Arieli, Orit Altaratz, Alexander Khain, Ilan Koren","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120944","url":null,"abstract":"Warm cumulus clouds are key components of Earth's weather and climate systems, yet mixing processes within them and their interaction with their environment remain a major source of uncertainty in climate predictions. Based on adiabatic fraction (AF), such clouds can be divided into three regions: the adiabatic core, the skin (the diluted cloud edge), and the periphery, which lies between them, in terms of AF values. Despite its large volume and mass, the periphery is still poorly understood. This study shows that the periphery is equally supplied by air coming from the core and skin. However, periphery air flows mainly toward the skin, with limited transport into the core. The skin contributes to the periphery primarily through transport associated with the toroidal vortex. Each zone also exhibits distinct microphysical properties, including differences in droplet mean radius, variance, and relative dispersion.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isaac W. Davis, Aneesh Subramanian, Timothy B. Higgins, Agniv Sengupta, Luca Delle Monache
Machine learning (ML) poses a potential paradigm shift in weather forecasting, but critical questions arise regarding its ability to predict high-impact weather events. This study evaluates five state-of-the-art ML models—Aurora, GraphCast, PanguWeather, FourCastNetV2, FourCastNet—in forecasting U.S. West Coast atmospheric rivers (ARs), compared to the high-performing physics-based European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' high-resolution system (HRES) model. Analysis of 152 daily forecast cycles (November 2023–March 2024) reveals significant performance differences between the systems. While ML models often show better variable-specific root mean square error (RMSE), HRES has superior AR detection skill for the first four forecast days. PanguWeather matches HRES skill beyond day four; other ML models lag slightly. Aurora consistently exhibits the lowest AR detection performance, despite strong variable-specific RMSE metrics, highlighting a disconnect between RMSE performance and its ability to predict AR events. These findings underscore the need for phenomenon-specific metrics for ML-based numerical weather prediction model assessment and operational implementation.
{"title":"Physics-Based Versus AI Weather Prediction Models: A Comparative Performance Assessment of Atmospheric River Prediction","authors":"Isaac W. Davis, Aneesh Subramanian, Timothy B. Higgins, Agniv Sengupta, Luca Delle Monache","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl117609","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning (ML) poses a potential paradigm shift in weather forecasting, but critical questions arise regarding its ability to predict high-impact weather events. This study evaluates five state-of-the-art ML models—Aurora, GraphCast, PanguWeather, FourCastNetV2, FourCastNet—in forecasting U.S. West Coast atmospheric rivers (ARs), compared to the high-performing physics-based European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' high-resolution system (HRES) model. Analysis of 152 daily forecast cycles (November 2023–March 2024) reveals significant performance differences between the systems. While ML models often show better variable-specific root mean square error (RMSE), HRES has superior AR detection skill for the first four forecast days. PanguWeather matches HRES skill beyond day four; other ML models lag slightly. Aurora consistently exhibits the lowest AR detection performance, despite strong variable-specific RMSE metrics, highlighting a disconnect between RMSE performance and its ability to predict AR events. These findings underscore the need for phenomenon-specific metrics for ML-based numerical weather prediction model assessment and operational implementation.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coastal hypoxia is profoundly affected by sediment depletion of oxygen and recycling of nutrients—processes sustained by long-term accumulation of sediment organic matter. While sediment-water interactions are widely recognized, quantitative understanding of sediment legacy effects remains limited. To address this gap, we developed a two-layer sediment model integrated with a physical-biogeochemical framework for the Pearl River Estuary to elucidate how legacy organic matter perpetuates hypoxia via benthic-pelagic coupling. Results show that sediment oxygen consumption accounts for 44% of total oxygen depletion in low-oxygen zones, increasing to 81% in near-bottom waters. This oxygen demand is significantly supported by legacy organic matter, without which would reduce primary production by 68% and the hypoxic area by 53%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sediment legacy effects amplify hypoxia sensitivity to nutrient loading and may lead to hysteresis and regime shifts if unaddressed. Therefore, effective hypoxia mitigation requires management strategies tailored to system-specific sediment-water coupling dynamics.
{"title":"Sediment Legacy Organic Matter Amplifies Nutrient-Driven Coastal Hypoxia: A Coupled Benthic-Pelagic Modeling Study","authors":"Zheng Chen, Liuqian Yu, Jiying Li, Jing Sun","doi":"10.1029/2025gl118058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl118058","url":null,"abstract":"Coastal hypoxia is profoundly affected by sediment depletion of oxygen and recycling of nutrients—processes sustained by long-term accumulation of sediment organic matter. While sediment-water interactions are widely recognized, quantitative understanding of sediment legacy effects remains limited. To address this gap, we developed a two-layer sediment model integrated with a physical-biogeochemical framework for the Pearl River Estuary to elucidate how legacy organic matter perpetuates hypoxia via benthic-pelagic coupling. Results show that sediment oxygen consumption accounts for 44% of total oxygen depletion in low-oxygen zones, increasing to 81% in near-bottom waters. This oxygen demand is significantly supported by legacy organic matter, without which would reduce primary production by 68% and the hypoxic area by 53%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sediment legacy effects amplify hypoxia sensitivity to nutrient loading and may lead to hysteresis and regime shifts if unaddressed. Therefore, effective hypoxia mitigation requires management strategies tailored to system-specific sediment-water coupling dynamics.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146210377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franck Latallerie, Paula Koelemeijer, Andrew Walker, Alessia Maggi, Sophie Lambotte, Christophe Zaroli
How oceanic plates cool and thicken with age remains a subject to debate, with several thermal models supported by apparently contradictory data. Combining a novel imaging technique that balances resolution and uncertainty with finite-frequency surface-wave measurements, we build tomographic model SS3DPacific to revisit the cooling style of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the Pacific ocean. Resolution analysis indicates a strong vertical smearing that biases estimates of the apparent lithospheric thickness, limiting the ability to discriminate between the half space and plate cooling models. Laterally, a pattern of anomalous bands in seismic velocity aligned with fracture zones points to additional lateral complexities in the lithosphere, complicating simple age-trend analyses.
{"title":"New Insights Into the Cooling of the Oceanic Lithosphere From Surface-Wave Tomographic Inferences","authors":"Franck Latallerie, Paula Koelemeijer, Andrew Walker, Alessia Maggi, Sophie Lambotte, Christophe Zaroli","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119309","url":null,"abstract":"How oceanic plates cool and thicken with age remains a subject to debate, with several thermal models supported by apparently contradictory data. Combining a novel imaging technique that balances resolution and uncertainty with finite-frequency surface-wave measurements, we build tomographic model SS3DPacific to revisit the cooling style of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the Pacific ocean. Resolution analysis indicates a strong vertical smearing that biases estimates of the apparent lithospheric thickness, limiting the ability to discriminate between the half space and plate cooling models. Laterally, a pattern of anomalous bands in seismic velocity aligned with fracture zones points to additional lateral complexities in the lithosphere, complicating simple age-trend analyses.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146209992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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