Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435965
Y. Hashimoto;S. Tada;Y. Nishida
Core body temperature (CBT) is one of the useful physiological indicators that are linked to physiological changes. Wearable sensors are expected to be developed to monitor CBT easily during activities. A single-heat-flux method is one of the noninvasive techniques that estimate CBT by measuring heat flow changes near the skin with temperature sensors. The method requires calibrating parameters for estimating CBT in advance by comparing them with reference values obtained through another method. The invasive measurement method is generally used to obtain the reference values, which poses a challenge in terms of measurement burden. Here, we propose a new calibration method that does not require acquiring reference values. This method identifies calibration parameters based on the temperature history after the measurement probe is attached. It has been numerically and experimentally confirmed that the estimation accuracy by the method is equivalent to that of a general-purpose electronic thermometer. This outcome decreases the measurement workload in CBT measurement using the single-heat-flux method and significantly enhances its usability.
{"title":"Reference-Free Calibration for Wearable Core Body Temperature Sensor Based on Single-Heat-Flux Method","authors":"Y. Hashimoto;S. Tada;Y. Nishida","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435965","url":null,"abstract":"Core body temperature (CBT) is one of the useful physiological indicators that are linked to physiological changes. Wearable sensors are expected to be developed to monitor CBT easily during activities. A single-heat-flux method is one of the noninvasive techniques that estimate CBT by measuring heat flow changes near the skin with temperature sensors. The method requires calibrating parameters for estimating CBT in advance by comparing them with reference values obtained through another method. The invasive measurement method is generally used to obtain the reference values, which poses a challenge in terms of measurement burden. Here, we propose a new calibration method that does not require acquiring reference values. This method identifies calibration parameters based on the temperature history after the measurement probe is attached. It has been numerically and experimentally confirmed that the estimation accuracy by the method is equivalent to that of a general-purpose electronic thermometer. This outcome decreases the measurement workload in CBT measurement using the single-heat-flux method and significantly enhances its usability.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10614821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435677
Matheus Minelli de Carvalho;L. H. Laurini;E. Atukpor;L. Naviner;Rodrigo Possamai Bastos
In this letter, we reveal the impact of increasing the sensor sampling frequency on the reliability of a typical edge processing system operating under the effects of 14-MeV neutrons and thermal neutrons. The results of two types of accelerated radiation tests indicate the rates of failures induced by soft errors caused by 14-MeV and thermal neutrons grow as a function of the sensor sampling frequency. The rate of failures caused by 14-MeV neutrons rose by factor of 2.2 by shifting the sensor sampling frequency from around 140 to 430 Hz. The results also suggest that the design and calibration of edge processing systems should consider the sensor sampling frequency as a parameter to finely tradeoff the computing speed of the system for improving the reliability in tolerating soft errors caused by neutrons.
{"title":"Impact of Scaling Up the Sensor Sampling Frequency on the Reliability of Edge Processing Systems in Tolerating Soft Errors Caused by Neutrons","authors":"Matheus Minelli de Carvalho;L. H. Laurini;E. Atukpor;L. Naviner;Rodrigo Possamai Bastos","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435677","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we reveal the impact of increasing the sensor sampling frequency on the reliability of a typical edge processing system operating under the effects of 14-MeV neutrons and thermal neutrons. The results of two types of accelerated radiation tests indicate the rates of failures induced by soft errors caused by 14-MeV and thermal neutrons grow as a function of the sensor sampling frequency. The rate of failures caused by 14-MeV neutrons rose by factor of 2.2 by shifting the sensor sampling frequency from around 140 to 430 Hz. The results also suggest that the design and calibration of edge processing systems should consider the sensor sampling frequency as a parameter to finely tradeoff the computing speed of the system for improving the reliability in tolerating soft errors caused by neutrons.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435009
Thivya Anbalagan;Malaya Kumar Nath
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a life threatening cardiac abnormality having high prevalence and risk with increased rate of stroke and systemic embolism, if oral anticoagulation is not recommended. Later, this leads to morbidity and mortality. Detection of AF is challenging from the electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, due to its complex characteristics. Manual observation of ECG is tedious, time consuming, and error prone. This manuscript proposed a novel approach for identifying AF in the presence of noise and other beats by using deep neural networks (DNN) on the 2-D patterns obtained by various time–frequency analysis methods, such as short time Fourier transform (STFT), Chirplet-transform, Stockwell-transform, and Poincare plot from 1-D preprocessed ECG recordings. The above discussed methods identify the variations due to AF in ECG. Initially, the patterns are used by the pretrained DNN models for classification. ResNet18 attained the highest accuracy of 90.56 $%$ for the patterns of ECG obtained by Chirplet-transform on PAF prediction challenge database, whereas Chirplet patterns used by ResNet50 achieved an accuracy of 89.72 $%$ . Based on accuracy and the number of parameters in DNN, an ensembled network is designed for improving AF classification. Ensembling of ShuffleNet and AlexNet applied over the patterns obtained by Stockwell transform achieved the highest accuracy of 93.70 $%$ . This approach is further experimented on PhysioNet CinC 2017 challenge database, consisting of four classes (such as AF, normal, other rhythms, and noise).
{"title":"AF Identification From Time–Frequency Analysis of ECG Signal Using Deep Neural Networks","authors":"Thivya Anbalagan;Malaya Kumar Nath","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3435009","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a life threatening cardiac abnormality having high prevalence and risk with increased rate of stroke and systemic embolism, if oral anticoagulation is not recommended. Later, this leads to morbidity and mortality. Detection of AF is challenging from the electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, due to its complex characteristics. Manual observation of ECG is tedious, time consuming, and error prone. This manuscript proposed a novel approach for identifying AF in the presence of noise and other beats by using deep neural networks (DNN) on the 2-D patterns obtained by various time–frequency analysis methods, such as short time Fourier transform (STFT), Chirplet-transform, Stockwell-transform, and Poincare plot from 1-D preprocessed ECG recordings. The above discussed methods identify the variations due to AF in ECG. Initially, the patterns are used by the pretrained DNN models for classification. ResNet18 attained the highest accuracy of 90.56\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the patterns of ECG obtained by Chirplet-transform on PAF prediction challenge database, whereas Chirplet patterns used by ResNet50 achieved an accuracy of 89.72\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Based on accuracy and the number of parameters in DNN, an ensembled network is designed for improving AF classification. Ensembling of ShuffleNet and AlexNet applied over the patterns obtained by Stockwell transform achieved the highest accuracy of 93.70\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. This approach is further experimented on PhysioNet CinC 2017 challenge database, consisting of four classes (such as AF, normal, other rhythms, and noise).","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design, fabrication, and measurement of a resonant microwave interdigitated sensing structure (MISS) fabricated using integrated circuit technology and able to detect microliter volumes of liquids mixtures are presented in this letter. The proposed device is based on interdigitated aluminum (Al) electrodes with a sensitive area of 1.3 mm × 2.6 mm delimited by a ring fabricated with SU-8 resin, which allows the accurate placement of the sample drop. An empty sensor was designed to present its intrinsic resonance at 16 GHz so that when deionized water is used as the sample, its resonance drops to 1.25 GHz due to the change in sample permittivity. Experimental validation was performed using isopropyl–water mixtures with different concentrations between 0% and 100%. From measurements, it is shown that by using the proposed resonator, a maximum sensitivity of 4.72% is obtained. Finally, results indicate the potential of the proposed structure for dielectric spectroscopy and the possibility of exploiting the use of this resonator as a biosensor, and also of integrating it into other type of sensors to improve their detection properties.
{"title":"Integrated Microwave Resonator for Detecting Microliter Liquid Mixtures","authors":"Gabriela Méndez-Jerónimo;Humberto Lobato-Morales;Joel Molina-Reyes","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434634","url":null,"abstract":"The design, fabrication, and measurement of a resonant microwave interdigitated sensing structure (MISS) fabricated using integrated circuit technology and able to detect microliter volumes of liquids mixtures are presented in this letter. The proposed device is based on interdigitated aluminum (Al) electrodes with a sensitive area of 1.3 mm × 2.6 mm delimited by a ring fabricated with SU-8 resin, which allows the accurate placement of the sample drop. An empty sensor was designed to present its intrinsic resonance at 16 GHz so that when deionized water is used as the sample, its resonance drops to 1.25 GHz due to the change in sample permittivity. Experimental validation was performed using isopropyl–water mixtures with different concentrations between 0% and 100%. From measurements, it is shown that by using the proposed resonator, a maximum sensitivity of 4.72% is obtained. Finally, results indicate the potential of the proposed structure for dielectric spectroscopy and the possibility of exploiting the use of this resonator as a biosensor, and also of integrating it into other type of sensors to improve their detection properties.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142246367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LiDAR is the foundation of many autonomous vehicle perception systems, so it is essential to study and ensure the integrity and robustness of the data collected by LiDAR. To facilitate future research into robust and resilient LiDAR processing, we present a dataset containing a collection of uncontaminated and realistically contaminated LiDAR samples. We have also studied the effect of contaminants on the object detection task. The state-of-the-art object detection algorithms produce catastrophic errors in detection, such as failure to identify objects, detection of ghost objects, and wrong detection with high confidence. Based on the number of such catastrophic errors, we introduce a novel measure for the LiDAR data's contamination level. The results of the empirical evaluation of the effect of the contaminants on object detection motivate the necessity of further research into contaminant detection and contaminant-resilient data processing, which are all enabled by the dataset collected by this work.
{"title":"LIDAROC: Realistic LiDAR Cover Contamination Dataset for Enhancing Autonomous Vehicle Perception Reliability","authors":"Grafika Jati;Martin Molan;Francesco Barchi;Andrea Bartolini;Giuseppe Mercurio;Andrea Acquaviva","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434624","url":null,"abstract":"LiDAR is the foundation of many autonomous vehicle perception systems, so it is essential to study and ensure the integrity and robustness of the data collected by LiDAR. To facilitate future research into robust and resilient LiDAR processing, we present a dataset containing a collection of uncontaminated and realistically contaminated LiDAR samples. We have also studied the effect of contaminants on the object detection task. The state-of-the-art object detection algorithms produce catastrophic errors in detection, such as failure to identify objects, detection of ghost objects, and wrong detection with high confidence. Based on the number of such catastrophic errors, we introduce a novel measure for the LiDAR data's contamination level. The results of the empirical evaluation of the effect of the contaminants on object detection motivate the necessity of further research into contaminant detection and contaminant-resilient data processing, which are all enabled by the dataset collected by this work.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10613519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434697
Tong Guan;Siyu Deng;Shudong Wang;Huicong Du;Maoguo Shu;Yunjia Li
Noninvasively applying mechanical loads on edges of the chronic skin wound is confirmed as an effective approach for accelerating wound chronic healing and reducing scarring. However, less effort has been put into measuring and controlling the magnitude of mechanical load for wound closure in real time. This study proposes a skin tension controller, which is able to provide and monitor the magnitude of the mechanical load applied for chronic wound closure. A flexible strain gauge is designed and fabricated to measure the magnitude of the mechanical load, which is applied by a miniaturized linear stepper motor module housed in a 3-D-printed platform. The gauge's electromechanical behavior is characterized on a homemade platform, and the results show that the gauge's performance is linear with the applied mechanical force within the 0–9 N range. In addition, the gauge successfully measures the magnitude of the skin tension on a simulated human skin model. The results indicate that the magnitude of the skin tension and the displacement of the linear stepper motor module exhibit a linear relationship, which confirms that the magnitude of the tension can be controlled linearly by adjusting the displacement.
在慢性皮肤伤口边缘施加无创机械负荷已被证实是加速伤口慢性愈合和减少疤痕的有效方法。然而，人们在实时测量和控制用于伤口闭合的机械负荷大小方面所做的努力较少。本研究提出了一种皮肤张力控制器，它能够提供和监测用于慢性伤口闭合的机械负荷大小。本研究设计并制造了一种柔性应变计，用于测量机械负荷的大小，该机械负荷由安装在 3-D 打印平台中的微型线性步进电机模块施加。在自制平台上对该拉力计的机电行为进行了表征，结果表明该拉力计的性能与 0-9 N 范围内的机械力呈线性关系。此外，该仪器还成功测量了模拟人体皮肤模型的皮肤张力大小。结果表明，皮肤张力的大小与线性步进电机模块的位移呈线性关系，这证实了可以通过调节位移来线性控制张力的大小。
{"title":"A Skin Tension Controller for Chronic Skin Wound Enabled by Flexible Strain Gauges","authors":"Tong Guan;Siyu Deng;Shudong Wang;Huicong Du;Maoguo Shu;Yunjia Li","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434697","url":null,"abstract":"Noninvasively applying mechanical loads on edges of the chronic skin wound is confirmed as an effective approach for accelerating wound chronic healing and reducing scarring. However, less effort has been put into measuring and controlling the magnitude of mechanical load for wound closure in real time. This study proposes a skin tension controller, which is able to provide and monitor the magnitude of the mechanical load applied for chronic wound closure. A flexible strain gauge is designed and fabricated to measure the magnitude of the mechanical load, which is applied by a miniaturized linear stepper motor module housed in a 3-D-printed platform. The gauge's electromechanical behavior is characterized on a homemade platform, and the results show that the gauge's performance is linear with the applied mechanical force within the 0–9 N range. In addition, the gauge successfully measures the magnitude of the skin tension on a simulated human skin model. The results indicate that the magnitude of the skin tension and the displacement of the linear stepper motor module exhibit a linear relationship, which confirms that the magnitude of the tension can be controlled linearly by adjusting the displacement.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142275021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An innovative technique is explored, aiming to expand the limit of detection (LOD) and increase the operating resonant frequency of the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) working as a mass sensor through modifying anchor widths. The LOD is associated with the concentration range of target compounds and, therefore, their correspondent mass that can be measured using a CMUT mass sensor. The poly multiuser MEMS process (PolyMUMPs) sacrificial technique is used to fabricate three CMUT sensors with a range of anchor widths while keeping all other sensor design parameters and material properties constant. Experimental analysis is conducted to evaluate the influence of anchor width to resonant frequency and frequency shift at different biasing conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that a larger anchor width can increase CMUT operating resonant frequency and pull-in voltage, allowing for the expanded LOD. These results also agree with analytical expressions presented. In addition, it is shown that through employing a designed anchor width, resonant frequencies can be varied to fulfill specific sensor requirements with minimal fabrication adjustments. This study contributes to the evolving knowledge of the CMUT as a mass sensor, enabling more methods for variability of these devices.
{"title":"Expanding Limit of Detection and Increasing Operating Resonant Frequency via Larger Anchor Widths for Capacitive Micromachined Resonator-Based Mass Sensors","authors":"Annalise Gignac;Akib Shamsuddin;Haleh Nazemi;Muhammad Umair Nathani;Arezoo Emadi","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434672","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative technique is explored, aiming to expand the limit of detection (LOD) and increase the operating resonant frequency of the capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) working as a mass sensor through modifying anchor widths. The LOD is associated with the concentration range of target compounds and, therefore, their correspondent mass that can be measured using a CMUT mass sensor. The poly multiuser MEMS process (PolyMUMPs) sacrificial technique is used to fabricate three CMUT sensors with a range of anchor widths while keeping all other sensor design parameters and material properties constant. Experimental analysis is conducted to evaluate the influence of anchor width to resonant frequency and frequency shift at different biasing conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that a larger anchor width can increase CMUT operating resonant frequency and pull-in voltage, allowing for the expanded LOD. These results also agree with analytical expressions presented. In addition, it is shown that through employing a designed anchor width, resonant frequencies can be varied to fulfill specific sensor requirements with minimal fabrication adjustments. This study contributes to the evolving knowledge of the CMUT as a mass sensor, enabling more methods for variability of these devices.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434616
Yongseung Lee;Yong-Kweon Kim;Chang-Hyeon Ji
In this letter, we present an electromagnetic scanning micromirror fabricated using 3-D printing with a high-temperature-resistant polymer. The micromirror comprises a 1-D scanning mechanism featuring a large gold-coated silicon mirror, supported by a 3-D-printed structural layer consisting of a mirror holder, gimbal, and two sets of torsion springs. The design incorpora- tes a series-connected dual spring–mass–damper system to enhance the optical scan angle at resonance. Actuation is achieved via Lorentz force applied to a self-supported coil inserted into the gimbal. The reflective surface has roun- ded edges and an outer dimension of 4.2 × 15 mm 2 . Permanent magnets are assembled with an aluminum jig on either side of the mirror holder, with a minimal gap of 0.55 mm. The device is fabri- cated using three different 3-D printing methods (digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography) and four different materials and subsequently tested. Among the fabricated devices, the one printed via DLP 3-D printing achieved a maximum optical scan angle of 20° at 1248 Hz, with an input current of 110 mA rms . Various characteristics of the 3-D-printed and assembled devices, including dimensional accuracy, surface topography, temperature effects, and driving characteristics, were analyzed. The fabricated micromirror can be integrated into a 2-D scanning module for light detection and ranging systems.
{"title":"High-Temperature-Resistant Polymer-Based 3-D-Printed Electromagnetic Scanning Micromirror","authors":"Yongseung Lee;Yong-Kweon Kim;Chang-Hyeon Ji","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3434616","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we present an electromagnetic scanning micromirror fabricated using 3-D printing with a high-temperature-resistant polymer. The micromirror comprises a 1-D scanning mechanism featuring a large gold-coated silicon mirror, supported by a 3-D-printed structural layer consisting of a mirror holder, gimbal, and two sets of torsion springs. The design incorpora- tes a series-connected dual spring–mass–damper system to enhance the optical scan angle at resonance. Actuation is achieved via Lorentz force applied to a self-supported coil inserted into the gimbal. The reflective surface has roun- ded edges and an outer dimension of 4.2 × 15 mm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000. Permanent magnets are assembled with an aluminum jig on either side of the mirror holder, with a minimal gap of 0.55 mm. The device is fabri- cated using three different 3-D printing methods (digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography) and four different materials and subsequently tested. Among the fabricated devices, the one printed via DLP 3-D printing achieved a maximum optical scan angle of 20° at 1248 Hz, with an input current of 110 mA\u0000<sub>rms</sub>\u0000. Various characteristics of the 3-D-printed and assembled devices, including dimensional accuracy, surface topography, temperature effects, and driving characteristics, were analyzed. The fabricated micromirror can be integrated into a 2-D scanning module for light detection and ranging systems.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3433584
Hyungseup Kim;Hyeoktae Son;Hyun-Jin Shin;Choul-Young Kim;Hi-Deok Lee;Hyoungho Ko
This letter presents a precision low-noise sensor readout system with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-input-based amplifier and a high-input-impedance delta–sigma analog-to-digital convertor (ADC). The proposed sensor readout system can precisely drive the resistive sensors and attain high accuracy by adopting the low-noise BJT-input-based amplifier implementing gated p-n-p and the high-input-impedance delta–sigma ADC. The high-input-impedance delta–sigma ADC is implemented with a fully differential ping-pong autozeroing multipath differential difference amplifier (DDA), which can achieve high input impedance and low power consumption due to the DDA scheme that does not require input buffers. The proposed sensor readout system is fabricated in the standard 0.18-μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process with a total active area of 3.75 mm 2 . The total current consumption of the sensor readout system is 543.9 μA with 1.8-V power supply. The proposed sensor readout system has an ultralow-noise performance of the measured input offset and input referred noise of 1.7 μV and 5.3 nV/√Hz, respectively. The measured signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio in a 1-kHz bandwidth is 76.4 dB.
{"title":"A Precision Low-Noise Sensor Readout System With BJT-Input-Based Amplifier and High-Input-Impedance Delta–Sigma ADC","authors":"Hyungseup Kim;Hyeoktae Son;Hyun-Jin Shin;Choul-Young Kim;Hi-Deok Lee;Hyoungho Ko","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3433584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3433584","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a precision low-noise sensor readout system with a bipolar junction transistor (BJT)-input-based amplifier and a high-input-impedance delta–sigma analog-to-digital convertor (ADC). The proposed sensor readout system can precisely drive the resistive sensors and attain high accuracy by adopting the low-noise BJT-input-based amplifier implementing gated p-n-p and the high-input-impedance delta–sigma ADC. The high-input-impedance delta–sigma ADC is implemented with a fully differential ping-pong autozeroing multipath differential difference amplifier (DDA), which can achieve high input impedance and low power consumption due to the DDA scheme that does not require input buffers. The proposed sensor readout system is fabricated in the standard 0.18-μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process with a total active area of 3.75 mm\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000. The total current consumption of the sensor readout system is 543.9 μA with 1.8-V power supply. The proposed sensor readout system has an ultralow-noise performance of the measured input offset and input referred noise of 1.7 μV and 5.3 nV/√Hz, respectively. The measured signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio in a 1-kHz bandwidth is 76.4 dB.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3431455
Youen Le Lirzin;Alexandre Khaldi;Lukas Gourhant;Laurent Dupont
In this letter, we present better understanding and improvements for a neurotoxic gas sensor using liquid crystal (LC) anchoring transition. A theoretical model has been established and checked with dimethyl methylphosphonate gas at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The experimental results are consistent with the state of the art. A new fabrication technique using jet printing that allows one to increase the transduction dynamic is discussed. Chitosan material has been tested as a functionalization method to increase the lifetime of the transducer.
{"title":"Sensor Using Liquid Crystal for Organophosphate Warfare Agent's Detection","authors":"Youen Le Lirzin;Alexandre Khaldi;Lukas Gourhant;Laurent Dupont","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3431455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3431455","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we present better understanding and improvements for a neurotoxic gas sensor using liquid crystal (LC) anchoring transition. A theoretical model has been established and checked with dimethyl methylphosphonate gas at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The experimental results are consistent with the state of the art. A new fabrication technique using jet printing that allows one to increase the transduction dynamic is discussed. Chitosan material has been tested as a functionalization method to increase the lifetime of the transducer.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142246455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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