Zonal Wave-3 (ZW3) is a key zonally asymmetric component of the large-scale extratropical atmospheric circulation, facilitating mass and energy exchanges between middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Despite the crucial role of sea-ice thickness (SIT) in modulating sea-ice volume and climate feedbacks, its response to ZW3 variability remains largely unexplored compared to the more widely studied sea-ice concentration. Our research identifies variability in the ZW3 pattern and assesses its influence on Antarctic SIT and concentration using a combination of reanalysis and data from a coupled climate model. We project a doubling in the mean frequency of extreme ZW3 events under a high emission scenario, which is likely to contribute to a decline in SIT, primarily through dynamic mechanisms. These extreme events drive mechanical displacement of sea-ice more than direct thermodynamic melting. Such displacements may expose the underlying ocean, potentially enhancing basal melting through ocean thermal influences.
{"title":"Extremes in Southern Hemispheric Zonal Wave-3 and Their Impact on Antarctic Sea-Ice Thickness","authors":"Shreya Trivedi, Rishav Goyal, Marilyn Raphael","doi":"10.1029/2025gl116925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl116925","url":null,"abstract":"Zonal Wave-3 (ZW3) is a key zonally asymmetric component of the large-scale extratropical atmospheric circulation, facilitating mass and energy exchanges between middle and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Despite the crucial role of sea-ice thickness (SIT) in modulating sea-ice volume and climate feedbacks, its response to ZW3 variability remains largely unexplored compared to the more widely studied sea-ice concentration. Our research identifies variability in the ZW3 pattern and assesses its influence on Antarctic SIT and concentration using a combination of reanalysis and data from a coupled climate model. We project a doubling in the mean frequency of extreme ZW3 events under a high emission scenario, which is likely to contribute to a decline in SIT, primarily through dynamic mechanisms. These extreme events drive mechanical displacement of sea-ice more than <i>direct</i> thermodynamic melting. Such displacements may expose the underlying ocean, potentially enhancing basal melting through ocean thermal influences.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yifan Zhu, Shingo Watada, Chao An, Masumi Yamada, Tomokazu Kobayashi, Karyono Karyono, Arif Aditiya, Iyan E. Mulia
Landslides often generate long-period seismic waves that propagate over large distances. During volcanic island collapses and their intrusion into seawater, seismic signals of >1 min periods are widely observed. The physical sources of these signals remain poorly understood due to complex landslide-water interactions. In this paper, we perform coupled landslide-tsunami-seismic simulations for the 2018 Anak Krakatau flank collapse, and compare the results with seismic records at regional and teleseismic distances. We find that the landslide alone cannot explain the observed signals. The reaction force from the disturbed seawater also generates long-period seismic waves, with a contribution comparable to that of the landslide. A combined landslide-seawater source model better reproduces the recorded waveforms overall. These findings advance our understanding of seismic excitation by tsunamigenic landslides and underscore the importance of water-induced forces in seismic source studies.
{"title":"Long-Period Seismic Waves From Seawater Disturbances During the 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcanic Island Collapse","authors":"Yifan Zhu, Shingo Watada, Chao An, Masumi Yamada, Tomokazu Kobayashi, Karyono Karyono, Arif Aditiya, Iyan E. Mulia","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119807","url":null,"abstract":"Landslides often generate long-period seismic waves that propagate over large distances. During volcanic island collapses and their intrusion into seawater, seismic signals of >1 min periods are widely observed. The physical sources of these signals remain poorly understood due to complex landslide-water interactions. In this paper, we perform coupled landslide-tsunami-seismic simulations for the 2018 Anak Krakatau flank collapse, and compare the results with seismic records at regional and teleseismic distances. We find that the landslide alone cannot explain the observed signals. The reaction force from the disturbed seawater also generates long-period seismic waves, with a contribution comparable to that of the landslide. A combined landslide-seawater source model better reproduces the recorded waveforms overall. These findings advance our understanding of seismic excitation by tsunamigenic landslides and underscore the importance of water-induced forces in seismic source studies.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147371394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies have primarily focused on evaluating the forecast skill of extreme cold events in central and eastern China as a whole, with limited attention to their different stages. This study identifies a distinct “predictability barrier” phenomenon in the ensemble forecasts, characterized by rapid growth of ensemble mean forecast error in 2m-temperature during the intensification stage of the events. In contrast, the forecast error tends to decrease during the decay stage. Consequently, the decay stage is more accurately forecasted than the intensification stage at the same lead time. Mechanism analyses indicate that error amplification is primarily driven by the interaction between the horizontal wind forecast error and the background horizontal temperature gradient of the event, which is dominantly governed by event intensification. Error reduction during the decay stage is primarily dominated by the conversion of available potential energy error into kinetic energy error.
{"title":"The “Predictability Barrier” Phenomenon of Winter Extreme Cold Events in Central and Eastern China and Mechanisms of Error Amplification","authors":"Zhe Han, Wansuo Duan, Guokun Dai, Shuanglin Li, Boyu Chen, Yuxuan Hou","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120069","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have primarily focused on evaluating the forecast skill of extreme cold events in central and eastern China as a whole, with limited attention to their different stages. This study identifies a distinct “predictability barrier” phenomenon in the ensemble forecasts, characterized by rapid growth of ensemble mean forecast error in 2m-temperature during the intensification stage of the events. In contrast, the forecast error tends to decrease during the decay stage. Consequently, the decay stage is more accurately forecasted than the intensification stage at the same lead time. Mechanism analyses indicate that error amplification is primarily driven by the interaction between the horizontal wind forecast error and the background horizontal temperature gradient of the event, which is dominantly governed by event intensification. Error reduction during the decay stage is primarily dominated by the conversion of available potential energy error into kinetic energy error.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monitoring small rivers during extreme events is challenging, especially in remote areas. This study assesses the accuracy of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission in characterizing an extreme hydrological event on a narrow river (∼60 m wide), using a landslide-induced flood on the Chilcotin River (Canada) as a case study. SWOT data, validated against optical imagery and elevation data sets, were used to estimate water surface elevation and slope changes. SWOT was able to detect lake impoundment, dam breach, and downstream slope adjustments induced by the landslide. Results suggest the utility of SWOT's spaceborne interferometric data to quantify spatial and temporal impacts of extreme events on river dynamics, even for small and narrow rivers.
{"title":"Characterizing Landslide-Induced Floods Using the SWOT Mission: A Case Study on the Chilcotin River, Canada","authors":"J. Plante, C. B. Brunelle, L. Perez","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119357","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring small rivers during extreme events is challenging, especially in remote areas. This study assesses the accuracy of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission in characterizing an extreme hydrological event on a narrow river (∼60 m wide), using a landslide-induced flood on the Chilcotin River (Canada) as a case study. SWOT data, validated against optical imagery and elevation data sets, were used to estimate water surface elevation and slope changes. SWOT was able to detect lake impoundment, dam breach, and downstream slope adjustments induced by the landslide. Results suggest the utility of SWOT's spaceborne interferometric data to quantify spatial and temporal impacts of extreme events on river dynamics, even for small and narrow rivers.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As global climate change intensifies, hurricane-induced storm surges are becoming more frequent and severe. While Global Navigation Satellite System-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) is widely used to monitor sea level variations, its capability to detect rapid and extreme events remains limited. We propose a short-time feature extraction GNSS-IR strategy constrained by astronomical tidal models. By analyzing the continuity and stability of spectral reflections, the method identifies coherent signals from transient sea level changes and effectively addresses the typical 10–20 min temporal bias introduced by the static-surface assumption. Validation results show that the method achieves a long-term monitoring accuracy of 4.6 cm over 1 year, and maintains a stable accuracy of approximately 10 cm during storm surges. It also achieves 4.0 cm accuracy over 12-hr period and enables short-term sea level prediction with an accuracy of 7 cm. These findings highlight the potential of near-shore GNSS-IR to strengthen tide gauge networks and marine assessments.
随着全球气候变化加剧，飓风引发的风暴潮变得更加频繁和严重。虽然全球导航卫星系统干涉反射测量（GNSS-IR）被广泛用于监测海平面变化，但其检测快速和极端事件的能力仍然有限。提出了一种受天文潮汐模型约束的GNSS-IR短时特征提取策略。通过分析光谱反射的连续性和稳定性，该方法识别了瞬态海平面变化的相干信号，有效地解决了静态地面假设带来的典型的10-20分钟时间偏差。验证结果表明，该方法实现了4.6 cm / 1年的长期监测精度，在风暴潮期间保持了约10 cm的稳定精度。它还在12小时内实现4.0厘米的精度，并使短期海平面预测精度达到7厘米。这些发现突出了近岸GNSS-IR在加强潮汐测量网和海洋评估方面的潜力。
{"title":"Monitoring of the Transient Sea Level Variations Associated With Hurricane-Induced Storm Surges by GNSS-IR","authors":"Xin Chang, Zuozhu Tan, Kai Liu, Zhao Li, Nico Sneeuw, Qusen Chen, Dawei Li, Taoyong Jin, Weiping Jiang","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120064","url":null,"abstract":"As global climate change intensifies, hurricane-induced storm surges are becoming more frequent and severe. While Global Navigation Satellite System-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) is widely used to monitor sea level variations, its capability to detect rapid and extreme events remains limited. We propose a short-time feature extraction GNSS-IR strategy constrained by astronomical tidal models. By analyzing the continuity and stability of spectral reflections, the method identifies coherent signals from transient sea level changes and effectively addresses the typical 10–20 min temporal bias introduced by the static-surface assumption. Validation results show that the method achieves a long-term monitoring accuracy of 4.6 cm over 1 year, and maintains a stable accuracy of approximately 10 cm during storm surges. It also achieves 4.0 cm accuracy over 12-hr period and enables short-term sea level prediction with an accuracy of 7 cm. These findings highlight the potential of near-shore GNSS-IR to strengthen tide gauge networks and marine assessments.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in radiation belt electron dynamics, and its excitation and propagation have long attracted attention. During a substorm, Van Allen Probe B observed the disappearance of plasmaspheric hiss at the magnetic dip, which was driven by the injection of energetic protons. The perpendicular (to the magnetic field) components of both the wave vector and Poynting vector were directed mainly radially outward. We analyzed the event from two perspectives: excitation and propagation. The growth rate of plasmaspheric hiss remained below the threshold both inside and outside the dip, indicating that the waves were not locally excited. Regarding propagation, theoretical calculations suggest that the observed whistler-mode hiss waves were reflected by the magnetic dip in a broad frequency range. Our results indicate the important role that the magnetic structures play in the propagation of plasmaspheric hiss.
{"title":"Abrupt Disappearance of Plasmaspheric Hiss Inside the Magnetic Dip","authors":"Yan Zhuang, Chao Yue, Shan Wang, Haimeng Li, Sibo Xu, Xu-Zhi Zhou, Qiu-Gang Zong","doi":"10.1029/2025gl121428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl121428","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in radiation belt electron dynamics, and its excitation and propagation have long attracted attention. During a substorm, Van Allen Probe B observed the disappearance of plasmaspheric hiss at the magnetic dip, which was driven by the injection of energetic protons. The perpendicular (to the magnetic field) components of both the wave vector and Poynting vector were directed mainly radially outward. We analyzed the event from two perspectives: excitation and propagation. The growth rate of plasmaspheric hiss remained below the threshold both inside and outside the dip, indicating that the waves were not locally excited. Regarding propagation, theoretical calculations suggest that the observed whistler-mode hiss waves were reflected by the magnetic dip in a broad frequency range. Our results indicate the important role that the magnetic structures play in the propagation of plasmaspheric hiss.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The influence of continental configuration on the climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing remains poorly understood. Here, we use an idealized model with varying land-ocean coverage to investigate how the spatial distribution of land modulates the climate response to increased carbon-dioxide concentrations. When land is concentrated in tropical regions, equilibrium climate sensitivity is lower due to a weaker water-vapor feedback, land-ocean warming contrasts are minimal, and global-mean land relative humidity declines only slightly. By contrast, when land is concentrated in polar regions, equilibrium climate sensitivity is higher, land-ocean warming contrasts are pronounced, and global-mean land relative humidity declines substantially. Large land-ocean warming contrasts also occur when land is arranged in a continuous pole-to-pole meridional band. Changes in near-surface land relative humidity can be attributed to changes in land evaporation and oceanic moisture transport. Together, these results highlight the critical role of continental configuration in shaping Earth's climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing.
{"title":"Impact of Continental Configuration on the Climate Response to Greenhouse-Gas Forcing in an Idealized GCM","authors":"David B. Bonan, Marysa M. Laguë, William R. Boos","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120128","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of continental configuration on the climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing remains poorly understood. Here, we use an idealized model with varying land-ocean coverage to investigate how the spatial distribution of land modulates the climate response to increased carbon-dioxide concentrations. When land is concentrated in tropical regions, equilibrium climate sensitivity is lower due to a weaker water-vapor feedback, land-ocean warming contrasts are minimal, and global-mean land relative humidity declines only slightly. By contrast, when land is concentrated in polar regions, equilibrium climate sensitivity is higher, land-ocean warming contrasts are pronounced, and global-mean land relative humidity declines substantially. Large land-ocean warming contrasts also occur when land is arranged in a continuous pole-to-pole meridional band. Changes in near-surface land relative humidity can be attributed to changes in land evaporation and oceanic moisture transport. Together, these results highlight the critical role of continental configuration in shaping Earth's climate response to greenhouse-gas forcing.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ponce, A. Meltzer, A. Wickham-Piotrowski, S. Beck, M. Ruiz, S. Hernández, M. Segovia
Using high-resolution 3D tomography and a relocated 2010–2022 earthquake catalog, we identify a seamount at 20–25 km depth beneath the Mompiche–Cojimíes region in the coastal forearc of Ecuador. This provides a rare, well-resolved example of seamount preservation at these depths. The seamount coincides with a low interseismic-coupling corridor and shows persistent seismicity along its flanks. Rupture of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales earthquake initiated on the southern flank of the seamount. The rupture propagated south, but northward propagation was arrested near the decoupled, aseismic crest, illustrating the dual mechanical behavior of the seamount. After the megathrust earthquake, seismicity migrated downdip, particularly along the eastern margin. These results show the influence of subducted topography on coupling, seismicity, and rupture segmentation in megathrust systems.
{"title":"Dual Role of a Subducted Seamount in Megathrust Rupture Initiation and Rupture Barrier","authors":"G. Ponce, A. Meltzer, A. Wickham-Piotrowski, S. Beck, M. Ruiz, S. Hernández, M. Segovia","doi":"10.1029/2025gl119106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl119106","url":null,"abstract":"Using high-resolution 3D tomography and a relocated 2010–2022 earthquake catalog, we identify a seamount at 20–25 km depth beneath the Mompiche–Cojimíes region in the coastal forearc of Ecuador. This provides a rare, well-resolved example of seamount preservation at these depths. The seamount coincides with a low interseismic-coupling corridor and shows persistent seismicity along its flanks. Rupture of the 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales earthquake initiated on the southern flank of the seamount. The rupture propagated south, but northward propagation was arrested near the decoupled, aseismic crest, illustrating the dual mechanical behavior of the seamount. After the megathrust earthquake, seismicity migrated downdip, particularly along the eastern margin. These results show the influence of subducted topography on coupling, seismicity, and rupture segmentation in megathrust systems.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Curie Point Depth (CPD) is a key thermal boundary in the deep lithosphere and is widely used to constrain its thermal structure. However, uncertainties in magnetization and the non-uniqueness of inversion lead to considerable inter-study differences. We present a prior-constrained equivalent source inversion framework that derives a spatially heterogeneous, layered susceptibility model from vertically integrated susceptibility and, by jointly enforcing lithospheric magnetic field and thermal constraints, yields a new CPD model for the conterminous United States. The resulting CPD resolves features within tectonic provinces and belt-like structures that were muted in existing products. Surface heat flow inferred from CPD agrees well with independent thermal model estimates (RMSE = 16.36 mW/m2). The results further demonstrate the importance of a priori constraints in inversion, and that inappropriate starting models can lead to systematic biases. The inversion framework is portable, enabling rapid construction of reliable deep-thermal constraints on the lithosphere.
居里点深度（Curie Point Depth， CPD）是深部岩石圈的一个关键热边界，被广泛用于约束岩石圈的热结构。然而，磁化强度的不确定性和反演的非唯一性导致研究间存在较大差异。我们提出了一个先验约束的等效源反演框架，该框架从垂直整合的磁化率中导出了一个空间非均匀的分层磁化率模型，并通过联合施加岩石圈磁场和热约束，为美国邻近地区提供了一个新的CPD模型。由此产生的CPD解决了构造省和带状结构内的特征，这些特征在现有产品中被掩盖。CPD推断的表面热流与独立热模型估计的结果非常吻合（RMSE = 16.36 mW/m2）。结果进一步证明了先验约束在反演中的重要性，不适当的初始模型可能导致系统偏差。反演框架是便携式的，能够快速构建可靠的岩石圈深部热约束。
{"title":"A Curie Point Depth Model of the Conterminous United States Derived From a Prior-Constrained Equivalent Source Inversion","authors":"Chuanjie Chen, Zhengtao Wang, Yu Gao, Ziyi Zhu","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120367","url":null,"abstract":"The Curie Point Depth (CPD) is a key thermal boundary in the deep lithosphere and is widely used to constrain its thermal structure. However, uncertainties in magnetization and the non-uniqueness of inversion lead to considerable inter-study differences. We present a prior-constrained equivalent source inversion framework that derives a spatially heterogeneous, layered susceptibility model from vertically integrated susceptibility and, by jointly enforcing lithospheric magnetic field and thermal constraints, yields a new CPD model for the conterminous United States. The resulting CPD resolves features within tectonic provinces and belt-like structures that were muted in existing products. Surface heat flow inferred from CPD agrees well with independent thermal model estimates (RMSE = 16.36 mW/m<sup>2</sup>). The results further demonstrate the importance of a priori constraints in inversion, and that inappropriate starting models can lead to systematic biases. The inversion framework is portable, enabling rapid construction of reliable deep-thermal constraints on the lithosphere.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinling Zou, Lin Su, Zhisheng Zhang, Xiaomin Lin, Mang Lin
Cosmogenic radiosulfur (35S) is produced in the atmosphere by high-energy particle interactions and serves as a sensitive tracer of stratospheric intrusions. In May 2024, an extreme solar storm provided a rare opportunity to examine atmospheric 35S responses to intense solar activity. We report daily 35SO42− measurements from surface air in subtropical China and identify two distinct enrichment events. Meteorological simulations and reanalysis data reveal that 35S enrichments on May 16 resulted from a deep stratospheric intrusion that also drove a regional ozone pollution episode. In contrast, persistently elevated 35S levels during May 9–15 occurred without stratospheric influence and coincided with strong solar energetic particle fluxes. These observations suggest that extreme solar storms may contribute to transient increases in atmospheric 35S, highlighting the importance of high-resolution cosmogenic radionuclide monitoring in modern days for interpreting past solar energetic events recorded by longer-lived cosmogenic isotopes.
{"title":"Surface Air Enrichment of Cosmogenic 35S at a Subtropical Site During the May 2024 Solar Superstorm","authors":"Xinling Zou, Lin Su, Zhisheng Zhang, Xiaomin Lin, Mang Lin","doi":"10.1029/2025gl120852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gl120852","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmogenic radiosulfur (<sup>35</sup>S) is produced in the atmosphere by high-energy particle interactions and serves as a sensitive tracer of stratospheric intrusions. In May 2024, an extreme solar storm provided a rare opportunity to examine atmospheric <sup>35</sup>S responses to intense solar activity. We report daily <sup>35</sup>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> measurements from surface air in subtropical China and identify two distinct enrichment events. Meteorological simulations and reanalysis data reveal that <sup>35</sup>S enrichments on May 16 resulted from a deep stratospheric intrusion that also drove a regional ozone pollution episode. In contrast, persistently elevated <sup>35</sup>S levels during May 9–15 occurred without stratospheric influence and coincided with strong solar energetic particle fluxes. These observations suggest that extreme solar storms may contribute to transient increases in atmospheric <sup>35</sup>S, highlighting the importance of high-resolution cosmogenic radionuclide monitoring in modern days for interpreting past solar energetic events recorded by longer-lived cosmogenic isotopes.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147368516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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