International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health最新文献

{"title":"Geohelminth Infections and Nutritional Status of Mbororo Children 2 - 15 Years in the Bafmeng Health Area, North West Cameroon","authors":"Ismaila Karimu, R. Nyasa, Tendongfor Nicholas","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i111437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i111437","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Geohelminth infections are endemic in Cameroon affecting millions of people and have serious nutritional and developmental effects especially among children. \u0000Aims: There is paucity of information on the prevalence, risk factors and nutritional effect of geohelminths on minority nomadic Mbororo communities in Cameroon, which is addressed herein amongst children 2-15 years in the Bafmeng Health Area. \u0000Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community based study was conducted between April 2021 and June 2021 in which 263 children, within the age 2-15 years were randomly recruited and a structured questionnaire was administered to them and their caregivers to obtain socio-demographic data, hygienic practices and knowledge of caregivers regarding geohelminth infections. A single-stool sample was obtained from each child and analyzed using the Kato-Katz technique and anthropometric measurements were also obtained and used to compute nutritional indices using the World Health Organization Anthro software. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of geohelminth infections. \u0000Results: The prevalence of geohelminth infections was 14.4% (38); Ascaris lumbricoides (11.41%), Trichuris trichuira (2.7%), and hook worm (0.4%). A total of 61.2% (161) of the children were malnourished; underweight (28.5%), stunting (19.0%), severe stunting (11.0%), severely underweight (1.9%), and wasting (0.8%). Geohelminth infection was not associated with nutritional status (P=0.4) but it was significantly (p=0.004) associated with males (21.9%) than females (8.7%). The use of unsafe water (P=0.03, AOR: 2.01, CI: 1.04 - 1.77) and dumping of waste around the compound (P=0.01, AOR=1.35, CI: 0.13 – 0.95) were risk factors significantly associated with geohelminth infection. Majority of the caregivers (75.3%) had good knowledge on the transmission and prevention of geohelminths. \u0000Conclusion: On a whole, the prevalence of geohelminth infection is low and malnutrition is high amongst Mbororo children. Long-term control strategies should focus on improvements on environmental hygiene, provision of portable water along side nutritional interventions.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129152649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal Iron Stores Depend on Gestational Age: A Prospective Comparative Cross-sectional Study at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria","authors":"I. Asinobi","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101436","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To establish mean values for serum ferritin at different gestational ages. To determine the relationship between serum ferritin and gestational age. \u0000Methodology: This was a prospective, comparative, cross sectional study carried out at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu State, Nigeria between June and December 2014. The study included 140 newborns with gestational ages of 25 weeks to 39 weeks, delivered at the UNTH. Babies with C-reactive protein levels > 10mg/dl, who were intra-uterine growth restricted, and whose mothers had conditions associated with low iron stores were excluded from the study. Anthropometric measurements were recorded for all subjects. Serum ferritin was measured at birth and this was correlated with gestational age. \u0000Results: Serum ferritin levels ranged from 20.6 to 296.4µg/l. The mean serum ferritin level was 93.14µg/l ± 57.69. There was a significant difference among the mean serum ferritin levels amongst different categories of gestational age (F = 11.159, P <.001).  Low serum ferritin was found in 85.7%, 48.1% and 16.7% of extreme preterms, very preterms and moderate to late preterms respectively 2 = 49.777, P < .05). Extreme preterms were sixty-four times more likely than term babies to have low serum ferritin (P <.01, OR = 64.00, 95% C.I for OR = 6.570 – 623.455), while very preterms were ten times more likely than term babies to have low serum ferritin levels (P < .001, OR = 9.905 95% C.I = 3.209 -30.570). In addition, moderate to late preterms were two times more likely than term babies to have low serum ferritin levels (P = 0.220, OR = 2.133, 95% C.I for OR = 0.635 – 7.167). There was a significant strong positive correlation between serum ferritin levels and gestational age in the study population (r = 0.656, P < .001). \u0000Conclusion: There is a wide range of serum ferritin amongst newborn babies. There is also a significant strong positive correlation between serum ferritin levels and gestational age.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114417954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Unpreparedness of a Health District in the Face of an Epidemic, the Case of COVID-19 and Its Impact on Neurosurgery Activities","authors":"J. Fondop, M. C. A. E. Tchoffo, T. Atemken, C. Djam, J. F. O. Ondo, L. T. Takoudjou","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101435","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2019, the occurrence of several cases of pneumonia of unknown origin in Hubei province in China led to the identification in January 2020 of a new coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2 by the Coronavirus Working Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.  In 2019 the national strategy to combat COVI 19 planned for national and regional centres.  Thus, as of 20 March 2019, the first suspected cases were registered and taken care of by the District Hospital of Dschang in an unpredictable manner and without any fund. \u0000The objective of this study was to describe the management of the COVID 19 epidemic by a district hospital without preparation and to describe its impact on hospital activities, in particular neurosurgery. \u0000Methodology: it was a retrospective descriptive study, focused on the documents and the management of human resources, material, suspect patients and financial means of the hospital during the first phase of the epidemic from March - August 2019 the crisis. It wasonly in September 2019 that the plan provided for the monitoring of patients at home and the patient at the case infected in KOUEKONG in Bafoussam in the region. \u0000The result A service was created with new staff as a matter of urgency and the hospitalisation of the first suspect led to a drop in the early attendance of the structure, hospitalisation of the hospital  and especially of the surgery service. The barrier measures introduced at the hospital were financed entirely by the hospital's own funds and donations, without any special funding, the hospital's revenue fell from 46,909,106 CFA francs in January 2019 to 27,103,235 CFA francs in June 2019, with a 43% drop in June 2019. expenses, masked by donations, fell from 46,909,106 CFA francs in January 2020 to 24,765,492 CFA francs in May 2020, but increased slightly to reach 38,724,361 CFA francs in August 2020. All activities were affected particularly surgery and neurosurgery. \u0000Conclusion: The unpredictable management of the Covi19 epidemic led to a disruption of the hospital's organisation and human resources, a drop in the hospital's income and an increase in the burden of self-management, without subsidies from the hierarchy.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127110881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons Learnt from the Management of Severe COVID-19 Disease in a 93-year-old with Chronic Co-Morbidities at a Resource-constrained Centre in Nigeria – A Retrospective Single Case Study","authors":"C. B. Nwatu, O. Anyim, U. Unigwe","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101434","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Severe COVID-19 infection is associated with significant mortality in the elderly. This is even more so, when the elderly patient with the disease also has multiple chronic co-morbidities, and is resident in a resource-constrained area. \u0000Aims/ Objectives: To outline management strategies employed, and important lessons learnt from the successful management of a case of severe COVID-19 disease in a 93-year-old with chronic co-morbidities in a resource-limited setting. \u0000Methods: We utilized a simple COVID-19 severity categorization algorithm on presentation, to assign the index patient to the appropriate COVID-19 disease severity class and subsequently employed patient’s serial, weekly clinical and laboratory parameters to guide a multi-specialty management protocol. \u0000Results: A 93-year-old man was referred to a tertiary hospital in Enugu during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 5-day-history of high grade fever, severe fatigue, and altered sensorium. He had been living with diabetes for 48years; recently had worsening glycemic control, and was yet to pass urine in the previous 12hours. He was also being managed conservatively for prostate carcinoma. Examination revealed signs of severe pneumonia and he was drowsy, dehydrated, and had asterixis. A diagnosis of acute kidney injury from septicemia, following community acquired pneumonia and possibly urinary tract infection was made, with COVID-19 infection as a differential. Samples were collected for laboratory investigations while he was recommended for intensive care unit admission for further care. Para-enteral broad spectrum antibiotics, intravenous fluid therapy, intranasal oxygen therapy, basal-bolus-insulin-regimen, and anti-coagulation prophylaxis were instituted. Following laboratory investigation results which included a positive COVID-19 test (clinically categorized as severe disease), severe systemic inflammation, evidence of uro-tract infection, intravascular thrombosis and severe renal impairment, the Nephrology, Infectious disease, Urology teams were invited to co-manage the patient alongside the Endocrinologists. After 27days of collaborative care, patient was discharged with resolution of his symptoms and signs. \u0000Conclusion: Multi-specialty collaborative care improves patients’ outcome even in the face of severe COVID-19 with associated co-morbidities in elderly patients. Severity stratification ensures life-saving timely care for severe COVID-19 disease.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"223 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120881865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of a Tertiary Hospital’s Systems Thinking Approach Using the World Health Organization Health System Framework in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria","authors":"C. B. Nwatu","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i101433","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The coronavirus disease 2019, (COVID-19) pandemic dealt a catastrophic blow to health systems globally, especially those of middle and low-income-countries, whose health systems were already frail, pre-pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes six building blocks (BBs) for a sturdy health system, whose synergistic interaction, through a systems thinking approach, guarantees optimal and equitable health outcomes for the populace, while shielding them from financial risk.  \u0000Objectives: To showcase a Nigerian tertiary hospital’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, through the application of systems thinking, to the WHO health systems BBs. \u0000Methods: A questionnaire-based survey (utilizing a Likert scale of 1=very poor; 2=poor; 3=fair; 4=good and 5=excellent) of the hospital-wide efforts, employed by the leadership of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, utilizing the WHO BBs, during the COVID-19 pandemic, assessed the perceived impact of the individual BBs on the hospital system. Eighty key stakeholders (Females=55%), heads of departments and supervisors, comprising various categories of medical personnel, overseeing twenty critical service areas of the hospital undertook the survey. \u0000Results: Leadership/Governance ranked highest in impact among the BBs (68.6%), with the availability of Medical products/Technology (65.9%), and Service delivery (64.4%) trailing closely at second and third, respectively. Perceived robustness and overall motivation of the Health Workforce was least ranked at 57.1%, closely followed by Healthcare Financing (58.2%) and Health Information Systems (61.9%). \u0000Conclusion: At an average cumulative score of 62.7% for all the BBs, the UNTH leadership may be adjudged to have performed creditably in their efforts at COVID-19 containment. Staff welfare should be enhanced, to ensure a well-motivated staff which will likely translate to improved service delivery.   ","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125125400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Profiling of Gut Bacterial Microbiome and Pathobionts among HIV-negative and HIV-infected Individuals in Cameroon","authors":"S. Ako, C. Nkenfou, J. N. Assob, T. B. Pokam, M. Ngemenya, R. Ndip, A. Nota, M. Tongo, Christopher Njopin, Enoh Jude Eteneneng, F. Cho, Mbanya Gladice Mbanya, Woguia Gilles-Fils, Ngoume Moukoma Y. Franck, E. Akum","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91431","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Knowledge of the core gut microbiome among Cameroonians is a preliminary step for a better implementation of treatment strategies to correct dysbiosis and improve health care management. HIV infection has continued to cause high mortality among those infected, but the types and frequency of human gut microbiota associated with or without HIV/AIDS presence have not been identified in the adult populations in Cameroon. \u0000Methods: This was a case-control and comparative study design that ran from June 2018 to September 2019. Stool Samples were purposively collected from 40 participants (15 HIV-negative and 25 HIV-positive) for the 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the next-generation Illumina® MiSeq™ sequencer. Blood samples were collected for HIV determine testing, CD4 Tcell count, and HIV viral load. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at ninety-nine percent identity and their representatives were accustomed to using a phylogenetic approach. \u0000Results: The study showed a phylogenetic taxonomy of the gut microbiome communities in two kingdoms (Archea and Bacteria) and eight Phylum [Firmicutes (44.7%), Bacteroidetes (43.7%), Proteobacteria (8.7%), Actinobacteria (1%), Fusobacteria (0.2%), Euryarchaeota (0.01%), Synergistetes (0.01%), Verrucomicrobia (0.01%) and unclassified phylum (1.7%)]. A total of 347 gut microbiota species were identified, including 55 unique species/oligotypes, and 28 pathobionts from the study population. HIV infection was characterized by significant gut microbiota compositional changes with HIV-positive less diverse (56 strains absent) with significantly increased OTUs of the butyrate-producing microbiome species as compared to HIV-negative individuals (p=0.001). \u0000Conclusions: A profile of 347 gut microbiome bacterial species was identified in the Cameroonian community. Particularly, from the 347 gut microbiome bacterial species profiled, eight phyla were identified, with 55 unique species/oligotypes containing more than one sequence and 28 pathobionts. A host of unknown/unclassified gut microbiome bacterial species were also noted circulating among the study population.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123608268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique Community of Gut Bacterial Microbiome as Indicator for HIV Infection and Progression","authors":"S. Ako, C. Nkenfou, J. N. Assob, T. B. Pokam, M. Tongo, Enoh Jude Eteneneng, Mbanya Gladice Mbanya, E. Akum","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91430","url":null,"abstract":"The human digestive tract harbors complex microbial communities within its epithelial cell lining. Disruption in enteric immunity will promote gut dysbiosis, which can successively induce chronic inflammation within the mucous membrane and periphery. Interpretation of the specific gut microbiome changes observed during HIV infection is warranted in populations most affected.This was a case-control and comparative study design carried out between June 2018 to September 2019. A total of 40 volunteer adult participants were recruited (15 HIV-negative and 25 HIV-positive) at the Buea Regional Hospital. Blood analysis was done for CD4+ T cell count and HIV viral load. Fecal samples from all participants were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the next-generation Illumina® MiSeq™ sequencer. \u0000Biomarker Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) score from LEfSe analysis indicated that the specific gut microbiome, Lachnoclostridium sp32343-sp32393-sp32423 communities could serve as an indicator for HIV infection. Findings also showed that Bacteroides vulgatus (seq 11 & seq 42), Megamonas funiformis (seq 63), unclassified members of Prevotallaceae family sp14289 (seq 51), sp13942 (seq 4), and Prevotella copri-sp13942 (seq 5) could be used as gut microbiome biomarkers for increased HIV viral load and decreased CD4+ T cell count. Meanwhile gut microbiome biomarkers for decreased HIV viral load and increased CD4+ T cell count were identified as Succinivibrionaceae sp56244 (seq 47),  Eubacterium rectale (seq 8), Megamonas funiformis (seq 1 and seq 14), Prevotella copri (seq 29, seq 34, and seq 12) and unclassified Prevotellaceae sp13927 (seq 17), sp13942 (seq 5). Specific gut microbiome communities of Lachnoclostridium sp32343-sp32393-sp32423 could be used as an indicator of HIV presence. Some gut bacteria microbiome can be utilized in the management of HIV disease progression.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129496719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Management of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Case Study at Sekyere Afram Plains District of Ashanti Region, Ghana","authors":"Philip Gyaase, Michael Kobina Lindsay, Emmanuel Boateng Acheampong, D. Sampson","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91428","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The goal of the study was to assess the knowledge and management of Buruli ulcer disease in the Sekyere Afram Plains District of Ashanti Region. \u0000Methods: The study used a quantitative study type and cross-sectional study design with a sample size of 251 comprising Buruli Ulcer (BU) patients, health workers and community members as study population. The study used a structured questionnaire for the primary data. The questionnaire was used because the respondents were literates and could read and respond to the items without difficulty. Data collected were edited and coded and statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. Inferential and Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to describe the study variables. Chi-square (p-values) was used and the data were analyzed in Tables with significance level set at 0.05. \u0000Results: The results revealed that the patient’s knowledge, about BU was 61.9% which was statistically significant (p-value= <0.001). It also revealed association between knowledge on Buruli ulcer and demographic characteristics of respondents (p-value =<0.001). Relatively colossal number of respondents (81.0%) revealed that they were not an active member of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). \u0000Conclusion: The study concludes that if health workers are trained on BU and more education is given to the community members on Buruli ulcer disease, their health seeking behaviour would be improved to reduce complications associated with Buruli ulcer disease in the District. The study recommends that Ghana Health Service (GHS) should organize training and refresher courses for health care workers to increase their knowledge on Buruli ulcer.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130891679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of COVID-19 and Its Progression in Ghana","authors":"J. Apenteng, Samuel Korsah, Miriam Tagoe, A. Sarfo","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91429","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the progression of the coronavirus pandemic in Ghana, measures put in place to fight the pandemic and evaluation of Ghana’s response in terms of both containing the pandemic and mitigating the social and economic effects of the COVID 19 pandemic. \u0000Methods: The study mainly assessed the COVID-19 situation in Ghana within the period of March 2020 to MAY 2021. Data from reputable sources; Ministry of Health, Goggle scholar, Ghana Health Service, CDC, WHO, WTTC and online news articles were retrieved and assessed in quarterly basis. The results were further tabulated and graphically represented using Microsoft Excel application. \u0000Results: A total of 94011 cases were recorded by the end of the of May 2021; first quarter of the second year. The highest number of active cases (11897), deaths (295) and critical cases (280) recorded were from December 2020 to February 2021. In the first quarter, the infection rate recorded was 3.77% which increased to 16.10% in the second quarter. However, with reinforcement of the COVID-19 protocol there was a significant decrease in infection rate in the final quarter for the studies; from March to May 2021 (3.60%). \u0000Conclusion: Actions adopted by the Ghanaian government so far in handling the pandemic have generated significant achievements. It is however recommended that more control measures such as mass vaccination, mass testing and contact tracing will help track the infection and further reduce the rate of infection.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132932709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Models and Societal Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Short Review","authors":"Achintya Bhattacharyya, J. Mukherjee","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i91427","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we present a short and informative review on growth and impact of novel corona virus appeared in 2019. Almost entire world has been is the victim of this life-threatening virus. Here, we have discussed the growth of the COVID 19 in different parts of the world and how they are mathematically modelled. We have also discussed how different mathematical models predicts the minimisation of the growth by predicting the minimum days of lockdown. Further, the effect of effect of lockdown in everyday life and its societal impact are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; Health","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116942091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}