Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645800
Pammi Guru Krishna Thej;Nusrat Praween;Sreedevi Vallabhapurapu;Srinivasu Vallabhapurapu;Palash Kumar Basu
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarkers are released by both healthy and cancerous cells, presenting substantial potential for the precise detection of numerous disorders, including cancer. To accurately quantify proteins, EVs must initially be separated from serum and then lysed to extract their protein content. Although ultracentrifugation is the predominant isolation technique, it has constraints regarding scalability and repeatability. Furthermore, traditional detergent-based lysis techniques endanger protein stability. This study introduces an innovative method for EV isolation utilizing colloidal gold nanoparticles, succeeded by lysis through sinusoidal electrical stimulation. A nonFaradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) system has been developed utilizing screen-printed electrodes for determining HER2 protein levels. EV isolation was confirmed via western blotting for the EV-associated markers CD63 and HSP70. To promote the lysis of EVs, the EV sample was exposed to sine wave signals of differing amplitudes, with optimal disruption noted between 100 mV and 500 mV. The lysate was examined via EIS, producing a linear behavior from 5 μg/mL to 0.05 ng/mL with a limit of quantification of 0.109 μg/mL in human serum. The developed platform thus proves suitable for quantifying the HER2 protein from breast cancer patients.
{"title":"Colloidal Gold-Assisted Isolation and Electric Lysis of Small Exosomes for Electrochemical Detection of HER2 Cancer Biomarker","authors":"Pammi Guru Krishna Thej;Nusrat Praween;Sreedevi Vallabhapurapu;Srinivasu Vallabhapurapu;Palash Kumar Basu","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645800","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarkers are released by both healthy and cancerous cells, presenting substantial potential for the precise detection of numerous disorders, including cancer. To accurately quantify proteins, EVs must initially be separated from serum and then lysed to extract their protein content. Although ultracentrifugation is the predominant isolation technique, it has constraints regarding scalability and repeatability. Furthermore, traditional detergent-based lysis techniques endanger protein stability. This study introduces an innovative method for EV isolation utilizing colloidal gold nanoparticles, succeeded by lysis through sinusoidal electrical stimulation. A nonFaradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) system has been developed utilizing screen-printed electrodes for determining HER2 protein levels. EV isolation was confirmed via western blotting for the EV-associated markers CD63 and HSP70. To promote the lysis of EVs, the EV sample was exposed to sine wave signals of differing amplitudes, with optimal disruption noted between 100 mV and 500 mV. The lysate was examined via EIS, producing a linear behavior from 5 μg/mL to 0.05 ng/mL with a limit of quantification of 0.109 μg/mL in human serum. The developed platform thus proves suitable for quantifying the HER2 protein from breast cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645422
Utkarsha Wankhade;Danish Ahmad Khan;Khushi Mahule;Manashwi Patle;Madhura Ambadkar;Isha Wele;Jayu Kalambe;Rajesh Pande
Cortisol is a key stress hormone that regulates metabolism, immune response, and various physiological functions, including cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. Imbalances in cortisol levels can lead to severe health complications, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring. This research presents a novel, portable sensing platform for affordable and selective cortisol detection in artificial saliva. The system utilizes cost-effective, wax-printed micropads on paper-based substrates, forming a compact colorimetric sensor. By leveraging the blue tetrazolium reagent, it detects cortisol through a distinct and quantifiable color change. A 3D-printed black box serves as a controlled detection chamber, eliminating the need for bulky traditional devices. An ESP32 microcontroller processes data from an RGB sensor, precisely analyzing color changes on reagent-coated micropads for accurate cortisol quantification. A deep learning regression model deployed directly on the microcontroller enhances detection accuracy by correlating color intensity with cortisol concentration. The detected cortisol levels are displayed on an OLED screen and sent to a smartphone via Bluetooth for seamless storage, stress monitoring, and advanced analysis. In addition, the system securely stores recorded data for long-term reference. Offering rapid detection within 10 min, the system achieves a detection limit of 1 ng/mL, a wide detection range of 1–800 ng/mL, and an R2 value of 0.96, ensuring high precision. This innovative, noninvasive, and user-friendly platform provides a reliable solution for stress monitoring and serves as a point of care compatible sensing platform.
{"title":"A Portable Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for Sensing of Cortisol in Artificial Saliva","authors":"Utkarsha Wankhade;Danish Ahmad Khan;Khushi Mahule;Manashwi Patle;Madhura Ambadkar;Isha Wele;Jayu Kalambe;Rajesh Pande","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3645422","url":null,"abstract":"Cortisol is a key stress hormone that regulates metabolism, immune response, and various physiological functions, including cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and musculoskeletal systems. Imbalances in cortisol levels can lead to severe health complications, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring. This research presents a novel, portable sensing platform for affordable and selective cortisol detection in artificial saliva. The system utilizes cost-effective, wax-printed micropads on paper-based substrates, forming a compact colorimetric sensor. By leveraging the blue tetrazolium reagent, it detects cortisol through a distinct and quantifiable color change. A 3D-printed black box serves as a controlled detection chamber, eliminating the need for bulky traditional devices. An ESP32 microcontroller processes data from an RGB sensor, precisely analyzing color changes on reagent-coated micropads for accurate cortisol quantification. A deep learning regression model deployed directly on the microcontroller enhances detection accuracy by correlating color intensity with cortisol concentration. The detected cortisol levels are displayed on an OLED screen and sent to a smartphone via Bluetooth for seamless storage, stress monitoring, and advanced analysis. In addition, the system securely stores recorded data for long-term reference. Offering rapid detection within 10 min, the system achieves a detection limit of 1 ng/mL, a wide detection range of 1–800 ng/mL, and an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.96, ensuring high precision. This innovative, noninvasive, and user-friendly platform provides a reliable solution for stress monitoring and serves as a point of care compatible sensing platform.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644002
Luigi Di Benedetto;Nicola Rinaldi;Mathias Rommel;Alexander May;Rosalba Liguori;Alfredo Rubino;Gian Domenico Licciardo
A 4H-Silicon Carbide (4H-SiC) complementary to absolute temperature sensor is characterized and analyzed in the operating temperature range between 14 K and 481 K and is based on 4H-SiC diode-connected lateral NMOSFET. It is an integrated circuit compatible with 4H-SiC CMOS technology. The sensor characteristic has a unique linear curve from 481 K down to 150 K, for saturation, or to 100 K, for subthreshold bias regime. In both cases, the linearity is high, with a coefficient of determination, $R^{2}>0.99$, and the sensitivity varies from $-$ 1.98 to $-$ 7.7 mV/K. The analysis shows that the limitation of the single transistor T-sensor, due to the oxide/semiconductor interface traps, is overcome by applying two different bias currents, whereas at very low temperatures, the loss of linearity is due to the increase of the effective channel mobility (saturation) or to the increase of the slope of the single transcharacteristics (subthreshold).
{"title":"A 4H-SiC CTAT Temperature Sensor Operating Between 14 and 481 K","authors":"Luigi Di Benedetto;Nicola Rinaldi;Mathias Rommel;Alexander May;Rosalba Liguori;Alfredo Rubino;Gian Domenico Licciardo","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644002","url":null,"abstract":"A 4H-Silicon Carbide (4H-SiC) complementary to absolute temperature sensor is characterized and analyzed in the operating temperature range between 14 K and 481 K and is based on 4H-SiC diode-connected lateral NMOSFET. It is an integrated circuit compatible with 4H-SiC CMOS technology. The sensor characteristic has a unique linear curve from 481 K down to 150 K, for saturation, or to 100 K, for subthreshold bias regime. In both cases, the linearity is high, with a coefficient of determination, <inline-formula><tex-math>$R^{2}>0.99$</tex-math></inline-formula>, and the sensitivity varies from <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1.98 to <inline-formula><tex-math>$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 7.7 mV/K. The analysis shows that the limitation of the single transistor T-sensor, due to the oxide/semiconductor interface traps, is overcome by applying two different bias currents, whereas at very low temperatures, the loss of linearity is due to the increase of the effective channel mobility (saturation) or to the increase of the slope of the single transcharacteristics (subthreshold).","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644597
Cihun-Siyong Gong;Hsin-Jou Huang;Hao-Li Liu
This letter proposes an advanced platform that can concurrently transmit and receive dual-mode parallelism, as well as instant switching functions, and supports large-scale expansion of air-coupling phase array systems. Unlike most systems in the existing literature that only have emission functions and are limited by low voltage drive, this letter adopts a custom analog high-voltage amplifier circuit that can provide driving voltage up to 40 ${{V}_{pp}}$ while maintaining low power consumption. This letter proposes a system architecture that uses primary–secondary field-programmable gate array series as the core, and is equipped with USB3.0 and serial peripheral interface high-speed communication, which can flexibly support multimodule expansion and achieve array sizes of up to at least 400 channels or more. The actual measurement results show that this system can form a clear, focused sound field at 10 and 20 cm focal lengths, with a maximum sound pressure approaching 5 kPa, and is highly consistent with the simulation results. In addition, the system successfully realizes echo reception and B-mode imaging, verifying the functionality of synchronously running bidirectional operations. Power analysis also proves that under high channel count operation, the system needs only about 20 W of power to maintain a stable output when running 100 channels. Compared with the existing literature, this system has significant advantages in operating voltage, bidirectional function, and power consumption efficiency, providing extremely competitive technological development for air-borne in human–computer interaction, tactile interface, and directional audio applications.
{"title":"Reconfigurable Dual-Mode Airborne Ultrasound Phased Array With Scalable Modular Design","authors":"Cihun-Siyong Gong;Hsin-Jou Huang;Hao-Li Liu","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644597","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes an advanced platform that can concurrently transmit and receive dual-mode parallelism, as well as instant switching functions, and supports large-scale expansion of air-coupling phase array systems. Unlike most systems in the existing literature that only have emission functions and are limited by low voltage drive, this letter adopts a custom analog high-voltage amplifier circuit that can provide driving voltage up to 40 <inline-formula><tex-math>${{V}_{pp}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> while maintaining low power consumption. This letter proposes a system architecture that uses primary–secondary field-programmable gate array series as the core, and is equipped with USB3.0 and serial peripheral interface high-speed communication, which can flexibly support multimodule expansion and achieve array sizes of up to at least 400 channels or more. The actual measurement results show that this system can form a clear, focused sound field at 10 and 20 cm focal lengths, with a maximum sound pressure approaching 5 kPa, and is highly consistent with the simulation results. In addition, the system successfully realizes echo reception and B-mode imaging, verifying the functionality of synchronously running bidirectional operations. Power analysis also proves that under high channel count operation, the system needs only about 20 W of power to maintain a stable output when running 100 channels. Compared with the existing literature, this system has significant advantages in operating voltage, bidirectional function, and power consumption efficiency, providing extremely competitive technological development for air-borne in human–computer interaction, tactile interface, and directional audio applications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644412
Jin Wu;Chengxi Zhang
Multi-light detection and ranging (LiDAR) fusion is widely used to increase scene coverage and improve 3-D reconstruction quality, but jointly registering point sets from scanners with different resolutions, scales, fields of view, and noise characteristics remains difficult and directly impacts sensing accuracy. This letter presents a sensor-centric multi-LiDAR joint registration framework, which includes the following. First, it lifts iterative closest points (ICP) to a high-dimensional formulation to jointly align multiple scans with block-structured rotation couplings. Second, it introduces data-driven weighting and a two-stage outlier diagnostics procedure tailored to cross-sensor inconsistencies. Lastly, it performs uncertainty-aware regularization using closed-form covariances for both rotation and translation. The method preserves simple singular value decomposition (SVD)-based updates while explicitly addressing heterogeneous sensor characteristics. Validation on two hardware platforms—a dual 2-D spinning setup (SICK TIM520 and Hokuyo UST10LX) and a dual Ouster OS1128 suite—demonstrates sensor-system-level accuracy gains, reducing accumulated pose error by $text{26.9}{%}text{--}text{40.8}{%}$ relative to representative ICP variants, with run times $!approx !3!$× faster than point-to-plane ICP and $!approx !38!$× faster than Go-ICP (slightly slower than efficient sparse ICP). These results substantiate a direct contribution to sensor systems by improving multi-LiDAR integration robustness, accuracy, and deployment practicality.
{"title":"Multi-LiDAR Registration: A Joint Sensor-Centric Optimization Approach","authors":"Jin Wu;Chengxi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3644412","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-light detection and ranging (LiDAR) fusion is widely used to increase scene coverage and improve 3-D reconstruction quality, but jointly registering point sets from scanners with different resolutions, scales, fields of view, and noise characteristics remains difficult and directly impacts sensing accuracy. This letter presents a sensor-centric multi-LiDAR joint registration framework, which includes the following. First, it lifts iterative closest points (ICP) to a high-dimensional formulation to jointly align multiple scans with block-structured rotation couplings. Second, it introduces data-driven weighting and a two-stage outlier diagnostics procedure tailored to cross-sensor inconsistencies. Lastly, it performs uncertainty-aware regularization using closed-form covariances for both rotation and translation. The method preserves simple singular value decomposition (SVD)-based updates while explicitly addressing heterogeneous sensor characteristics. Validation on two hardware platforms—a dual 2-D spinning setup (SICK TIM520 and Hokuyo UST10LX) and a dual Ouster OS1128 suite—demonstrates sensor-system-level accuracy gains, reducing accumulated pose error by <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{26.9}{%}text{--}text{40.8}{%}$</tex-math></inline-formula> relative to representative ICP variants, with run times <inline-formula><tex-math>$!approx !3!$</tex-math></inline-formula>× faster than point-to-plane ICP and <inline-formula><tex-math>$!approx !38!$</tex-math></inline-formula>× faster than Go-ICP (slightly slower than efficient sparse ICP). These results substantiate a direct contribution to sensor systems by improving multi-LiDAR integration robustness, accuracy, and deployment practicality.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643315
Mallika Garg;Debashis Ghosh;Pyari Mohan Pradhan
Hand gesture recognition systems often struggles when a gesture is occluded by the hand itself or by the other hand. To address this problem, multiview gestures may be used while training a gesture recognition system. Unfortunately, there are very few datasets available that contains different views of every single gesture. In this letter, we propose a method to handle occlusions in single-view sign gestures by generating multiple views from a single-view gesture using conditional multiview gesture synthesis. The generated views help to solve the occlusion problem, thereby enhancing the recognition performance. In addition, we introduce a vision-based multiview hand gesture recognition framework that utilizes the generated multiview gestures for gesture recognition. Experiments conducted on the HGM-4 dataset demonstrate that the generated images are of high quality, photorealistic, and significantly improve the recognition accuracy compared to some other existing methods.
{"title":"Multiview Hand Gesture Recognition From Generated Gestures Using Conditional Adversarial Network","authors":"Mallika Garg;Debashis Ghosh;Pyari Mohan Pradhan","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643315","url":null,"abstract":"Hand gesture recognition systems often struggles when a gesture is occluded by the hand itself or by the other hand. To address this problem, multiview gestures may be used while training a gesture recognition system. Unfortunately, there are very few datasets available that contains different views of every single gesture. In this letter, we propose a method to handle occlusions in single-view sign gestures by generating multiple views from a single-view gesture using conditional multiview gesture synthesis. The generated views help to solve the occlusion problem, thereby enhancing the recognition performance. In addition, we introduce a vision-based multiview hand gesture recognition framework that utilizes the generated multiview gestures for gesture recognition. Experiments conducted on the HGM-4 dataset demonstrate that the generated images are of high quality, photorealistic, and significantly improve the recognition accuracy compared to some other existing methods.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643480
Enming Luo;Xiyou Sun;Xinyu Lu;Lei Wang
In this work, we introduce a new broadband magnetic probe characterized by the dual-component measurement. A new detection structure, which is composed of a pair of horizontal grounded loops and a pair of vertical differential loops, is introduced into the proposed magnetic probe to achieve two orthogonal magnetic-field components. Among them, the horizontal grounded loops are utilized to measure a vertical magnetic-field component (Hx), while the vertical differential loops are used to test a horizontal magnetic-field component (Hy). Moreover, in order to reduce the probe's profile, the ground planes and horizontal ground planes are together printed on the outer layers. A near-field test system with a standard 50 Ω microstrip line is applied to characterize the manufactured magnetic probe. The measured results demonstrate that the transmission coefficients of the probe exceed −46.7 dB in x-direction across the 3 GHz–12 GHz band and are greater than −50 dB in y-direction from 3.1 GHz to 12 GHz. Therefore, the proposed magnetic probe not only has a wide working bandwidth but also enables dual-component magnetic-field measurement.
{"title":"A New Broadband Magnetic Probe with Dual-Component Measurement Features","authors":"Enming Luo;Xiyou Sun;Xinyu Lu;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643480","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we introduce a new broadband magnetic probe characterized by the dual-component measurement. A new detection structure, which is composed of a pair of horizontal grounded loops and a pair of vertical differential loops, is introduced into the proposed magnetic probe to achieve two orthogonal magnetic-field components. Among them, the horizontal grounded loops are utilized to measure a vertical magnetic-field component (<italic>H<sub>x</sub></i>), while the vertical differential loops are used to test a horizontal magnetic-field component (<italic>H<sub>y</sub></i>). Moreover, in order to reduce the probe's profile, the ground planes and horizontal ground planes are together printed on the outer layers. A near-field test system with a standard 50 Ω microstrip line is applied to characterize the manufactured magnetic probe. The measured results demonstrate that the transmission coefficients of the probe exceed −46.7 dB in x-direction across the 3 GHz–12 GHz band and are greater than −50 dB in y-direction from 3.1 GHz to 12 GHz. Therefore, the proposed magnetic probe not only has a wide working bandwidth but also enables dual-component magnetic-field measurement.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643446
Shafaque F. Khan;Arpita Parakh;Sangeeta Palekar;Dinesh Rotake;Jayu Kalambe
A silicon-based chemiresistive aptasensor was developed for sensitive detection of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using techniques of photolithography and sputtering, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) having finger spacing of 25 μm and dimensions of 3.4 mm × 2.93 mm were fabricated. The sensing surface was functionalized step-by-step with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and the Sgc8c aptamer for selective target recognition. The sensor demonstrated a significant decrease in resistance upon hybridization with the complementary DNA sequence. Quantitative analysis confirmed, a limit of detection of 6 nM, a broad linear range from 1 nM to 100 μM, a sensitivity of 15.122% per decade and a strong linear correlation R2 = 0.9566. The aptasensor also demonstrated clear specificity against noncomplementary strands and glucose, along with reliable reusability of IDE hardware through repeated functionalization of the IDE platform. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for precise, real-time detection of leukemia associated DNA sequences.
{"title":"Nanostructured Silicon Aptasensor for Reliable Detection of Leukemia Biomarker","authors":"Shafaque F. Khan;Arpita Parakh;Sangeeta Palekar;Dinesh Rotake;Jayu Kalambe","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3643446","url":null,"abstract":"A silicon-based chemiresistive aptasensor was developed for sensitive detection of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Using techniques of photolithography and sputtering, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) having finger spacing of 25 μm and dimensions of 3.4 mm × 2.93 mm were fabricated. The sensing surface was functionalized step-by-step with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and the Sgc8c aptamer for selective target recognition. The sensor demonstrated a significant decrease in resistance upon hybridization with the complementary DNA sequence. Quantitative analysis confirmed, a limit of detection of 6 nM, a broad linear range from 1 nM to 100 μM, a sensitivity of 15.122% per decade and a strong linear correlation R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9566. The aptasensor also demonstrated clear specificity against noncomplementary strands and glucose, along with reliable reusability of IDE hardware through repeated functionalization of the IDE platform. These findings highlight the sensor’s potential for precise, real-time detection of leukemia associated DNA sequences.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642424
M. Jaswanth Kumar;Satyam Singh;Ahnaf Saneen;Della Thomas
A digital twin (DT)-based framework for autonomous drone navigation in GPS-denied indoor environments is presented in this letter. A real-time virtual replica of the drone enables precise control, trajectory optimization, and feedback. A 224 cm × 224 cm arena with ArUco markers defines the coordinate system, while an overhead camera and OpenCV provide vision-based localization. The ESP32-controlled drone uses the YOLOv11-nano model for obstacle detection and a lightweight transformer model, Depth Anything (Lihe-Young-small-hf), for monocular depth estimation—eliminating the need for LiDAR or stereo sensors. Detected obstacles are mapped into a 3-D grid for Dijkstra-based path planning. Real-time synchronization between the physical drone and its DT is achieved via message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) within a robot operating system–Gazebo environment. The proposed DT system achieves an RMS trajectory deviation of approximately 0.015 m, representing an order-of-magnitude improvement compared with DT-based uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation studies under similar experimental conditions, and maintains stable detection accuracy (mean average precision ≈ 0.994) throughout the maneuver. The proposed system offers a scalable low-cost solution for indoor UAV autonomy with potential applications in warehouse automation, disaster management, and intelligent surveillance.
在这封信中提出了一个基于数字孪生（DT）的框架，用于在gps拒绝的室内环境中自主无人机导航。无人机的实时虚拟复制品能够实现精确控制、轨迹优化和反馈。带有ArUco标记的224 cm × 224 cm竞技场定义了坐标系统，而头顶摄像机和OpenCV提供基于视觉的定位。esp32控制的无人机使用YOLOv11-nano模型进行障碍物检测，并使用轻型变压器模型Depth Anything （lieh - young -small-hf）进行单眼深度估计，从而消除了对激光雷达或立体传感器的需求。检测到的障碍物被映射到三维网格中，用于基于dijkstra的路径规划。物理无人机与其DT之间的实时同步是通过机器人操作系统gazebo环境中的消息队列遥测传输（MQTT）实现的。所提出的DT系统的RMS轨迹偏差约为0.015 m，与相似实验条件下基于DT的无人机（UAV）导航研究相比，提高了一个数量级，并且在整个机动过程中保持稳定的探测精度（平均精度≈0.994）。该系统为室内无人机自主提供了可扩展的低成本解决方案，在仓库自动化、灾害管理和智能监视方面具有潜在的应用前景。
{"title":"Digital Twin for Drone Indoor Autonomous Navigation","authors":"M. Jaswanth Kumar;Satyam Singh;Ahnaf Saneen;Della Thomas","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642424","url":null,"abstract":"A digital twin (DT)-based framework for autonomous drone navigation in GPS-denied indoor environments is presented in this letter. A real-time virtual replica of the drone enables precise control, trajectory optimization, and feedback. A 224 cm × 224 cm arena with ArUco markers defines the coordinate system, while an overhead camera and OpenCV provide vision-based localization. The ESP32-controlled drone uses the YOLOv11-nano model for obstacle detection and a lightweight transformer model, Depth Anything (Lihe-Young-small-hf), for monocular depth estimation—eliminating the need for LiDAR or stereo sensors. Detected obstacles are mapped into a 3-D grid for Dijkstra-based path planning. Real-time synchronization between the physical drone and its DT is achieved via message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) within a robot operating system–Gazebo environment. The proposed DT system achieves an RMS trajectory deviation of approximately 0.015 m, representing an order-of-magnitude improvement compared with DT-based uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation studies under similar experimental conditions, and maintains stable detection accuracy (mean average precision ≈ 0.994) throughout the maneuver. The proposed system offers a scalable low-cost solution for indoor UAV autonomy with potential applications in warehouse automation, disaster management, and intelligent surveillance.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642035
Navneet Gandhi;P. N. Kondekar
Random variability is a critical concern in aggressively scaled devices, as it directly impacts yield, reliability, and sensing performance. This letter investigates the combined influence of metal grain granularity (MGG) and polarization gradient within the ferroelectric (FE) layer on the reliability of a proposed junctionless (JL) negative capacitance (NC) FinFET (JLNC-FinFET)-based hydrogen gas (H2) sensor. A previously fabricated JL-FinFET serves as the baseline structure for this study. Variability induced by MGG, dictated by grain size (G) and crystallographic orientation, is further intensified by the rise in gate-induced drain leakage current due to the spatial (nonuniform) distribution of polarization inside the FE layer, leading to stronger electrostatic fluctuations and reduced sensing stability. A palladium catalytic gate facilitates hydrogen diffusion, forming an interfacial dipole layer that modulates the gate work function and alters the sensor response. Device characteristics are evaluated for hydrogen concentrations ranging from 1.00 to 1.02 ppm using 3-D Sentaurus TCAD simulations, providing new insights into reliability-aware modeling of JLNC-FinFET-based gas sensors.
{"title":"Analysis of Polarization Gradient Effect on MGG-Induced Reliability Variations in JLNC-FinFET H2 Gas Sensors","authors":"Navneet Gandhi;P. N. Kondekar","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2025.3642035","url":null,"abstract":"Random variability is a critical concern in aggressively scaled devices, as it directly impacts yield, reliability, and sensing performance. This letter investigates the combined influence of metal grain granularity (MGG) and polarization gradient within the ferroelectric (FE) layer on the reliability of a proposed junctionless (JL) negative capacitance (NC) FinFET (JLNC-FinFET)-based hydrogen gas (H<sub>2</sub>) sensor. A previously fabricated JL-FinFET serves as the baseline structure for this study. Variability induced by MGG, dictated by grain size (G) and crystallographic orientation, is further intensified by the rise in gate-induced drain leakage current due to the spatial (nonuniform) distribution of polarization inside the FE layer, leading to stronger electrostatic fluctuations and reduced sensing stability. A palladium catalytic gate facilitates hydrogen diffusion, forming an interfacial dipole layer that modulates the gate work function and alters the sensor response. Device characteristics are evaluated for hydrogen concentrations ranging from 1.00 to 1.02 ppm using 3-D Sentaurus TCAD simulations, providing new insights into reliability-aware modeling of JLNC-FinFET-based gas sensors.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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