Hou-Bin Chen, Boda Liu, Wei-Qiang Ji, Shao-Hua Zhang, Kai Zhao, Fu-Yuan Wu
Repacking enhances crystal mush permeability, accelerating melt extraction. However, identifying microstructural records of repacking is challenging, creating a gap in quantifying its effect on magmatic reservoirs. We identified extracted melt (rhyolite) and silicic residue (quartz monzonite) through textures and geochemical characteristics in the Pangduo Basin (Southern Tibet; ∼50 Ma old). By calculating interstitial mineral proportions and modeling incompatible element concentrations in quartz monzonite, we estimate a moderate trapped melt fraction (∼50 vol. %), providing microtextural evidence of repacking at intermediate crystallinities. We interpret that the horizontal preferred orientation of frame-forming feldspars produces micro-scale melt channels that accelerate melt extraction. Modeling the intensity of this orientation, we estimated compressive strain to be 20%–30%, likely accelerating melt extraction by at least 15 times. This millennium timescale allows for the growth of a large magma chamber, preventing the melt from freezing or causing multiple small eruptions due to excessive flow-induced stress.
{"title":"Repacking Accelerates High-Silica Melts Extraction: Insights From Microstructural Record and Numerical Modeling","authors":"Hou-Bin Chen, Boda Liu, Wei-Qiang Ji, Shao-Hua Zhang, Kai Zhao, Fu-Yuan Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024gl110970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110970","url":null,"abstract":"Repacking enhances crystal mush permeability, accelerating melt extraction. However, identifying microstructural records of repacking is challenging, creating a gap in quantifying its effect on magmatic reservoirs. We identified extracted melt (rhyolite) and silicic residue (quartz monzonite) through textures and geochemical characteristics in the Pangduo Basin (Southern Tibet; ∼50 Ma old). By calculating interstitial mineral proportions and modeling incompatible element concentrations in quartz monzonite, we estimate a moderate trapped melt fraction (∼50 vol. %), providing microtextural evidence of repacking at intermediate crystallinities. We interpret that the horizontal preferred orientation of frame-forming feldspars produces micro-scale melt channels that accelerate melt extraction. Modeling the intensity of this orientation, we estimated compressive strain to be 20%–30%, likely accelerating melt extraction by at least 15 times. This millennium timescale allows for the growth of a large magma chamber, preventing the melt from freezing or causing multiple small eruptions due to excessive flow-induced stress.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qian Xiang, Haikun Zhao, Philip J. Klotzbach, Tonghua Su, Chao Wang, Liguang Wu
The impact of a warming climate on tropical cyclones (TCs) remains unclear. Here, we find that the probability density function for western North Pacific TC lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) has an amplified bimodal distribution in recent years. This change implies a trend toward more extreme TCs and fewer moderate TCs. Changes in the TC LMI distribution are associated with alterations in the occurrence of rapidly intensifying TCs. Changes in TC tracks, due to alterations in the steering flow linked to a weakening Hadley cell, cause more TCs to move northwestward into a more favorable environment for intensification with large ocean heat content. Consequently, more rapidly intensifying TCs reach higher intensities, significantly contributing to the observed amplified bimodal distribution. These findings provide new insights into changes in TC intensity and highlight the increasing threat to coastal areas from more intense TCs in a warming climate.
{"title":"Amplified Bimodal Distribution of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Lifetime Maximum Intensity","authors":"Qian Xiang, Haikun Zhao, Philip J. Klotzbach, Tonghua Su, Chao Wang, Liguang Wu","doi":"10.1029/2024gl111637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl111637","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of a warming climate on tropical cyclones (TCs) remains unclear. Here, we find that the probability density function for western North Pacific TC lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) has an amplified bimodal distribution in recent years. This change implies a trend toward more extreme TCs and fewer moderate TCs. Changes in the TC LMI distribution are associated with alterations in the occurrence of rapidly intensifying TCs. Changes in TC tracks, due to alterations in the steering flow linked to a weakening Hadley cell, cause more TCs to move northwestward into a more favorable environment for intensification with large ocean heat content. Consequently, more rapidly intensifying TCs reach higher intensities, significantly contributing to the observed amplified bimodal distribution. These findings provide new insights into changes in TC intensity and highlight the increasing threat to coastal areas from more intense TCs in a warming climate.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Typhoon Haikui (2023) brought an unprecedented rainstorm to Fuzhou, with a rainfall record of 360.4 mm in 12 hr and an instantaneous rain rate of 234 mm hr−1. This study investigates the evolution of precipitation microphysics during this short-term period. High rain rates exceeding 100 mm hr−1 along with large mass-weighted diameter Dm were predominantly observed in the first 3 hr (Stage I), while the next 9 hr (Stage II) experienced less than 100 mm hr−1. At the onset of Stage I, it is warm-cloud processes that mainly contributed to the increased rain rate, yet the rain rates hardly exceeded 200 mm hr−1. Approximately 1 hr later, a rain rate of 234 mm hr−1 occurred due to a joint contribution of ice- and warm-cloud processes, characterized by the increased horizontal reflectivity throughout the troposphere. Moreover, this study provides a new insight into the correlation between rainfall intensity and convective intensity.
台风“海葵”（2023）给福州带来了前所未有的暴雨，12小时降雨量达到360.4毫米，瞬时雨量达到234毫米每小时−1。本文研究了这一短时期内降水微物理的演变。在前3小时（阶段I）主要观察到超过100 mm hr−1的高降雨率以及大质量加权直径Dm，而接下来的9小时（阶段II）则小于100 mm hr−1。在第一阶段开始时，暖云过程主要促成了降雨率的增加，但降雨率几乎没有超过200 mm hr−1。大约1小时后，由于冰和暖云过程的共同贡献，出现了234 mm hr−1的降雨速率，其特征是整个对流层的水平反射率增加。此外，该研究还对降雨强度与对流强度的相关性提供了新的认识。
{"title":"Microphysical Evolution Throughout the Unprecedented Short-Term Heavy Precipitation Caused by Typhoon Haikui (2023)","authors":"Lan Wang, Xuwei Bao, Guanghua Chen, Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024gl112680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112680","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoon Haikui (2023) brought an unprecedented rainstorm to Fuzhou, with a rainfall record of 360.4 mm in 12 hr and an instantaneous rain rate of 234 mm hr<sup>−1</sup>. This study investigates the evolution of precipitation microphysics during this short-term period. High rain rates exceeding 100 mm hr<sup>−1</sup> along with large mass-weighted diameter <i>D</i><sub>m</sub> were predominantly observed in the first 3 hr (Stage I), while the next 9 hr (Stage II) experienced less than 100 mm hr<sup>−1</sup>. At the onset of Stage I, it is warm-cloud processes that mainly contributed to the increased rain rate, yet the rain rates hardly exceeded 200 mm hr<sup>−1</sup>. Approximately 1 hr later, a rain rate of 234 mm hr<sup>−1</sup> occurred due to a joint contribution of ice- and warm-cloud processes, characterized by the increased horizontal reflectivity throughout the troposphere. Moreover, this study provides a new insight into the correlation between rainfall intensity and convective intensity.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wen-Rui Sun, Roberto Weinberg, Rui Wang, Li Liu, Liang-Liang Zhang
Continental crust forms in magmatic arcs and transforms through collision, as seen in the Tibetan crust shaped by Neo-Tethyan subduction and India-Asia collision. We examine zircons from crustal granulite xenoliths using U-Pb depth profiling to reveal a 220-million-year evolutionary history in southern Tibet. Our data provide age history consistent with the Gangdese magmatic rocks. From 100 Ma, our results show numerous age peaks linked to the arrival of the Indian continent, associated with fast convergence, slab rollback, and eventual slab breakoff. During the post-collisional stage, the growth of zircon rims indicates a resurgence of metamorphism and anatexis, and contemporaneous shifts in Th/U ratios and (Dy/Yb)N values reflect an increase in crustal thickness. We suggest the capacity of zircon overgrowth to capture geological episodes during crustal evolution. In this case, granulite xenoliths from single areas through zircon depth profiling can offer substantial insights into the geological processes shaping the collisional orogen.
{"title":"Xenolith Zircons Record the Long Geological History of India-Asia Convergence: Results From U-Pb Depth Profiling","authors":"Wen-Rui Sun, Roberto Weinberg, Rui Wang, Li Liu, Liang-Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2024gl113374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl113374","url":null,"abstract":"Continental crust forms in magmatic arcs and transforms through collision, as seen in the Tibetan crust shaped by Neo-Tethyan subduction and India-Asia collision. We examine zircons from crustal granulite xenoliths using U-Pb depth profiling to reveal a 220-million-year evolutionary history in southern Tibet. Our data provide age history consistent with the Gangdese magmatic rocks. From 100 Ma, our results show numerous age peaks linked to the arrival of the Indian continent, associated with fast convergence, slab rollback, and eventual slab breakoff. During the post-collisional stage, the growth of zircon rims indicates a resurgence of metamorphism and anatexis, and contemporaneous shifts in Th/U ratios and (Dy/Yb)<sub>N</sub> values reflect an increase in crustal thickness. We suggest the capacity of zircon overgrowth to capture geological episodes during crustal evolution. In this case, granulite xenoliths from single areas through zircon depth profiling can offer substantial insights into the geological processes shaping the collisional orogen.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Great Salt Lake reached the lowest water volume in its entire 170+ year record in 2022. To explain this record low we develop and apply a lake mass-balance model and perform four simulations: one where all input and output variables are fixed to their mid-20th century average resulting in an equilibrium lake volume, and three others where one of the input variables (precipitation or streamflow) or the output variable (evaporation) follows observations while the other two are fixed to their mid-20th century average. Results show anomalously low streamflow accounting for the largest proportion of the lake volume departure from the equilibrium state by 2022, resulting in about three times the additional water loss over 1950–2022 as increasing evaporation, which played the second largest role. Precipitation changes played a minimal role. Though streamflow had a greater effect, the lake would not have reached the record low volume without increasing evaporation.
{"title":"Explaining the 2022 Record Low Great Salt Lake Volume","authors":"Siiri Bigalke, Paul Loikith, Nicholas Siler","doi":"10.1029/2024gl112154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112154","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Salt Lake reached the lowest water volume in its entire 170+ year record in 2022. To explain this record low we develop and apply a lake mass-balance model and perform four simulations: one where all input and output variables are fixed to their mid-20th century average resulting in an equilibrium lake volume, and three others where one of the input variables (precipitation or streamflow) or the output variable (evaporation) follows observations while the other two are fixed to their mid-20th century average. Results show anomalously low streamflow accounting for the largest proportion of the lake volume departure from the equilibrium state by 2022, resulting in about three times the additional water loss over 1950–2022 as increasing evaporation, which played the second largest role. Precipitation changes played a minimal role. Though streamflow had a greater effect, the lake would not have reached the record low volume without increasing evaporation.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The seasonal Predictability Barrier (PRB) and Persistence Barrier (PEB) in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon are of recent interest, yet the distinction between the PRB in observations and PEB in ensemble forecast models remains unexplored. Using observational and North American Multimodel Ensemble data since the 1980s, we examined the seasonal PRB and PEB, focusing on intensity, timing, decadal variations, and spatial patterns. Although the intensity of the ENSO spring PRB in dynamic models is notably lower than the spring PEB intensity, the temporal variations, spatial patterns and barrier timing of the PRB and PEB are similar. The chaotic nature of ENSO systems exhibits comparable decadal variations and spatial patterns to the seasonal PEB and PRB, suggesting potential control by chaotic behavior for both seasonal PRB and PEB. Hence, the seasonal PEB of ENSO can still provide useful benchmarks for the predictability study of ENSO in dynamic models.
El Niño-Southern涛动（ENSO）现象中的季节可预测性屏障（PRB）和持续性屏障（PEB）最近引起了人们的兴趣，但观测中的PRB和集合预报模式中的PEB之间的区别仍未得到探讨。利用20世纪80年代以来的观测数据和北美多模式综合数据，研究了季节性PRB和PEB的强度、时间、年代际变化和空间格局。尽管ENSO春季PRB的强度明显低于春季PEB的强度，但PRB和PEB的时间变化、空间格局和屏障时间相似。ENSO系统的混沌性质表现出与季节性PEB和PRB相当的年代际变化和空间格局，表明季节性PRB和PEB都可能受到混沌行为的控制。因此，ENSO的季节性PEB仍然可以为ENSO在动态模式下的可预测性研究提供有用的基准。
{"title":"The Similarity Between the Seasonal Predictability and Persistence Barrier of ENSO Phenomenon","authors":"Dakuan Yu, Meng Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2024gl111885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl111885","url":null,"abstract":"The seasonal Predictability Barrier (PRB) and Persistence Barrier (PEB) in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon are of recent interest, yet the distinction between the PRB in observations and PEB in ensemble forecast models remains unexplored. Using observational and North American Multimodel Ensemble data since the 1980s, we examined the seasonal PRB and PEB, focusing on intensity, timing, decadal variations, and spatial patterns. Although the intensity of the ENSO spring PRB in dynamic models is notably lower than the spring PEB intensity, the temporal variations, spatial patterns and barrier timing of the PRB and PEB are similar. The chaotic nature of ENSO systems exhibits comparable decadal variations and spatial patterns to the seasonal PEB and PRB, suggesting potential control by chaotic behavior for both seasonal PRB and PEB. Hence, the seasonal PEB of ENSO can still provide useful benchmarks for the predictability study of ENSO in dynamic models.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mikhail Vokhmyanin, Timo Asikainen, Antti Salminen, Kalevi Mursula
The polar stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere influences wintertime surface weather across Northern Eurasia, Eastern Canada, the Middle East, and the Eastern United States. This influence is pronounced following sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), during which the polar vortex is displaced from the pole or collapses. The surface impacts vary considerably and are challenging to predict. Here, we study the extratropical surface temperature anomalies in winters with and without SSW. Our analysis reveals a statistically significant surface impact of SSWs is observed in February and March, particularly when the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is in the easterly phase. During the westerly QBO phases, the SSW surface impact is less systematic. Surface anomalies in winters without SSW are also more pronounced in the late phase of eQBO winters. We further demonstrate that seasonal forecasts of SSW probability can be used to predict regional temperature anomalies especially in Northern Europe.
{"title":"Temperature Anomalies During Late Boreal Winters With and Without Sudden Stratospheric Warming","authors":"Mikhail Vokhmyanin, Timo Asikainen, Antti Salminen, Kalevi Mursula","doi":"10.1029/2024gl110803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl110803","url":null,"abstract":"The polar stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere influences wintertime surface weather across Northern Eurasia, Eastern Canada, the Middle East, and the Eastern United States. This influence is pronounced following sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), during which the polar vortex is displaced from the pole or collapses. The surface impacts vary considerably and are challenging to predict. Here, we study the extratropical surface temperature anomalies in winters with and without SSW. Our analysis reveals a statistically significant surface impact of SSWs is observed in February and March, particularly when the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) is in the easterly phase. During the westerly QBO phases, the SSW surface impact is less systematic. Surface anomalies in winters without SSW are also more pronounced in the late phase of eQBO winters. We further demonstrate that seasonal forecasts of SSW probability can be used to predict regional temperature anomalies especially in Northern Europe.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning Jiang, Congwen Zhu, Zeng-Zhen Hu, Michael J. McPhaden, Tao Lian, Chen Zhou, Weihong Qian, Deliang Chen
In 2023, the world experienced its highest ever global mean surface temperature (GMST). Our study underscores the pivotal significance of El Niño and sea surface temperature (SST) warming as the fundamental causes. Interannually, the increment of GMST in 2023 comprised two phases: first, gradual ocean warming associated with El Niño and the North Atlantic from January to August; second, a continued rise in land temperatures in the mid-to-high latitude regions from September onwards, influenced by SST patterns. Notably, the maturation of El Niño prolonged warming in North America through excitation of the Pacific-North American teleconnection. During the most recent 15 years, GMST has entered an accelerated warming period, primarily driven by rapid SST warming trends in the tropical Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, subtropical North Pacific, and North Atlantic. These decadal warming patterns, combined with El Niño, may further increase GMST, with 2023 as a particularly striking example.
{"title":"El Niño and Sea Surface Temperature Pattern Effects Lead to Historically High Global Mean Surface Temperatures in 2023","authors":"Ning Jiang, Congwen Zhu, Zeng-Zhen Hu, Michael J. McPhaden, Tao Lian, Chen Zhou, Weihong Qian, Deliang Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024gl113733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl113733","url":null,"abstract":"In 2023, the world experienced its highest ever global mean surface temperature (GMST). Our study underscores the pivotal significance of El Niño and sea surface temperature (SST) warming as the fundamental causes. Interannually, the increment of GMST in 2023 comprised two phases: first, gradual ocean warming associated with El Niño and the North Atlantic from January to August; second, a continued rise in land temperatures in the mid-to-high latitude regions from September onwards, influenced by SST patterns. Notably, the maturation of El Niño prolonged warming in North America through excitation of the Pacific-North American teleconnection. During the most recent 15 years, GMST has entered an accelerated warming period, primarily driven by rapid SST warming trends in the tropical Indian Ocean, tropical Atlantic, subtropical North Pacific, and North Atlantic. These decadal warming patterns, combined with El Niño, may further increase GMST, with 2023 as a particularly striking example.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mathey, J. Crassous, D. Marsan, J. Weiss, A. Amon
Sequences of aftershocks following Omori's empirical law are observed after most major earthquakes, as well as in laboratory-scale fault-mimicking experiments. Nevertheless, the origin of this memory effect is still unclear. In this letter, we present an analytical framework for treating labquake and earthquake catalogs on an equal footing. Using this analysis method, we show that when memory is considered to be in deformation and not in time, all data collapse onto a single master curve, showing that the timescale is entirely fixed by the inverse of the strain rate.
{"title":"Aftershocks as a Time Independent Phenomenon","authors":"A. Mathey, J. Crassous, D. Marsan, J. Weiss, A. Amon","doi":"10.1029/2024gl112618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl112618","url":null,"abstract":"Sequences of aftershocks following Omori's empirical law are observed after most major earthquakes, as well as in laboratory-scale fault-mimicking experiments. Nevertheless, the origin of this memory effect is still unclear. In this letter, we present an analytical framework for treating labquake and earthquake catalogs on an equal footing. Using this analysis method, we show that when memory is considered to be in deformation and not in time, all data collapse onto a single master curve, showing that the timescale is entirely fixed by the inverse of the strain rate.","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We quantify the vertical wave energy flux and global wave power due to upward propagating tides in the 80–200 km altitude range, based on observations. Our approach utilizes fluid dynamical equations, and Hough Mode Extension (HME) fits to tidal wind and temperatures observed by the TIDI and SABER instruments on board the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. The global annual mean vertical energy flux due to diurnal and semidiurnal migrating and non-migrating tides for the year 2009 (solar minimum conditions) is about <span data-altimg="/cms/asset/ca8071e1-de95-49d3-9e37-bd8a9a8a9332/grl68727-math-0001.png"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="35" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" role="application" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 103%; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math aria-hidden="true" location="graphic/grl68727-math-0001.png"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic- data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-speech="10 Superscript negative 5" data-semantic-type="superscript"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-script style="vertical-align: 0.393em;"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-children="2" data-semantic-content="1" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="negative" data-semantic-type="prefixop" size="s"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="prefixop,−" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-type="operator" rspace="1"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display="inline" unselectable="on"><math altimg="urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68727:grl68727-math-0001" display="inline" location="graphic/grl68727-math-0001.png" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-="" data-semantic-children="0,3" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-speech="10 Superscript negative 5" data-semantic-type="superscript"><mn data-semantic-="" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number">10</mn><mrow data-semantic-="" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-children="2" data-semantic-content="1" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="negative" data-semantic-type="prefixop"><mo data-semantic-="" data-semantic-operator="prefixop,−" data-semantic-parent="3" data-semantic-role="subtraction" data-semantic-type="operator">−</mo><mn data-semantic-="" dat
{"title":"A Quantitative Assessment of Vertical Wave Energy Flux and Global Wave Power Due To Upward Propagating Tides Based on TIMED Observations","authors":"Mukta Neogi, Jens Oberheide","doi":"10.1029/2024gl113527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl113527","url":null,"abstract":"We quantify the vertical wave energy flux and global wave power due to upward propagating tides in the 80–200 km altitude range, based on observations. Our approach utilizes fluid dynamical equations, and Hough Mode Extension (HME) fits to tidal wind and temperatures observed by the TIDI and SABER instruments on board the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. The global annual mean vertical energy flux due to diurnal and semidiurnal migrating and non-migrating tides for the year 2009 (solar minimum conditions) is about <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/ca8071e1-de95-49d3-9e37-bd8a9a8a9332/grl68727-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"35\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/grl68727-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-speech=\"10 Superscript negative 5\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.393em;\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\" size=\"s\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" rspace=\"1\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl68727:grl68727-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/grl68727-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-speech=\"10 Superscript negative 5\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">10</mn><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"negative\" data-semantic-type=\"prefixop\"><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-operator=\"prefixop,−\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"subtraction\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">−</mo><mn data-semantic-=\"\" dat","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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