Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3503752
Yogendra Swaroop Dwivedi;Rishav Singh;Anuj K. Sharma;Ajay Kumar Sharma;C. Marques
In the petroleum industry, crude oil is extracted in the form of an oil–water emulsion (OWE). Understanding this emulsion is crucial for further processing and utilization. This research investigates the use of experimental data from a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensor to characterize and quantify the stability of OWE while focusing on the impact analysis of parameters using machine learning (ML) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques. The dataset consisting of experimental TFBG spectra (wavelength range: 1250–1650 nm) included parameters such as revolutions per minute (RPM) of the rotator, surfactant concentration (C s ), and area measurements (indicating OWE stability). Applying interpolation techniques, the dataset was augmented for effective training and testing of ML models. The results indicated that the random forest model enabled the highest R 2 value of 99.2% on the test data. Then, XAI techniques (namely, shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations) were applied (from both global and local interpretations viewpoints) to determine the contribution of each feature (i.e., RPM and C s ). It was found that C s has a significantly greater impact on OWE stability than RPM. Wavelength (λ) was subsequently included in the ML and XAI analyses. The results again confirmed that C s remained the most significant factor in determining OWE stability, with reasonably lesser impacts of λ and RPM. This study provides valuable insights into designing procedures and optimizing parameters for OWE stability during crude oil processing.
{"title":"Enhanced Prediction and Optimization of Oil–Water Emulsion Stability Through Application of Machine Learning and Explainable Artificial Intelligence on TFBG Sensor Data","authors":"Yogendra Swaroop Dwivedi;Rishav Singh;Anuj K. Sharma;Ajay Kumar Sharma;C. Marques","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3503752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3503752","url":null,"abstract":"In the petroleum industry, crude oil is extracted in the form of an oil–water emulsion (OWE). Understanding this emulsion is crucial for further processing and utilization. This research investigates the use of experimental data from a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensor to characterize and quantify the stability of OWE while focusing on the impact analysis of parameters using machine learning (ML) and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques. The dataset consisting of experimental TFBG spectra (wavelength range: 1250–1650 nm) included parameters such as revolutions per minute (RPM) of the rotator, surfactant concentration (C\u0000<sub>s</sub>\u0000), and area measurements (indicating OWE stability). Applying interpolation techniques, the dataset was augmented for effective training and testing of ML models. The results indicated that the \u0000<italic>random forest</i>\u0000 model enabled the highest R\u0000<sup>2</sup>\u0000 value of 99.2% on the test data. Then, XAI techniques (namely, shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations) were applied (from both global and local interpretations viewpoints) to determine the contribution of each feature (i.e., RPM and C\u0000<sub>s</sub>\u0000). It was found that C\u0000<sub>s</sub>\u0000 has a significantly greater impact on OWE stability than RPM. Wavelength (λ) was subsequently included in the ML and XAI analyses. The results again confirmed that C\u0000<sub>s</sub>\u0000 remained the most significant factor in determining OWE stability, with reasonably lesser impacts of λ and RPM. This study provides valuable insights into designing procedures and optimizing parameters for OWE stability during crude oil processing.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3511348
Vikas Kumar;Santosh Parajuli;Shivansh Awasthi;Vikash Sharma;Gayatri Ranade;Ankur Gupta;Thomas George Thundat
This letter presents wireless powered passive resonant-based omnidirectional proximity and contact sensing system to enhance human safety in human cooperative robots (HCRs). The proposed system utilizes surface wireless power transfer (SWPT) methodology and wireless powered receiver (WPRx) that consumes negligible power (∼nW) under the idle condition. The WPRx sensing architecture detects the presence of conducting objects or humans, whether in proximity or in direct contact. The WPRx system responds by varying its resonance frequency in reference to the incoming objects. In addition, the given SWPT technique enables multiple receivers/detectors to be powered by a single transmitter, offering enhanced maneuverability and efficiency. The WPRx system is designed to operate at 3.6 MHz, exhibiting minimal power dissipation in the passive circuit, on the order of a few μW (∼29 μW) while providing a single-bit digital output. The sensing system is suitable for implementation on modern movable robotic arms to enhance safety for HCRs.
{"title":"Wireless Powered Passive Resonant-Based Omnidirectional Sensing System in Human Cooperative Robots","authors":"Vikas Kumar;Santosh Parajuli;Shivansh Awasthi;Vikash Sharma;Gayatri Ranade;Ankur Gupta;Thomas George Thundat","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3511348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3511348","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents wireless powered passive resonant-based omnidirectional proximity and contact sensing system to enhance human safety in human cooperative robots (HCRs). The proposed system utilizes surface wireless power transfer (SWPT) methodology and wireless powered receiver (WPRx) that consumes negligible power (∼nW) under the idle condition. The WPRx sensing architecture detects the presence of conducting objects or humans, whether in proximity or in direct contact. The WPRx system responds by varying its resonance frequency in reference to the incoming objects. In addition, the given SWPT technique enables multiple receivers/detectors to be powered by a single transmitter, offering enhanced maneuverability and efficiency. The WPRx system is designed to operate at 3.6 MHz, exhibiting minimal power dissipation in the passive circuit, on the order of a few μW (∼29 μW) while providing a single-bit digital output. The sensing system is suitable for implementation on modern movable robotic arms to enhance safety for HCRs.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509996
Ya Linevych;V. Koval;M. Dusheiko;M. Lakyda;N. Kavraska
In this letter, an odor sensor based on silicon nanowires (SіNWs) with a modified surface was fabricated. The SiNW array was obtained by a two-stage metal-assisted chemical etching. Two approaches were used to modify the SiNW array. Surface structure modification was carried out using an additional treatment in an acid etchant. Surface chemical modification was carried out by immersing the SiNW array in a solution of dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The surface morphology of the obtained structures was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In this letter, the sensors were tested for odors in essential oils, food, and beverages. Sensor performance was evaluated based on the following parameters: response, selectivity, speed, and reversibility. Especially, it was shown that the selectivity, i.e., the difference in the device response to different types of essential oils, reached 14 times, while for the group of spirits, this value was 3 times, and for food products, it was 2.7 times. The device speed (duration of one measurement cycle for the certain odor, response, and recovery) was 20–30 s. The obtained sensors can be used to develop an electronic nose that enables to determine the freshness of food and prevent counterfeiting of alcoholic beverages and essential oils.
{"title":"Odor Sensors Based on Silicon Nanowires With a Modified Surface for Electronic Nose Application","authors":"Ya Linevych;V. Koval;M. Dusheiko;M. Lakyda;N. Kavraska","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509996","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, an odor sensor based on silicon nanowires (SіNWs) with a modified surface was fabricated. The SiNW array was obtained by a two-stage metal-assisted chemical etching. Two approaches were used to modify the SiNW array. Surface structure modification was carried out using an additional treatment in an acid etchant. Surface chemical modification was carried out by immersing the SiNW array in a solution of dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The surface morphology of the obtained structures was studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In this letter, the sensors were tested for odors in essential oils, food, and beverages. Sensor performance was evaluated based on the following parameters: response, selectivity, speed, and reversibility. Especially, it was shown that the selectivity, i.e., the difference in the device response to different types of essential oils, reached 14 times, while for the group of spirits, this value was 3 times, and for food products, it was 2.7 times. The device speed (duration of one measurement cycle for the certain odor, response, and recovery) was 20–30 s. The obtained sensors can be used to develop an electronic nose that enables to determine the freshness of food and prevent counterfeiting of alcoholic beverages and essential oils.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3510101
Yahya Atwa;Hamza Shakeel
This letter presents the fabrication, characterization, and testing of cylindrical shell resonators (CSRs) manufactured using a printable polymer–glass mixture (Glassomer) and replication molding. We first manufactured three 9.6-mm-diameter fused silica-based CSRs with a thickness of 0.6 mm. After performing wet etching of fully sintered glass devices, the shell thickness of each resonator was reduced to ∼0.3 mm. For one of the etched devices, we observed between three to four times improvements in quality factor, approximately seven times increase in time constant values, and two to eight times reduction in frequency split for N = 2 and N = 3 resonance modes. Moreover, the enhancement of surface roughness (∼340 to ∼156 nm) and reduction in shell thickness show a direct relationship with improvements in device performance.
{"title":"Enhancing the Performance of Sintered Fused Silica Cylindrical Shell Resonators Through Wet Etching","authors":"Yahya Atwa;Hamza Shakeel","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3510101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3510101","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents the fabrication, characterization, and testing of cylindrical shell resonators (CSRs) manufactured using a printable polymer–glass mixture (Glassomer) and replication molding. We first manufactured three 9.6-mm-diameter fused silica-based CSRs with a thickness of 0.6 mm. After performing wet etching of fully sintered glass devices, the shell thickness of each resonator was reduced to ∼0.3 mm. For one of the etched devices, we observed between three to four times improvements in quality factor, approximately seven times increase in time constant values, and two to eight times reduction in frequency split for \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000 = 2 and \u0000<italic>N</i>\u0000 = 3 resonance modes. Moreover, the enhancement of surface roughness (∼340 to ∼156 nm) and reduction in shell thickness show a direct relationship with improvements in device performance.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-02DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509503
Krushna Devkar;Arunkumar S;Tithi Bhakta;Shrikant R. Bharadwaj;Nithyanandan Kanagaraj;Nagarajan Ganapathy
Keratoconus is a progressive eye disease affecting the cornea, potentially leading to vision impairment. Early detection is crucial to prevent long-term damage. Artificial intelligence (AI) with edge computing can significantly aid in the early diagnosis of keratoconus by reducing the computation time and increasing diagnostic accuracy. In this letter, we utilize a customized explainable Xception network for keratoconus detection. For this clinical infrared (IR) images are obtained from hospital under defined protocol. The IR images are preprocessed and pupil regions are extracted. The extracted regions are applied to XceptionNet, and integrated gradient-weighted class activation maps (GradCAM) are obtained. Experiment are performed to evaluate the performance of the network. Results show that the proposed approach is able to detect keratoconus images. The proposed approach yielded the average accuracy of 85%. GradCAM outcomes show that the trained model detected the regions similar to clinical interpretation. We assess the model's performance on an edge device, demonstrating its potential for real-time, on-site diagnostics. This application not only improves classification accuracy but also enhances interpretability, thereby assisting ophthalmologists in making informed decisions with greater confidence. Thus, the proposed architecture could be useful in clinical condition.
{"title":"Explainable XceptionNet-Based Keratoconus Detection Using Infrared Images and Edge Computing","authors":"Krushna Devkar;Arunkumar S;Tithi Bhakta;Shrikant R. Bharadwaj;Nithyanandan Kanagaraj;Nagarajan Ganapathy","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509503","url":null,"abstract":"Keratoconus is a progressive eye disease affecting the cornea, potentially leading to vision impairment. Early detection is crucial to prevent long-term damage. Artificial intelligence (AI) with edge computing can significantly aid in the early diagnosis of keratoconus by reducing the computation time and increasing diagnostic accuracy. In this letter, we utilize a customized explainable Xception network for keratoconus detection. For this clinical infrared (IR) images are obtained from hospital under defined protocol. The IR images are preprocessed and pupil regions are extracted. The extracted regions are applied to XceptionNet, and integrated gradient-weighted class activation maps (GradCAM) are obtained. Experiment are performed to evaluate the performance of the network. Results show that the proposed approach is able to detect keratoconus images. The proposed approach yielded the average accuracy of 85%. GradCAM outcomes show that the trained model detected the regions similar to clinical interpretation. We assess the model's performance on an edge device, demonstrating its potential for real-time, on-site diagnostics. This application not only improves classification accuracy but also enhances interpretability, thereby assisting ophthalmologists in making informed decisions with greater confidence. Thus, the proposed architecture could be useful in clinical condition.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509373
Erfan Ghaderi;Emad Esmaeili;Mikhail A. Kanygin;Behraad Bahreyni
This letter introduces a versatile design methodology to enhance the sensitivity of resonant sensors through geometrical modifications to their resonant elements and force-multiplier mechanisms. These improvements are achieved, first, by modifying the boundary conditions of the common resonant beam sensing elements to increase their responsiveness to axial forces and, second, by enhancing the efficiency of force-multiplier mechanisms to go beyond basic force-multiplication of the presently used lever structures. The effectiveness of these modifications is validated through simulations and experimental testing of fabricated test structures. We also demonstrate the utility of the approach through the analysis, design, and fabrication of several resonant accelerometers as prime candidates that benefit from these advancements. Experimental results demonstrate a 35% increase in device sensitivity compared to a baseline resonant accelerometer while offering a higher quality factor for the resonant beam elements, which can help improve the resolution of the sensor. The proposed approach does not require changes to microfabrication processes and can be utilized to improve the performance of various devices through simple structural modifications.
{"title":"Synergistic Design of Resonant Elements and Force Multipliers to Boost the Sensitivity in Resonant Sensing Applications","authors":"Erfan Ghaderi;Emad Esmaeili;Mikhail A. Kanygin;Behraad Bahreyni","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3509373","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces a versatile design methodology to enhance the sensitivity of resonant sensors through geometrical modifications to their resonant elements and force-multiplier mechanisms. These improvements are achieved, first, by modifying the boundary conditions of the common resonant beam sensing elements to increase their responsiveness to axial forces and, second, by enhancing the efficiency of force-multiplier mechanisms to go beyond basic force-multiplication of the presently used lever structures. The effectiveness of these modifications is validated through simulations and experimental testing of fabricated test structures. We also demonstrate the utility of the approach through the analysis, design, and fabrication of several resonant accelerometers as prime candidates that benefit from these advancements. Experimental results demonstrate a 35% increase in device sensitivity compared to a baseline resonant accelerometer while offering a higher quality factor for the resonant beam elements, which can help improve the resolution of the sensor. The proposed approach does not require changes to microfabrication processes and can be utilized to improve the performance of various devices through simple structural modifications.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142821277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507075
Alexandra Zobova;Maxim Drizovsky;Omer HaLevy;Neta Melech;Shmuel Livne;Slava Krylov
We report on a new architecture and theoretical and experimental feasibility study of a resonant accelerometer, combining a robust single proof mass (PM) design with a compliant parallel motion linkage-type force amplifier. The device, incorporating four effectively oblique force-transmitting links and a resonant sensing beam attached at its ends to two shutters, is distinguished by a simple, manufacturable geometry, purely axial, free from any bending, loading of the vibrating sensing beam, and low parasitic compliance. The device was fabricated from the 25 $mu$ m thick layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The acceleration-dependent frequency of the electrostatically driven 300 $mu$ m long and 3.8 $mu$ m wide resonator was measured using capacitive sensing, combined with open or closed-loop excitation scenarios. Consistently with the lumped and the full scale FE models prediction, 760 Hz/g sensitivity of the device, with the $approx$ 2600 × 2600 $mu$ m PM, was demonstrated during the $pm g$ experiment.
{"title":"Single Proof Mass Resonant MEMS Accelerometer With Parallel Motion Linkage Amplifier","authors":"Alexandra Zobova;Maxim Drizovsky;Omer HaLevy;Neta Melech;Shmuel Livne;Slava Krylov","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507075","url":null,"abstract":"We report on a new architecture and theoretical and experimental feasibility study of a resonant accelerometer, combining a robust single proof mass (PM) design with a compliant parallel motion linkage-type force amplifier. The device, incorporating four effectively oblique force-transmitting links and a resonant sensing beam attached at its ends to two shutters, is distinguished by a simple, manufacturable geometry, purely axial, free from any bending, loading of the vibrating sensing beam, and low parasitic compliance. The device was fabricated from the 25 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m thick layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The acceleration-dependent frequency of the electrostatically driven 300 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m long and 3.8 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m wide resonator was measured using capacitive sensing, combined with open or closed-loop excitation scenarios. Consistently with the lumped and the full scale FE models prediction, 760 Hz/g sensitivity of the device, with the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$approx$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 2600 × 2600 \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m PM, was demonstrated during the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$pm g$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 experiment.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"8 12","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this letter, the detection mode coupling of multiaxis MEMS gyroscopes is investigated in theory and experiment. First, the impact of bending stress on the transfer behavior of the detection modes is evaluated by actuating the modes with test signals. It is shown experimentally that by applying bending stress, the mode coupling is significantly increased. Additional to that, cross-axis sensitivity (CAS) is measured with the same setup. In the second part of the article, theoretical descriptions of the detection mode coupling are developed. By comparing the experimental results with the theory, it is demonstrated, that spring coupling is the dominant coupling mechanism that induces the mode coupling with bending stress. In this work, CAS is investigated with respect to bending stress and a further aspect toward understanding the origins of CAS is provided.
{"title":"Mode-Split MEMS Gyroscopes Under Bending Stress: Detection Mode Coupling and the Relation to Cross-Axis Sensitivity","authors":"Wolfram Mayer;Burkhard Kuhlmann;Andrea Guerrieri;Tobias Hiller;Andre Zimmermann","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507212","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, the detection mode coupling of multiaxis MEMS gyroscopes is investigated in theory and experiment. First, the impact of bending stress on the transfer behavior of the detection modes is evaluated by actuating the modes with test signals. It is shown experimentally that by applying bending stress, the mode coupling is significantly increased. Additional to that, cross-axis sensitivity (CAS) is measured with the same setup. In the second part of the article, theoretical descriptions of the detection mode coupling are developed. By comparing the experimental results with the theory, it is demonstrated, that spring coupling is the dominant coupling mechanism that induces the mode coupling with bending stress. In this work, CAS is investigated with respect to bending stress and a further aspect toward understanding the origins of CAS is provided.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 2","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507579
Hadi Zayyani;Mohammad Salman;Hasan Abu Hilal
Secure distributed estimation algorithms aim to be resilient against adversaries in a network. By deploying a single attacker with sufficiently large attack vectors in the network, the adversary can significantly degrade the performance of the estimator. Large attack vectors enhance the chance of attack detection. This letter aims to optimally design the measurement and channel attack vectors of a single attacker to maximally deviate the performance of the distributed estimation algorithm based on the maximum disturbance. A suboptimal joint measurement and channel attack design are provided using a Lagrange multipliers' method, in which the Lagrange multipliers are arbitrary and not obtained optimally. Subsequently, a suboptimal design for measurement-only and channel-only attacks is presented, with Lagrange multipliers derived mathematically. In fact, the false data injection (FDI) of a sensor has a profound effect on the performance of the distributed estimation in a sensor network. So, the action of even a single malicious sensor with deliberate attack design can degrade the true performance of the entire network. Simulation results demonstrate that these attack designs algorithms are more effective than random attack designs.
{"title":"Joint Measurement and Channel Design of a Malicious Sensor in Distributed Estimation Based on Maximum Disturbance in a Sensor Network","authors":"Hadi Zayyani;Mohammad Salman;Hasan Abu Hilal","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507579","url":null,"abstract":"Secure distributed estimation algorithms aim to be resilient against adversaries in a network. By deploying a single attacker with sufficiently large attack vectors in the network, the adversary can significantly degrade the performance of the estimator. Large attack vectors enhance the chance of attack detection. This letter aims to optimally design the measurement and channel attack vectors of a single attacker to maximally deviate the performance of the distributed estimation algorithm based on the maximum disturbance. A suboptimal joint measurement and channel attack design are provided using a Lagrange multipliers' method, in which the Lagrange multipliers are arbitrary and not obtained optimally. Subsequently, a suboptimal design for measurement-only and channel-only attacks is presented, with Lagrange multipliers derived mathematically. In fact, the false data injection (FDI) of a sensor has a profound effect on the performance of the distributed estimation in a sensor network. So, the action of even a single malicious sensor with deliberate attack design can degrade the true performance of the entire network. Simulation results demonstrate that these attack designs algorithms are more effective than random attack designs.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This letter presents the development of a high-resolution all-fiber strain sensing system using a narrow linewidth Brillouin-random laser (BRL) in conjunction with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The so-called BRL-FBG sensor system is based on a Brillouin fiber laser with a linewidth narrowed by a random laser obtained with a nanoparticle (NP) doped optical fiber, especially manufactured for a higher Rayleigh scattering. The BRL results indicated a 74.68% reduction of the laser linewidth when the NP-doped fiber is used. Furthermore, the laser presented a power stability of 92.36%. Then, the BRL signal is fed to an FBG, subjected to small axial strain variation and the convolution between both signals result in the reflected optical power variations as a function applied strain, where a $0.05 mu epsilon$ strain sensing resolution is obtained. Thus, the proposed system can be employed on the high-resolution sensing of different physical parameters with potentially high acquisition frequency.
本文介绍了一种高分辨率全光纤应变传感系统的开发，该系统使用窄线宽布里渊随机激光器（BRL）与光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）相结合。所谓的BRL-FBG传感器系统是基于布里渊光纤激光器，其线宽由掺杂纳米粒子（NP）的光纤获得的随机激光器变窄，特别是为更高的瑞利散射而制造的。BRL结果为74.68% reduction of the laser linewidth when the NP-doped fiber is used. Furthermore, the laser presented a power stability of 92.36%. Then, the BRL signal is fed to an FBG, subjected to small axial strain variation and the convolution between both signals result in the reflected optical power variations as a function applied strain, where a $0.05 mu epsilon$ strain sensing resolution is obtained. Thus, the proposed system can be employed on the high-resolution sensing of different physical parameters with potentially high acquisition frequency.
{"title":"Brillouin-Random Laser and Fiber Bragg Gratings for All-Fiber High-Resolution Sensing","authors":"Eduarda Pedruzzi;Carlos Castellani;Wilfried Blanc;Arnaldo Leal-Junior","doi":"10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2024.3507198","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents the development of a high-resolution all-fiber strain sensing system using a narrow linewidth Brillouin-random laser (BRL) in conjunction with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The so-called BRL-FBG sensor system is based on a Brillouin fiber laser with a linewidth narrowed by a random laser obtained with a nanoparticle (NP) doped optical fiber, especially manufactured for a higher Rayleigh scattering. The BRL results indicated a 74.68% reduction of the laser linewidth when the NP-doped fiber is used. Furthermore, the laser presented a power stability of 92.36%. Then, the BRL signal is fed to an FBG, subjected to small axial strain variation and the convolution between both signals result in the reflected optical power variations as a function applied strain, where a \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$0.05 mu epsilon$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 strain sensing resolution is obtained. Thus, the proposed system can be employed on the high-resolution sensing of different physical parameters with potentially high acquisition frequency.","PeriodicalId":13014,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Letters","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142810624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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