Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i41526
Agi V. N., Ollor O. A., Azike C. A., Chukwu G. C.
Introduction: Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and transient airborne microorganisms have been shown to constitute major health hazards. Aim: This study was carried out to assess the microbial air quality in ten (10) domestic toilets located in mile-3, Alakahia, Choba, Ada-George and Rumuokwuta, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. Methodology: Microbial air quality was sampled using sedimentation techniques. Freshly prepared Nutrient Agar, MacConkey and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates were placed one meter above the floor of the toilets for 1 hours at different sections of each toilet exposed to an open air. The agar plates were closed and transported to the Laboratory were incubation took place at 37°C for 24 hours and 25°C for 3-5 days for growth of bacteria and fungi respectively. Isolates were characterized and identified by standard microbiological methods. Results: The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus species 22(22.45%), Bacillus species 20 (20.41%), Enterococcus species 20(20.41%), Escherichia coli 16(16.32%), Micrococcus species 15 (15.31%), Klebsiella species 3(3.06%), and Proteus species 2(2.04%) while Aspergillus species 14(27.45%), Penicillium species 16(23.53%), Fusarium species 10(19.60%), Mucor species 8(15.69%), and Rhizopus species 7(13.73%) were the fungi identified. The highest bacteria colony count before and after flushing were 52.380×103CFU/m3/hr & 67.261× 103CFU/m3/ hrrespectively while the lowest bacteria counts observed before and after flushing 19.047× 103CFU/m3/hr & 39.286×103CFU/m3/hr while the highest and lowest fungal count before and after flushing were 10.119×103CFU/m3/hr & 13.690×103CFU/m3/hr and 5.952×103CFU/m3/hr & 5.953×103CFU/m3/hr respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that considerable numbers of both pathogenic bacteria and fungi particles were released into the air in higher quantity after flushing domestic toilets when compared to air quality before flushing. These organisms have been implicated in major and minor infectious diseases. Inhalation or contact may easily lead to infection especially in immunocompromised individuals and the older adults. To maintain the health of users, it is necessary to carefully manage the environmental factors that promote the growth and multiplication of microorganisms in domestic toilet environment.
{"title":"Prevalence and Concentration of Airborne Microorganisms Isolated from Domestic Toilets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"Agi V. N., Ollor O. A., Azike C. A., Chukwu G. C.","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i41526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i41526","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature and transient airborne microorganisms have been shown to constitute major health hazards. \u0000Aim: This study was carried out to assess the microbial air quality in ten (10) domestic toilets located in mile-3, Alakahia, Choba, Ada-George and Rumuokwuta, Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Microbial air quality was sampled using sedimentation techniques. Freshly prepared Nutrient Agar, MacConkey and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates were placed one meter above the floor of the toilets for 1 hours at different sections of each toilet exposed to an open air. The agar plates were closed and transported to the Laboratory were incubation took place at 37°C for 24 hours and 25°C for 3-5 days for growth of bacteria and fungi respectively. Isolates were characterized and identified by standard microbiological methods. \u0000Results: The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus species 22(22.45%), Bacillus species 20 (20.41%), Enterococcus species 20(20.41%), Escherichia coli 16(16.32%), Micrococcus species 15 (15.31%), Klebsiella species 3(3.06%), and Proteus species 2(2.04%) while Aspergillus species 14(27.45%), Penicillium species 16(23.53%), Fusarium species 10(19.60%), Mucor species 8(15.69%), and Rhizopus species 7(13.73%) were the fungi identified. The highest bacteria colony count before and after flushing were 52.380×103CFU/m3/hr & 67.261× 103CFU/m3/ hrrespectively while the lowest bacteria counts observed before and after flushing 19.047× 103CFU/m3/hr & 39.286×103CFU/m3/hr while the highest and lowest fungal count before and after flushing were 10.119×103CFU/m3/hr & 13.690×103CFU/m3/hr and 5.952×103CFU/m3/hr & 5.953×103CFU/m3/hr respectively. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows that considerable numbers of both pathogenic bacteria and fungi particles were released into the air in higher quantity after flushing domestic toilets when compared to air quality before flushing. These organisms have been implicated in major and minor infectious diseases. Inhalation or contact may easily lead to infection especially in immunocompromised individuals and the older adults. To maintain the health of users, it is necessary to carefully manage the environmental factors that promote the growth and multiplication of microorganisms in domestic toilet environment.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140259504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31523
Aristide Ouattara, Harouna Sorè, Adama Zida
Aim: This documentary review aimed to make a synthesis of bioactive plants or natural compounds on schistosomes. We carried out a review from 2000 to 2022, oriented towards the plants in order to search natural compounds bioactive on schistosomes which can be a great contribution for new drugs discovering. Terms such as “schistosomiasis and medicinal plants”, “natural anti-schistosome compounds”, “phytochemical screening”, “bioactive compounds on schistosomes” were used for the online literature search through the following sites: PubMed; Google Scholar; ScienceDirect and Hinari. Results: There are many plants already used for the traditional treatment of schistosomiasis. This review found nearly 72 families of plants belonging to 228 botanical species have been listed. Some of these have been studied in vitro / in vivo and preliminary results have shown their schistosomicidal properties. Moreover, the results of qualitative phytochemical screening and toxicity testing of these natural compounds provide hope for new drug discoveries. Conclusion: Even if plants efficacy is proven, we need more in-depth investigations to determine their chemical components in order to minimize the undesirable effects and to guarantee their safety by assessing their toxicity.
{"title":"Natural Bioactive Compounds against Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni","authors":"Aristide Ouattara, Harouna Sorè, Adama Zida","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31523","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This documentary review aimed to make a synthesis of bioactive plants or natural compounds on schistosomes. We carried out a review from 2000 to 2022, oriented towards the plants in order to search natural compounds bioactive on schistosomes which can be a great contribution for new drugs discovering. \u0000Terms such as “schistosomiasis and medicinal plants”, “natural anti-schistosome compounds”, “phytochemical screening”, “bioactive compounds on schistosomes” were used for the online literature search through the following sites: PubMed; Google Scholar; ScienceDirect and Hinari. \u0000Results: There are many plants already used for the traditional treatment of schistosomiasis. This review found nearly 72 families of plants belonging to 228 botanical species have been listed. Some of these have been studied in vitro / in vivo and preliminary results have shown their schistosomicidal properties. Moreover, the results of qualitative phytochemical screening and toxicity testing of these natural compounds provide hope for new drug discoveries. \u0000Conclusion: Even if plants efficacy is proven, we need more in-depth investigations to determine their chemical components in order to minimize the undesirable effects and to guarantee their safety by assessing their toxicity.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140266255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-27DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31521
Inke Malahayati, Zuraidah
Background: Cesarean section has increased from year to year. The 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research found that the percentage of cesarean deliveries was 17.6% of 78.736 deliveries. It has almost twice from the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Research of 9.8%. Various reasons were given by mothers for choosing cesarean section. Aims: To explore differences in mothers' perceptions of cesarean section and normal birth. Here clearly write the aims of this study. Study Design: This study used a comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Simalungun Regency (North Sumatera, Indonesia) between July and September 2022. Methodology: We conducted on 106 women after 24 hours of labor (normal labor and cesarean section). Sampling was done by consecutive sampling. Data were collected using the Perception of Birth Scale/PBS questionnaire (29 questions) with a Likert scale of 1-5 and the Labor Agentry Scale/LAS (10 questions) with a Likert scale of 1-7 that had been translated and validated. Statistical test using Mann-Whitney U. Results: The mean PBS scores in the normal labor vs cesarean section group were 105.68 ± 10.95 and 109.09 ± 8.79 (p=0.026). The mean LAS score in the normal labor vs cesarean section group was 34.57 ± 5.27 vs 31.51 ± 4.37 (P value 0.000). Conclusion: Mothers who gave birth by cesarean section had a positive perception. Mothers who gave birth normally had high birth control. Education and information about the risks of the cesarean section should be promoted and mothers are supported to give birth naturally.
{"title":"Mother’s Perception on Childbirth: Cesarean Section vs Normal Birth","authors":"Inke Malahayati, Zuraidah","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31521","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cesarean section has increased from year to year. The 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research found that the percentage of cesarean deliveries was 17.6% of 78.736 deliveries. It has almost twice from the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Research of 9.8%. Various reasons were given by mothers for choosing cesarean section. \u0000Aims: To explore differences in mothers' perceptions of cesarean section and normal birth. Here clearly write the aims of this study. \u0000Study Design: This study used a comparative study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Simalungun Regency (North Sumatera, Indonesia) between July and September 2022. \u0000Methodology: We conducted on 106 women after 24 hours of labor (normal labor and cesarean section). Sampling was done by consecutive sampling. Data were collected using the Perception of Birth Scale/PBS questionnaire (29 questions) with a Likert scale of 1-5 and the Labor Agentry Scale/LAS (10 questions) with a Likert scale of 1-7 that had been translated and validated. Statistical test using Mann-Whitney U. \u0000Results: The mean PBS scores in the normal labor vs cesarean section group were 105.68 ± 10.95 and 109.09 ± 8.79 (p=0.026). The mean LAS score in the normal labor vs cesarean section group was 34.57 ± 5.27 vs 31.51 ± 4.37 (P value 0.000). \u0000Conclusion: Mothers who gave birth by cesarean section had a positive perception. Mothers who gave birth normally had high birth control. Education and information about the risks of the cesarean section should be promoted and mothers are supported to give birth naturally.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"27 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140427185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31520
Abdullahi Abba Habib, M. Ibrahim, Mubarak Abdulkareem Jabbo
Background: Puerperal sepsis is the 3rd leading cause of direct maternal death in developing countries. The case fatality rate of puerperal sepsis was reported to be as high as 8%, and it complicates 1-8% of all deliveries. It is an infection of the genital tract occurring anytime between the rupture of membranes and 42nd day postpartum. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of puerperal sepsis and associated factors. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital. The study participants were all the patients managed for puerperal sepsis during the period under review. The patients” data were collected using a structured proforma from their case files. Data obtained was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21.0. Measured variables were expressed in descriptive statistics; mean ± SD for normally distributed quantitative variables, median and interquartile range for skewed quantitative variables. Qualitative variables were expressed in percentage and proportions. Results: The prevalence of puerperal sepsis was of 10.7%. The mean age of the patients was 25.85 + 7.5. The mean parity was 3.89 + 4.5. Most (74.71%) of the women were unbooked and had home delivery (69.3%). Fever (90.7%) was the most frequent presenting complaints. The commonest (75.0%) organism cultured was staphylococcus aureus. Anemia was the commonest (63.6%) complication. Conclusion: The prevalence of Puerperal sepsis in this study is high. Low literacy level, unemployment, un-booked status and home delivery were found to be predisposing factors.
{"title":"Puerperal Sepsis and its Associated Factors: Review of Cases in a Tertiary Hospital in Jigawa, North-West Nigeria","authors":"Abdullahi Abba Habib, M. Ibrahim, Mubarak Abdulkareem Jabbo","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i31520","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Puerperal sepsis is the 3rd leading cause of direct maternal death in developing countries. The case fatality rate of puerperal sepsis was reported to be as high as 8%, and it complicates 1-8% of all deliveries. It is an infection of the genital tract occurring anytime between the rupture of membranes and 42nd day postpartum. \u0000Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of puerperal sepsis and associated factors. \u0000Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Rasheed Shekoni Federal University Teaching Hospital. The study participants were all the patients managed for puerperal sepsis during the period under review. The patients” data were collected using a structured proforma from their case files. Data obtained was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 21.0. Measured variables were expressed in descriptive statistics; mean ± SD for normally distributed quantitative variables, median and interquartile range for skewed quantitative variables. Qualitative variables were expressed in percentage and proportions. \u0000Results: The prevalence of puerperal sepsis was of 10.7%. The mean age of the patients was 25.85 + 7.5. The mean parity was 3.89 + 4.5. Most (74.71%) of the women were unbooked and had home delivery (69.3%). Fever (90.7%) was the most frequent presenting complaints. The commonest (75.0%) organism cultured was staphylococcus aureus. Anemia was the commonest (63.6%) complication. \u0000Conclusion: The prevalence of Puerperal sepsis in this study is high. Low literacy level, unemployment, un-booked status and home delivery were found to be predisposing factors.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140442397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21515
I. Elekima, B. S. Mbeera, Thankgod Prince Ohaka, C. Azike, Onyemaechi Collins Micah, E. Nwokah, Onyemaechi Uchechukwu, V. N. Agi, Amarachi Bridget Ibuchim-Owabie, Chinyere Omereji-David, O. A. Ollor, Helen Waribo, I. George-Opuda, A. Ben-Chioma, Tombari Pius Monsi
Background: Co-morbidity of infections and non-infectious diseases is increasing in developing societies with little effort in identifying these trends. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria infections, and high serum prostate-specific antigen levels among individuals and residents at Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Experimental Design: The study is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which consisted of 501 participants in a free medical outreach organized by the Association of Medical Laboratory Scientists of Nigeria, Rivers State University Chapter, Rivers State, Nigeria, in commemoration of the 2022 International Biomedical Day. The test subjects consisted of males and females, who were students, staff, and residents at the Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The age range of the test subjects was 18-64 years. Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study encompassed 501 adults (males and females) who gave consent for their blood screening during our free medical outreach. As a procedure, venous blood specimens were collected at the antecubital fossa from the attendees by venipuncture technique and were screened forH. Pylori antibody, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria parasite, and prostate-specific antigen with the use of Accu-Tell rapid diagnostic test kits. Each test was read within 10 minutes. Red lines on the test zone and control zones of the test kits were read and recorded as positive cases, while a red line on the control zone and the absence of a red line on the test zone of the test kit were read, and recorded as negative case, in line with the rapid diagnostic manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Out of a total of 501 participants, the prevalence of H. pylori, M. tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and prostate-specific antigen were 9 (1.79 %), 3 (0.6 %), 12 (2.40 %), 6 (4.65 %%) respectively. The sex-based comparison showed that males have the same prevalence for all infectious diseases (H. pylori, M. tuberculosis, and P. falciparum) of 3 (2.32 %), and 6 (4.65 %) for a prostate-specific antigen. For the females, the prevalence of H. pylori, M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum were 6 (2.20 %), 0 (0.00 %), and 9 (2.42 %) respectively. Conclusion: M. tuberculosis prevalence was observed to be greater in the males than in the females of the studied population while that of H. pylori was observed to be higher in the females than the male participants. So continuous screening of the public to monitor and prepare them against the insurgence of these diseases which are of public health concern is important.
{"title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Malaria Infections, and High Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Levels among Individuals at the Rivers State University, Nigeria: Findings of a Free Medical Outreach","authors":"I. Elekima, B. S. Mbeera, Thankgod Prince Ohaka, C. Azike, Onyemaechi Collins Micah, E. Nwokah, Onyemaechi Uchechukwu, V. N. Agi, Amarachi Bridget Ibuchim-Owabie, Chinyere Omereji-David, O. A. Ollor, Helen Waribo, I. George-Opuda, A. Ben-Chioma, Tombari Pius Monsi","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21515","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Co-morbidity of infections and non-infectious diseases is increasing in developing societies with little effort in identifying these trends. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria infections, and high serum prostate-specific antigen levels among individuals and residents at Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. \u0000Experimental Design: The study is a cross-sectional descriptive study, which consisted of 501 participants in a free medical outreach organized by the Association of Medical Laboratory Scientists of Nigeria, Rivers State University Chapter, Rivers State, Nigeria, in commemoration of the 2022 International Biomedical Day. The test subjects consisted of males and females, who were students, staff, and residents at the Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The age range of the test subjects was 18-64 years. \u0000Methods: The cross-sectional descriptive study encompassed 501 adults (males and females) who gave consent for their blood screening during our free medical outreach. As a procedure, venous blood specimens were collected at the antecubital fossa from the attendees by venipuncture technique and were screened forH. Pylori antibody, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, malaria parasite, and prostate-specific antigen with the use of Accu-Tell rapid diagnostic test kits. Each test was read within 10 minutes. Red lines on the test zone and control zones of the test kits were read and recorded as positive cases, while a red line on the control zone and the absence of a red line on the test zone of the test kit were read, and recorded as negative case, in line with the rapid diagnostic manufacturer’s instructions. \u0000Results: Out of a total of 501 participants, the prevalence of H. pylori, M. tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and prostate-specific antigen were 9 (1.79 %), 3 (0.6 %), 12 (2.40 %), 6 (4.65 %%) respectively. The sex-based comparison showed that males have the same prevalence for all infectious diseases (H. pylori, M. tuberculosis, and P. falciparum) of 3 (2.32 %), and 6 (4.65 %) for a prostate-specific antigen. For the females, the prevalence of H. pylori, M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum were 6 (2.20 %), 0 (0.00 %), and 9 (2.42 %) respectively. \u0000Conclusion: M. tuberculosis prevalence was observed to be greater in the males than in the females of the studied population while that of H. pylori was observed to be higher in the females than the male participants. So continuous screening of the public to monitor and prepare them against the insurgence of these diseases which are of public health concern is important.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"22 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139685597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21516
Thomas Opiyo Okumu
This paper seeks to explore the significance and impact of malaria on Kenya’s economic growth. This will help to understand the impact that malaria has or have had on household economic status especially for the vulnerable population in Kenya and how it has been unfolding slowly over time. This will also seek to understand the coping strategies adopted by the said population and the negative implications that have influenced these household’s abilities to withstand malaria and other eventualities that may happen in the future. The risk and burden of malaria on vulnerable population together with its economic effects have been presented. Search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed as well as related economics and medical journals were instrumental for this study. To protect the poor and vulnerable population against these adverse effects of malaria and from malaria itself, there is a great need to draft and enact policies that will be able control the effects as well as integration development and poverty reduction programs. The future work and focus for government and all stakeholders should be to focus more energy and work on achievable health services that will eliminate the burden of health especially malaria and its effects on Kenyan economic activities undertaken by the vulnerable population and to address the burden and risk of malaria on the productive under privileged within their environment, as well as study the epidemiological and socio-economic geographical dissimilarities of the vulnerable population and the normal population.
{"title":"The Socioeconomic Impact: Assessing the Risk and Burden of Malaria on Vulnerable Populations in Kenya","authors":"Thomas Opiyo Okumu","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21516","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to explore the significance and impact of malaria on Kenya’s economic growth. This will help to understand the impact that malaria has or have had on household economic status especially for the vulnerable population in Kenya and how it has been unfolding slowly over time. This will also seek to understand the coping strategies adopted by the said population and the negative implications that have influenced these household’s abilities to withstand malaria and other eventualities that may happen in the future. \u0000The risk and burden of malaria on vulnerable population together with its economic effects have been presented. Search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed as well as related economics and medical journals were instrumental for this study. To protect the poor and vulnerable population against these adverse effects of malaria and from malaria itself, there is a great need to draft and enact policies that will be able control the effects as well as integration development and poverty reduction programs. The future work and focus for government and all stakeholders should be to focus more energy and work on achievable health services that will eliminate the burden of health especially malaria and its effects on Kenyan economic activities undertaken by the vulnerable population and to address the burden and risk of malaria on the productive under privileged within their environment, as well as study the epidemiological and socio-economic geographical dissimilarities of the vulnerable population and the normal population.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"38 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139685671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-24DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21514
Alkassoum S. I., Abdoulaye Z., Goni A., Amadou O., Djibo A., Emoud T., Ibrahim M. L., Adeossi E.
Background: Bacterial meningitis is a major public health problem, especially in low-income countries. We analyzed national surveillance data and isolates from Niger to describe the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis from 2005 to 2020. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of nationwide case-based surveillance data of all reported meningitis cases in Niger from 2005 to 2020. Modified case definition was used to classify the cases. Results: A total of 47,953 suspected meningitis cases and 3,276 deaths (CFR=6.83%) were reported, corresponding to an incidence of 189.01 cases per 100,000 population. The male represented 55.41% ( sex-ratio male : female = 1.30) and 40.52% were 5 -14 y. A total of 29,998 cases were reported through RNL, of which 10,979 (36.60%) were confirmed, of which 6,149 (56.01%), were confirmed by culture. The predominant organism identified was N. meningitidis serogroup A (33.91%). All regions reported meningitis cases and a consistent and substantial reduction was seen in confirmed NmA cases, with no cases occurring in the country after the completion of mass campaigns. Nevertheless, other pathogen species and Nm variants, including NmX, NmC, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, have become more prevalent. Conclusion: Increased surveillance of multiple serogroups throughout is necessary, as well as consideration of vaccination with combination vaccines rather than just using a single strain as is currently the case with NmA.
{"title":"National Surveillance Data on the Epidemiology of Meningitis in Niger, 2005 - 2020","authors":"Alkassoum S. I., Abdoulaye Z., Goni A., Amadou O., Djibo A., Emoud T., Ibrahim M. L., Adeossi E.","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i21514","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial meningitis is a major public health problem, especially in low-income countries. We analyzed national surveillance data and isolates from Niger to describe the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis from 2005 to 2020. \u0000Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of nationwide case-based surveillance data of all reported meningitis cases in Niger from 2005 to 2020. Modified case definition was used to classify the cases. \u0000Results: A total of 47,953 suspected meningitis cases and 3,276 deaths (CFR=6.83%) were reported, corresponding to an incidence of 189.01 cases per 100,000 population. The male represented 55.41% ( sex-ratio male : female = 1.30) and 40.52% were 5 -14 y. A total of 29,998 cases were reported through RNL, of which 10,979 (36.60%) were confirmed, of which 6,149 (56.01%), were confirmed by culture. The predominant organism identified was N. meningitidis serogroup A (33.91%). All regions reported meningitis cases and a consistent and substantial reduction was seen in confirmed NmA cases, with no cases occurring in the country after the completion of mass campaigns. Nevertheless, other pathogen species and Nm variants, including NmX, NmC, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, have become more prevalent. \u0000Conclusion: Increased surveillance of multiple serogroups throughout is necessary, as well as consideration of vaccination with combination vaccines rather than just using a single strain as is currently the case with NmA.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"49 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139598982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11512
Onyia Jo, Onyia Oa, Nzeduba Cd, Maduka Nc, Agu G, Chime P, Asinobi In, Chinawa Jm
Background: Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be more prone to helminthic infestation and this may be modified by their socio-demographic and hygiene-related variables. Objectives: This study was aimed at eliciting the various socioeconomic correlates that affect helminth infections among children with HIV and comparing it with their normal counterparts who had no HIV. Methods: A cross-sectional study where a total of 140 subjects including 70 HIV-infected children and 70 children without HIV infection. They were consecutively recruited from the Paediatric HIV clinic and matched for age and sex with. Results: Socio-economic class, area of residence, hygienic practices such as method of feacal disposal, hand washing practices and footwear practices were significantly associated with helminthic infestation at the bivariate level of analysis (p < 0.05). Using bivariate analysis, of the independent variables that were significant at the bivariate analysis, only lower socioeconomic class was an independent predictor of helminthic infestation (AOR = 6.403, 95% CI: 1.303 to 31.469) Conclusion: Socio-demographic and hygiene-related risk factors are similar in HIV-positive and negative children. However, lower socioeconomic status is an independent predictor of helminthic intestinal infestation after controlling for potential confounders such as age and gender.
背景：感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的儿童可能更容易受到蠕虫感染，而这可能会受到他们的社会人口和卫生相关变量的影响：本研究旨在了解影响艾滋病毒感染儿童蠕虫感染的各种社会经济相关因素，并将其与未感染艾滋病毒的正常儿童进行比较：这项横断面研究共有 140 名受试者，包括 70 名感染 HIV 的儿童和 70 名未感染 HIV 的儿童。这些儿童是从儿科艾滋病诊所连续招募的，年龄和性别与未感染艾滋病的儿童相匹配：社会经济阶层、居住地区、卫生习惯（如粪便处理方法、洗手习惯和穿鞋习惯）在二元分析水平上与蠕虫感染显著相关（p < 0.05）。通过双变量分析，在双变量分析中显著的自变量中，只有较低的社会经济阶层是螺旋体感染的独立预测因素（AOR = 6.403，95% CI：1.303 至 31.469）：艾滋病毒抗体阳性和阴性儿童的社会人口和卫生相关风险因素相似。然而，在控制了年龄和性别等潜在混杂因素后，较低的社会经济地位是螺旋体肠道感染的一个独立预测因素。
{"title":"Socio-economic Correlates of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infestation in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Presenting in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-ozalla, Enugu","authors":"Onyia Jo, Onyia Oa, Nzeduba Cd, Maduka Nc, Agu G, Chime P, Asinobi In, Chinawa Jm","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11512","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be more prone to helminthic infestation and this may be modified by their socio-demographic and hygiene-related variables.\u0000Objectives: This study was aimed at eliciting the various socioeconomic correlates that affect helminth infections among children with HIV and comparing it with their normal counterparts who had no HIV.\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional study where a total of 140 subjects including 70 HIV-infected children and 70 children without HIV infection. They were consecutively recruited from the Paediatric HIV clinic and matched for age and sex with.\u0000Results: Socio-economic class, area of residence, hygienic practices such as method of feacal disposal, hand washing practices and footwear practices were significantly associated with helminthic infestation at the bivariate level of analysis (p < 0.05). Using bivariate analysis, of the independent variables that were significant at the bivariate analysis, only lower socioeconomic class was an independent predictor of helminthic infestation (AOR = 6.403, 95% CI: 1.303 to 31.469)\u0000Conclusion: Socio-demographic and hygiene-related risk factors are similar in HIV-positive and negative children. However, lower socioeconomic status is an independent predictor of helminthic intestinal infestation after controlling for potential confounders such as age and gender.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":" 1249","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139617166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-16DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11511
S. Agarwal, Cleopatra K. Shadap, W. V. Lyngdoh, K. Lyngrah, Manika Agarwal
Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the sero-prevalence of chikungunya presented within NEIGRIHMS (North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical sciences), a regional institute located in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in NEIGRIHMS covering patients within Meghalaya apart from the Garo Hills, India, during the months of June to November, 2023. Methodology: Blood samples from patients were collected and were subjected to CHIKV IgM ELISA for detection of chikungunya virus infection. A total of 100 samples (46 males and 54 females; age range: 18 above) from patientswith chikungunya-like symptoms commonly fever, arthralgia, myalgia and headache were recruited for the study. Results: Out of 100 samples tested for CHIKV IgM Elisa, 10 samples came out positive. Conclusion: An active surveillance of cases and identification of their sources can help to identify where the resources for chikungunya prevention program should be distributed within the state of Meghalaya for optimum utilization of resources and effective disease control.
{"title":"Regional Variation in Chikungunya Viral Infection Prevalence in Meghalaya: A Study from Tertiary Teaching Center from North East India","authors":"S. Agarwal, Cleopatra K. Shadap, W. V. Lyngdoh, K. Lyngrah, Manika Agarwal","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2024/v45i11511","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the sero-prevalence of chikungunya presented within NEIGRIHMS (North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical sciences), a regional institute located in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. \u0000Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. \u0000Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in NEIGRIHMS covering patients within Meghalaya apart from the Garo Hills, India, during the months of June to November, 2023. \u0000Methodology: Blood samples from patients were collected and were subjected to CHIKV IgM ELISA for detection of chikungunya virus infection. A total of 100 samples (46 males and 54 females; age range: 18 above) from patientswith chikungunya-like symptoms commonly fever, arthralgia, myalgia and headache were recruited for the study. \u0000Results: Out of 100 samples tested for CHIKV IgM Elisa, 10 samples came out positive. \u0000Conclusion: An active surveillance of cases and identification of their sources can help to identify where the resources for chikungunya prevention program should be distributed within the state of Meghalaya for optimum utilization of resources and effective disease control.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i241507
Oluoha R. U., Offiong A. A., Okafor P. N., Nwaigbo Ernest, Nwachukwu Ifeanyi
Background: Depression has been recognized as one of the significant public health problems of the 21st century. Previous studies have revealed higher prevalence of psychological morbidity among medical students in comparison to their age – matched non – medical counterparts. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of depression among medical students of Imo State University, Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria. Methods: An institution based cross – sectional survey was conducted among 180 medical students selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data collection was with the aid of a pretested semi – structured self – administered questionnaire. Prevalence of depression was assessed using a modified Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS – 21). Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Descriptive statistics was presented using summary indices, frequency tables and percentages. Associations between variables were done using the Chi –square and logistic regression. A p – value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 26.9 ± 4.1 years. Only 10.6% of the students were very well informed about depression with social media (45.9%) as the main source of information. The prevalence of depression in this study was 41.2%. Sociodemographic variables significantly associated with depression were body mass index (p < 0.0001) and psychoactive substance use (p < 0.0001). Being overweight (OR = 8.41) or obese (OR = 4.25) were significant predictors of depression. Likewise, respondents who often (OR = 8.50) or always (OR = 7.40) use psychoactive substances were significantly more likely to be depressed in comparison to those who do not. Conclusion: Depression is a burning public health problem among medical students. There is need for institutional reforms to help address depression among medical students. Also, majority of students getting information about depression from social media is indicative of the fact that they are not getting adequate exposure to Psychiatry. In view of this, review of the medical curriculum should be considered.
{"title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among Medical Students of Imo State University, Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria.","authors":"Oluoha R. U., Offiong A. A., Okafor P. N., Nwaigbo Ernest, Nwachukwu Ifeanyi","doi":"10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i241507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i241507","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Depression has been recognized as one of the significant public health problems of the 21st century. Previous studies have revealed higher prevalence of psychological morbidity among medical students in comparison to their age – matched non – medical counterparts. Objective: This study evaluated the prevalence and predictors of depression among medical students of Imo State University, Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria. Methods: An institution based cross – sectional survey was conducted among 180 medical students selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data collection was with the aid of a pretested semi – structured self – administered questionnaire. Prevalence of depression was assessed using a modified Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS – 21). Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. Descriptive statistics was presented using summary indices, frequency tables and percentages. Associations between variables were done using the Chi –square and logistic regression. A p – value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 26.9 ± 4.1 years. Only 10.6% of the students were very well informed about depression with social media (45.9%) as the main source of information. The prevalence of depression in this study was 41.2%. Sociodemographic variables significantly associated with depression were body mass index (p < 0.0001) and psychoactive substance use (p < 0.0001). Being overweight (OR = 8.41) or obese (OR = 4.25) were significant predictors of depression. Likewise, respondents who often (OR = 8.50) or always (OR = 7.40) use psychoactive substances were significantly more likely to be depressed in comparison to those who do not. Conclusion: Depression is a burning public health problem among medical students. There is need for institutional reforms to help address depression among medical students. Also, majority of students getting information about depression from social media is indicative of the fact that they are not getting adequate exposure to Psychiatry. In view of this, review of the medical curriculum should be considered.","PeriodicalId":126794,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health","volume":"210 1‐6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139165619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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